Livestock FeedingLivestock FeedingAnS 320AnS 320

““Swine Feeding and Management”Swine Feeding and Management”Lecture 1: April 13Lecture 1: April 13

Dr. John F. PatienceDr. John F. PatienceDepartment of Animal ScienceDepartment of Animal Science

201H Kildee Hall201H Kildee HallPhone: 294-5132Phone: 294-5132

Email: jfp@iastate.eduEmail: jfp@iastate.edu

Applied Swine Nutrition Research Applied Swine Nutrition Research ProgramProgram

www.ans.iastate.edu/faculty/jfp/acc/www.ans.iastate.edu/faculty/jfp/acc/

ObjectivesObjectives1. To establish and maintain effective two-way

communication with the pork industry.

2. To implement a research program with a short- to medium-term time line.

3. To fully integrate graduate training at both the M.S. and Ph.D. levels into our research program.

4. To communicate the results of the research program to the pork industry and the academic community.

Our GoalOur Goal

To develop an understanding of high priority nutrition and management

issues to create solutions and develop strategies that support greater economic success and

improved long term sustainability of the pork industry

Research ThemesResearch Themes

1. Energy metabolismo How to best supply energy to the pigo How the pig uses energy for growth

2. Ingredient evaluationo Evaluation of ingredientso Improved approaches to ingredient evaluation

3. Feeding and managemento Based on industry input and suggestions

OutlineOutline• Concepts of life-cycle feeding of swine

• Feeding and management: Sows Diet formulation issues Feeding management issues

• Feeding and management: GestationExample dietsDiet formulation issues Feeding management issues

• Feeding and management: LactationExample dietsDiet formulation issues Feeding management issues

PRODUCTION CONTINUUM PRODUCTION CONTINUUM

Breeding

Farrowing

Nursery

Growout

What occurs in one phase of production often affects outcomes in later phases.

OrDiagnosing problems in one phase of production often requires consideration of

what is happening in earlier phases.

Life cycle feeding objectivesLife cycle feeding objectives

1. To ensure that the feeding of animals in one phase of the production system does not impair production later in life

Gestation

Lactation

Nursery

Growout

Market

Life cycle feeding objectivesLife cycle feeding objectives

2. By understanding the implications of life-cycle feeding, achieve production objectives at the lowest possible cost

WHAT GETS MEASURED WHAT GETS MEASURED GETS MANAGEDGETS MANAGED

OR

YOU CANNOT MANAGE YOU CANNOT MANAGE WHAT YOU CANNOT WHAT YOU CANNOT

MEASUREMEASURE

The decision-making processThe decision-making process

Perception of Risk

versusPerception of

Reward

Accuracy versus PrecisionAccuracy versus Precision

Source: Rutherford and Moughan, 2000

High accuracyHigh precision

Low accuracyHigh precision

High accuracyLow precision

Low accuracyLow precision

Feeding and Management: SowsFeeding and Management: Sows

Framework for Developing Framework for Developing Feeding ProgramsFeeding Programs

Feeding Program

Nutrient Supply

Nutrient Requirements

ProfitabilityPork

Quality Sustainability

Functional Properties

Life cycle feedingLife cycle feeding

Gestation feeding affects: Sow condition at farrowing Feed intake during lactation

Sows that get too fat in gestation eat less in lactation

Piglet birth weight Response is very small

Cost of feeding the breeding herd Feeding too much feed or too rich a diet increases feed costs

with no benefits, possibly detriments

Well-being of the sow Thin sows are easily chilled and more susceptible for illness

Life cycle feedingLife cycle feeding

Lactation feeding affects: Sow condition at weaning

Affects subsequent reproduction

Litter weaning weights Sows will “milk off their back” but this is both inefficient and

ineffective, compared to feeding the sow correctly

Cost of feeding the breeding herd Feeding too much feed or too rich a diet increases feed costs

with no benefits, possibly detriments

Well-being of the sow Thin sows are easily chilled and more susceptible for illness

Tracking actual sow feed usage: Tracking actual sow feed usage: Gestation feedGestation feed

Example: 3,500 sow herd using 1,020 tons of gestation feed over 4 months.

Average daily gestation feed disappearance = 1,220 tons X 2,000 lb/ton

3,300 crates X 166 days

= 2,440,000547,800

= 4.45 lb/sow/day

Tracking actual sow feed usage: Tracking actual sow feed usage: Lactation feed: Option 1Lactation feed: Option 1

Example: 3,500 sow herd with 525 crates farrows 2,950 litters using 325 tons of lactation feed over 4 months

Average daily lactation feed disappearance = 325 tons X 2,000 lb/ton

525 crates X 122 days

= 650,00064,050

= 10.1 lb/sow/day

[Under-estimates actual usage, due to empty crates, or pre-farrowed sows in crates. Must know this information to use the information effectively.]

Tracking actual sow feed usage: Tracking actual sow feed usage: Lactation feed: Option 2Lactation feed: Option 2

Example: 3,500 sow herd with 525 crates farrows 2,950 litters using 325 tons of lactation feed over 4 months

Average daily lactation feed disappearance; ave. lactation 19 d = 325 tons X 2,000 lb/ton2950 litters X 19 days

= 650,00056,050

= 11.6 lb/sow/day

[Over-estimates actual usage, because feed given to sows prior to farrowing is included. Must know this information to use the information effectively.]

Recommended Nutrient Levels for Recommended Nutrient Levels for Lactating Sows and GiltsLactating Sows and Giltsaa

NUTRIENTNUTRIENT Amount/head/day (g) Amount/ton (%)

TID Lysine 48 0.87TID Met & Cys 26 0.47TID Tryptophan 9 0.16TID Threonine 30 0.55TID Valine 43 0.78Calcium 49 0.90Available phosphorus

24.5 0.45

Salt 27 0.50

aAssumes 12 lb/day feed intake of a diet containing 0.87% TID lysine

Dietary TID Lysine Level Based Dietary TID Lysine Level Based Upon Litter Weaning Weight and Upon Litter Weaning Weight and

Sow Feed IntakeSow Feed IntakeAdj. 21-day

litter weaning wt, lb

Lactation feed intake, lb/d Lysine, g/d

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 TID Total

100 0.88 0.78 0.71 0.64 0.59 32 36

110 1.02 0.91 0.82 0.74 0.68 0.63 37 42

120 1.03 0.93 0.84 0.77 0.71 0.66 42 48

130 1.04 0.94 0.86 0.80 0.74 0.69 47 53

140 1.04 0.96 0.88 0.82 0.76 52 59

150 1.05 0.97 0.90 0.84 57 65

Suggested TID Amino Acid Ratios for SowsSuggested TID Amino Acid Ratios for Sows

Gestation LactationLysine 100% 100%Methionine 28% 28%Met & Cys 70% 55%Threonine 80% 62%Tryptophan 20% 19%Isoleucine 60% 55%Valine 67% 90%

Recommended Nutrient Levels for Recommended Nutrient Levels for Lactating Sows and GiltsLactating Sows and Giltsaa

VITAMINSVITAMINS Amount/head/day Amount/ton

Vitamin A 60,000 USP 10,000,000 USP

Vitamin D 7,5000 USP 1,250,000 USP

Vitamin E 360 IU 60,000 IU

Vitamin Kc 24 mg 4,000 mg

Riboflavin 45 mg 7,500 mg

Niacin 270 mg 45,000 mg

d-Pantothenic acid 150 mg 25,000 mg

Vitamin B12 0.21 mg 35 mg

Folic acid 9 mg 1,500 mg

Biotin 1.2 mg 200 mg

Choline 3,000 mg 500,000 mg

Pyridoxine 27 mg 4,500 mg

Carnitine 270 mg 45,000 mgaAssumes 12 lb/day feed intake of a diet containing 0.87% TID lysine cMenadione

Recommended Nutrient Levels for Recommended Nutrient Levels for Lactating Sows and GiltsLactating Sows and Giltsaa

TRACE TRACE MINERALSMINERALSbb

Amount/head/day (mg) Amount/ton (g)

Copper 90 15Iodine 1.6 0.27Iron 900 150Manganese 216 36Selenium 1.6 0.27Zinc 900 150Chromium 1.09 0.181

aAssumes 12 lb/day feed intake of a diet containing 0.87% TID lysinebTrace minerals and vitamins levels added to the diet

Recommended Maximum Recommended Maximum Concentrations of Toxin in Swine Concentrations of Toxin in Swine

DietsDiets

PigDietary Concentration

Deoxynivalenol

ppm

Zearalenoneppm

Aflatoxinppb

Breeding herd 1.0 2.0 100Young 1.0 1.0 20Growing 1.0 1.0 ---a

Finishing 1.0 3.0 200Young males 1.0 3.0 ---a

Old males 1.0 3.0 ---a

a Concentration not determinedModified from Michigan State University

Feeding and Management: GestationFeeding and Management: Gestation

Example Gestation DietsExample Gestation DietsMixed parity diet Young

parity dietOld parity

dietIngredient Corn-soy diet Soy hull diet

Corn or milo 1,626 1,548 1,548 1,617

Soybean meal, 46.5% CP 291 271 271 202

Soy hulls --- 100 100 100

Monocalcium phosphate, 21% P

32 31 31 29

Limestone 28 27 27 29

Salt 10 10 10 10

Vitamin premix with phytase 5 5 5 5

Trace mineral premix 3 3 3 3

Sow add pack 5 5 5 5

Total 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000

Example Gestation DietsExample Gestation DietsMixed parity diet Young

parity dietOld parity

dietCalculated analysis Corn-soy diet Soy hull diet

TID Lysine, % 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.46

Total lysine, % 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.55

TID Lysine:ME ratio, g/Mcal 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.44

TID Methionine:lysine ratio,% 38 38 38 41

TID Met & Cys:lysine ratio, % 78 78 78 85

TID Threonine:lysine ratio, % 76 76 76 80

TID Tryptophan:lysine ratio, % 23 22 22 23

ME, kcal/lb 1,484 1,451 1,451 1,451

Protein, % 13.7 13.4 13.4 12.1

Calcium, % 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90

Phosphorus, % 0.66 0.64 0.64 0.61

Available phosphorus, % 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.35

Available phosphorus equiv, %a 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.42aThe available phosphorus equivalency includes the phosphorus release due to inclusion of phytase in the vitamin premix.

Gestation feeding challengesGestation feeding challenges1. Optimize lifetime sow productivity, as a means of

maximizing herd profitability2. Over-feeding sows in gestation reduces feed

intake in lactation3. Under-feeding sows in gestation impairs

reproductive performance and animal well-being (shoulder sores)

4. Avoid mycotoxins; this may be the worst place to feed mycotoxin contaminated feed

Gestation feeding targetsGestation feeding targets1. Body condition score between 3 and 3.5 – for ALL

sows Avoid sows that are too fat or too thin

2. Backfat levels of 0.75” to 0.80” at farrowing (measured at last rib, 2.5” to 3.0” off the midline) Avoid bf less than 0.55” at weaning

3. Adjust feed intake according to body weight and backfat

4. Very thin sows have higher maintenance energy requirements, because they have lower insulation levels and are often more active.

Gestation feeding programGestation feeding program1. Sows must be limit fed during gestation; otherwise they

become too fat2. Do not feed more than 4 to 5 lb per day for the first 3

weeks after breeding; excess intake lowers fetal survival3. Feed 4.0 to 4.5 lb of a corn-soybean meal diet per day,

adjusting as required for body condition4. Increase feed allowance by 2 lb during the last 21 days

of gestation Increases gut capacity to support maximum intake in lactation Recognizes that most fetal growth occurs during the final 3

weeks of gestation. Exception if over-fat sows

Limit feeding gestating sowsLimit feeding gestating sows Easily accomplished in gestation stalls

Automatic drops MUST be calibrated regularly, to ensure the sow is receiving what you think she should be receiving.

More difficult to achieve in group housing systems Key rule: to successfully feed sows in group housed gestation,

remove competition for feed. The greater the competition among sows for feed, the less successful the housing system will be.

Options: Electronic sow feeders Walk-in-lock-in feeding stalls Trickle feeders Floor feeding, with multiple drops, spreading out supply of feed

throughout the pen. Including dividers within the pen helps

Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required to Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required to Maintain Body WeightMaintain Body Weight

Dietary energy, kcal/lbSow weight, lb ME, kcal 1,400 1,500

350 4,741 3.4 3.2400 5,240 3.7 3.5450 5,724 4.1 3.8500 6,195 4.4 4.1550 6,654 4.8 4.4600 7,103 5.1 4.7

Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required For Backfat Energy and Feed (lb/day) Required For Backfat Gain Above Requirement For Maintenance Gain Above Requirement For Maintenance

Backfat gain, mm (in)

Dietary energy, kcalME, kcal 1,400 1,500

0 (0) 342 0.24 0.233 (.12) 991 0.71 0.666 (.24) 1,649 1.18 1.109 (.35) 2,307 1.65 1.54

Feeding Levels (lb/day) For Gestating Sows Based on Feeding Levels (lb/day) For Gestating Sows Based on Backfat and Weight Category at BreedingBackfat and Weight Category at Breeding

Flank to flank, in

Estimated weight, lb

Backfat at breeding, mm (in)9-11

(.35-.43)12-14

(.47-.55)15-17

(.59-.67)> 18 (.71)

< 36.3 > 325 5.0 (.20)

4.4 (.17)

3.9 (.15)

3.4 (.13)

36.4 - 39.2 325 - 400 5.5 (.22)

5.0 (.20)

4.4 (.17)

3.9 (.15)

39.3 - 41.8 400 - 475 5.9 (.23)

5.4 (.21)

4.9 (.19)

4.3 (.17)

41.9 - 44.0 475 - 550 6.4 (.25)

5.9 (.23)

5.4 (.21)

4.8 (.20)

> 44.0 550 - 650 6.9 (.27)

6.4 (.25)

5.8 (.23)

5.3 (.21)

Based on a diet containing 1,500 kcal ME/lb (corn-soybean meal).

Case studyCase studyYou are managing a large sow herd, and your records indicate that sow productivity is a modest 23 pigs per sow per year (p/s/y). You realize that financial success is unlikely unless you elevate this level of productivity to at least 26 p/s/y.Reviewing the PigChamp records, you note the following:1.Non-productive sow days (NPD) is well above target (63)2.Weanling to re-breeding interval is acceptable (5.8)3.Percent bred by 7 days is unacceptable (88)4.Percent repeats is excessive (12)5.Numbers born and born alive is unacceptable (11.9/11.0)

You are confident that your genetics and breeding management are capable of achieving your sow productivity target. You take a walk through your gestation barn; what would you expect to see and what feeding and feeding management actions would you undertake to correct the problems?

Feeding and Management: LactationFeeding and Management: Lactation

Example Lactation DietsExample Lactation DietsTID Lysine, %

Ingredient, lb/ton 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05

Corn 1,435 1,395 1,356 1,316 1,277 1,238

Soybean meal, 46.5% CP 486 526 566 605 645 685

Choice white greasea 0-5% 0-5% 0-5% 0-5% 0-5% 0-5%

Monocalcium Phosphate, 21% P 28.5 28.5 28 28 28 27.5

Limestone 28 27.5 27.5 27.5 27 27

Salt 10 10 10 10 10 10

Vitamin premix with phytase 5 5 5 5 5 5

Trace mineral premix 3 3 3 3 3 3

Sow add pack 5 5 5 5 5 5

Total 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000

a If adding fat, substitute for grain on an equal weight basis

Example Lactation DietsExample Lactation DietsCalculated analysisTID Lysine, % 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05

Total Lysine, % 0.91 0.97 1.02 1.08 1.13 1.19

TID Lysine:ME ratio, g/Mcal 2.35 2.49 2.64 2.79 2.93 3.08

TID Methionine:lysine ratio, % 32 31 30 30 29 28

TID Met & Cys:lysine ratio, % 65 64 62 61 60 59

TID Threonine:lysine ratio, % 69 68 68 67 66 66

TID Tryptophan:lysine ratio, % 22 22 22 22 22 22

ME, kcal/lb 1,547 1,547 1,547 1,547 1,547 1,547

Protein, % 17.1 17.9 18.7 19.4 20.2 20.9

Calcium, % 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90

Phosphorus, % 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.69

Available phosphorus, % 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37

Available phosphorus equiv, %b 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48

bThe available phosphorus equivalency includes the phosphorus release due to inclusion of phytase in the vitamin premix.

Feed intakeFeed intake

One of the greatest challenges in feeding the nursing sow is maximizing feed intake

Low feed intake leads to low nutrient intake Low nutrient intake leads to:

Lower weaning weights Loss of sow body condition Increased sow culling Impaired rebreeding and subsequent litter size

Effects of Lactation Feeding Level on Litter and Effects of Lactation Feeding Level on Litter and Pig PerformancePig Performance

Lactation FeedingItem Restricted Ad libitum SED Probability, P <No. of litters 38 40 --- ---

Pigs/litter d 3 (start creep) 11.0 10.9 0.3 0.75

d 21 10.4 10.4 0.3 0.93

Mortality, % 5.9 5.3 1.8 0.76

Litter weight, lb d 3 (start creep) 39.3 38.6 1.4 0.53

d 21 125.1 132.6 4.5 0.10

Litter BW gain, lb Total 94.7 102.9 3.9 0.04

ADG 5.20 5.64 0.21 0.04

NB – Restricted were fed 25% less than ab libitum

Lactation feeding programLactation feeding program

Small amount of feed on day of farrowing Hungry sows are restless and more likely to over-lay piglets Sows typically will not eat much feed; farrowing room is very

warm and fed deteriorates quickly Day 1 – 2: Limit fed modestly; do not want to limit feed

very much Days 3+: Keep fresh feed in front of the sows at all times

Feeding Strategy for Lactating SowsFeeding Strategy for Lactating SowsNumber of 4-pound scoops to feed at each feeding from day 0 to 2 of lactation

Feeding

Feed in feeder AM PM

Empty 1 1

< 2 lb 0 0.5

> 2 lb 0 0

Number of 4-pound scoops to feed at each feeding from day 2 to weaning

Feeding

Feed in feeder AM Noon PM

Empty 2 2 2

< 2 lb 1 1 1

> 2 lb 0 0 1

Factors affecting feed intake - 1Factors affecting feed intake - 1 Feed delivery

Pigs cannot eat feed that isn’t in front of them! By the 3rd day of lactation, sows should have feed in front of them all of the time

Feeding 3 to 4 times per day is preferred to feeding once or twice.

Density of the diet Pigs eat more of a low density (low energy) diet, up to the

volumetric capacity of their stomach

Temperature High temperature discourages feed intake; low temperature

encourages feed intake If the temperature is too cold, or conditions are drafty and damp,

part of the energy consumed by the sow will be needed to maintain thermal homeostasis

Factors affecting feed intake - 2Factors affecting feed intake - 2 Genetics

Some lines of pigs have a naturally higher appetite. If using a low appetite line of pigs, even greater attention must be directed at maximizing feed intake

Palatability It is important to note that the important factor here is what the

pig considers palatable, not what the producer “thinks” is palatable.

Nutrient balance Imbalances among, for example, amino acids will reduce feed intake

Body condition and reproductive cycle feeding If sows are overfed in gestation, they will accrue more body fat and

this tends to impair feed intake during lactation

Factors affecting feed intake - 3Factors affecting feed intake - 3 Feeder design

Large feed troughs tend to increase feed intake Wet/dry feeders tend to increase feed intake

Access to water Water is particularly critical to a lactating sow A sow weaning 11 piglets at 3 weeks of age weighing 13 lb will be

producing an average of 2.5 gallons of milk per day!

How much lactation feed is enough?How much lactation feed is enough?Example Piglets are gaining 11.5 lb during 19d nursing period Sow is weaning 10.5 piglets per litter Total weight gain is 120.8 lb, or (120.8/19) 6.4 lb/d Estimated energy req’t is 3.6 Mcal DE/lb litter gain Daily energy requirement would be (6.4 X 3.6) 23.0 Mcal DE/d, or

21.9 Mcal ME/d Diet ME content is 1.45 Mcal ME/lb Therefore, sow must eat 15.1 lb feed/d Is this possible? If yes, what actions can producer take to maximize intake? If no, what options are available to 1) the sow, or 2) the producer?

Fibre in lactation dietsFibre in lactation diets Nursing sows are susceptible to constipation Constipation can be treated by using:

Fiber Wheat midds (±20%) Soybean hulls (±10%) Alfalfa meal (±25%) Sugar beet pulp (7±%) Oats (±20%)(Risk: Use of fibrous ingredients will lower diet energy density and

may compromise sow’s ability to consume sufficient energy Chemical laxatives

MgSO4 (Epsom salts: 30 lb/ton) NaSO4 (Glauber salts: 60 lb/ton)(Risk: Chemical laxatives are harsh; should be used carefully)

Lactation feeding quandaryLactation feeding quandary In order to maximize sow feed intake, she wants the room

kept as cool as possible In order to maximize piglet growth and well-being, they

want the room to be kept very warm If the room is kept too cool for the piglets, they will huddle

with the sow, increasing the risk of being over-lain Increased mortality due to overlays is often related to a room

temperature that is too cool

Compromise Keep the farrowing room temperature elevated during

farrowing and the first 24 to 36 hours post-farrowing, to get the piglets off to a good start.

Lower the temperature to 68 to 72⁰F thereafter and provide zone heating for the piglets

Feed intake declines by about 0.2 lb/d per ⁰F above 68⁰F

Further reading Further reading

• Paper 1• Paper 2• Paper 3• Paper 4