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Brazil is one of the leading countries in designing and implementing a REDD+ scheme. This presentation analyses the political process with its multitude of actors involved, their positions and relations, and the coalition building around REDD policy design. It presents the results of a study that reveals the dynamics of policy networking at a crucial moment of REDD in Brazil. Maria Fernanda Gebara gave this presentation on 18 June 2012 at a panel discussion organised by CIFOR and partners at the ISEE 2012 Conference at Rio, which convened under the topic "Ecological Economics and Rio+20: Challenges and Contributions for a Green Economy". The panel was titled ‘National strategies for reducing emissions from avoided deforestation and degradation – how much transformational change is possible in current political and economic realities? Part II – A policy network perspective’. For more information, visit http://www.cifor.org/rio20/
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Networks, Actors and
Power: A case study of
REDD+ in Brazil
Global Compara+ve Study-‐REDD+ Interna+onal Society for Ecological Economics -‐ ISEE
Maria Fernanda Gebara, Shaozeng Zhang, Leandra Fatorelli and Peter May
June 2012 – Rio de Janeiro
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PPCerrado
REDD+ in Brazil
2003
“Compensated Reduc+on”
PPCDAM
2006
Voluntary Regime
2007
Zero Deforesta+on
Pact
2008
JUMA Amazon Fund
2009 2010 2011
Na+onal Plan for Climate Change
Interagency Task Force
Na+onal Policy for Climate Change
NAMAs
“Principle and Criteria”
WGs
Sub-‐na+onal Ini+a+ves
REDD+ and PES Bills
More than 50 projects
Na+onal REDD+ Strategy
Brazil and REDD+ - Timeline
FIP
ABC Plan
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REDD+ PNA in Brazil
Objec&ve: To characterise the actors related to REDD+ in Brazil who interact in more variant forms of poli&cal processes across different levels, iden+fying their main rela&ons and influences.
Research Ques&ons: § Who are the actors and networks influencing REDD+ policymaking in
Brazil?
§ What are the surrounding poli+cs related to REDD+ in Brazil?
§ What are the implica+ons of policy network dimensions to REDD+ implementa+on in Brazil?
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Methods
3Es + § Effec+veness § Efficiency § Equity § Co-‐benefits
§ Iden+fica+on of ins+tu+ons based on preliminary research with focus on the emerging REDD+ policy networks
§ Na+onal Level
§ Jun. 2010-‐Sept. 2011 § REDD+ Related Ac+vi+es § Posi+on on REDD+ issues § Networks § Policies and Processes § Events § General Informa+on § Open Ques+ons
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Methods Total of 64 ins&tu&ons selected
§ Na+onal Government agencies (20):
§ Na+onal Research Ins+tu+ons (4):
§ Domes+c NGOs (14):
§ Na+onal Business Organiza+ons (6):
§ Interna+onal NGOs (8)
§ Interna+onal Government Agencies (2):
§ Donors (2):
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Results Influence of actors
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Results Collabora&on between actors
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Results Scien&fic Informa&on
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Results Resource Flow
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Results
§ Majority called for a na&onal REDD regime/structure as soon as possible, but they disagreed with each other as to whether all REDD+ accoun&ng and payments should go through the na&onal governments.
§ The biggest challenge for REDD+ as perceived by most of par+cipants was to achieve effec&ve coordina&on between state agencies, the private sector, and civil society.
§ Most ac+vity directly related to REDD+ was networking and providing discussion forum.
§ The great majority (83%) agreed that REDD+ should mainly reward local people for emission reduc&on ac&vi&es. Another 79%, agreed that REDD+ schemes should always require permission from local forest resource users in the form of Free, Prior and Informed Consent.
General Percep&ons
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Results Implica&ons for the 3Es § The effec&veness of REDD+ went unques&oned by many surveyed organiza+ons
§ The efficiency of REDD+ was addressed in similar way, and a “nested approach” was suggested by many
§ The issue of equity and co-‐benefits of REDD+ was widely debated and contested by the policy actors, especially those of the civil society
§ The majority of the surveyed organiza+ons agreed that all REDD+ schemes should also require the realiza+on of other key benefits as poverty reduc&on and maintenance of biodiversity
§ At interna+onal level, a half of the organiza+ons were not sure about whether REDD+ will assure fairness in the interna+onal distribu+on of environmental costs and benefits à “it depends” on the evolu+on of REDD+ policies
§ Conflicts over forest land and forest resources are believed by many to challenge the equity and fair co-‐benefit sharing of REDD+
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Conclusions § REDD+ as a new policy arena that puts various organiza&ons into actor
networks and poli+cal plays. It redeploys exis&ng organiza&ons (MMA/INPE) for new tasks and gives birth to new ones (Amazon Fund) to work with REDD+ specific issues
§ Central nodes in terms of coordina+on and influence: MMA and IPAM
§ The equity and co-‐benefits of REDD+: well debated and contested, but not guaranteed
§ Effec+veness and efficiency need to be beYer addressed
§ Need for coordina&on between different levels and sectors of governance
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Obrigada!
Maria Fernanda Gebara, Phd Candidate (UFRRJ/CPDA) Fundação Getulio Vargas [email protected] www.forestsclimatechange.org
