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Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil Maria Fernanda Gebara Phd Candidate Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro [email protected]

Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

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This presentation by Maria Fernanda Gebara from CIFOR shows how exactly REDD+ financing in Brazil works, focusing on the National Strategy Objectives, national and sub-national financing mechanisms, the Green Climate Fund, the monitoring & reporting aspect and how verification & performance works. Also she explains how benefits can be shared and what conclusions can be drawn from all of this.

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Page 1: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution

across levels in Brazil

Maria Fernanda GebaraPhd CandidateFederal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro [email protected]

Page 2: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

THINKING beyond the canopy

Bolsa Floresta Program

PPCerrado

REDD+ in Brazil

2003

“Compensated Reduction”

PPCDAM

2006

Voluntary Regime

2007

Zero Deforestation

Pact

2008

JUMA Amazon Fund

2009 2010 2011

National Plan for Climate Change

Governors Forum

National Policy for Climate Change

NAMAs

“Principle and Criteria”

WGs

Sub-national Initiatives

REDD+ and PES

Bills

More than 50 projects

Brazil and REDD+ - Timeline

FIP

ABC Plan2012 2013

States Task Force

FIP Investment

Plan

EN-REDD+ 1st draft

Bolsa Verde Program

Interministerial WG for REDD+

Safeguard System

Forest Code

Bonn Proposal

Page 3: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

THINKING beyond the canopy

National Strategy

Objectives:

Reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation by 2020, according to the actions established in PNMC;

Achieve zero net deforestation in 2020;

Maintain and restore ecosystem services and other functions of forest ecosystems; and

Promote the sustainable development of the regions with predominance of forests.

Page 4: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

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Financial Mechanisms

National Level

Amazon Fund Decree 6527/2008

National Climate Fund Law 12.114/2009

Sub- National Level

States Climate FundsE.g.: State of Amazonas Fund

Other: FUNBIO (1996)

Norway

KFW

Petrobrás

Coca-Cola Marriot Bradesco

GEF Amazon Fund etc.

+ Public Budget

State level Agreements E.g.: Acre and California

Petrobrás

Surui and SFX Funds

Page 5: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

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Green Climate Fund a. Ex ante financing: to national governments;

b. Ex ante financing: to other actors subject to a no-objection procedure by national designated authorities;

c. Ex post payments: to be disbursed according to mitigation results.

Neither preclude, nor exclude others. It does not exclude market based approaches. However, “these discussions are not yet mature and need common understanding”.

Financial Mechanisms

Page 6: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

THINKING beyond the canopy

Financial Mechanisms

National Authority

Designation of a national authority to recommend proposals to the GCF and be consulted on other proposals;

Responsible for presenting proposals under modality a); applying for grants under modality c); as for the non-objection procedure referred to in modality b).

Work in close coordination with the national authorities responsible for REDD+ activities (it may be the same authority, if appropriate).

Page 7: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

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Monitoring

INPE1971

PRODES1980s

EM

DETER 2004

DEGRAD2009

DETEX2009

IBAMA1989

CEMAM2004

One of the most advanced countries in the world in capacity to monitor its forest resources using remote sensing and GIS technologies.

National Level Sub-national Level

Partnerships MMA and states

Surui and Google

Other: Imazon, IPAM and Federal University of Minas Gerais

Page 8: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

THINKING beyond the canopy

Reporting

Results are approved at national level first and after international;

Consultation process and analysis national but greater detailing at international level (“technical Annex” with results calculation).

RL Focal Point(national)

UNFCCC decisions(international approval)

tCO2e

Projected emissions for 2020Amazon: 1996-2005Cerrado: 1994-2005

Formula: Projected DR X Average emissions/areaX CO2 equivalent factor

ADR

Page 9: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

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Verification and Performance

Verification: transparency ("ensure that carbon reduction is generated, according to a reference level") and funding.

Verification is therefore domestic.

“ No developing country will have international verification of its actions.” “It could cause disadvantages against other sectors and also add additional obligations.” (Brazil)

“We are willing to pay as long as we can be sure we are paying for actual emissions reductions (credible figures)”. (Norway)

Indicator would be the tCO2e maintained/reduced Technical Scientific Committee.

Other possible indicators, but still lacks a wider global debate.

Page 10: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

THINKING beyond the canopy

Verification and Performance

International Verification Tool

Not centralized;

International level results-based payments can best occur using a national jurisdiction scale as reference (on an interim basis, subnational references could also be adopted) ensure transparency and accountability, as well as avoid double counting of results.

Results endorsed by COP

Published by UNFCCC

Country Year RL

Been paid? etc.

Page 11: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

THINKING beyond the canopy

MRV Financing

Investors

Executive Authority

Other Agents

Amazon Fund

Investors

UREDD

BENEFICIARIES

MRV and Financing

Page 12: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

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Benefit Sharing

GCF: total results over a period of time, rather than a fixed monetary value per tCO2e/year.

International Level

To be determined independently recognize the role of different sectors in achieving results at national level;

National Level

It does not yet have a clear position on how it will work;

Amazon Fund as main instrument;

Use of economic instruments;

Descentralization new instruments and types of financing.

Page 13: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

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Some Initiatives

Bolsa Floresta Program

Law 3135/2007

BF Income

Juma Project – AM FAS (2008)

MRV

Institutional Arrangements

BF Social

BF Association

BF Family

SISA – ACLaw 2308/2010 (2009)

Services for Priority Areas

SFX Pilot Program – PA TNC/SEMA (2009)

+ +

+

Conservation Strategies

Private Properties

Indigenous Territories

Conservation Units

Carbon Accounting

Program

System for monitoring and managing information  

Sustainable Production Areas of high forest cover Enhancement of carbon stocks

Elaboration of Territorial and Rural Property Management Instruments

Engagement and Capacity-Building of Stakeholders

+ +

Benefit Sharing

Page 14: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

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Safeguards

MMA meetings for SIS: (i) legal regulation, (ii) guarantee of rights; (iii) economic sustainability and poverty reduction; (iv) biodiversity conservation and recovery; (v) governance; (vi) benefit sharing; (vii) monitoring and transparency; (viii)permanence and leakage; and (ix) participation.

Amazon Fund: established safeguards in accordance to UNFCCC decisions.

BUT, no monitoring!

Page 15: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

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ConclusionsChallenges Nesting activities from sub-national/local to national level

(accountability);

Attribution of results – how to link MRV, performance and benefit-sharing? results-based payments;

Improve monitoring and measurement of AF results;

Monitoring safeguards.

Key Lessons Advanced monitoring systems are not enough;

Performance indicators are critical;

Think about the “Policyscape”.

Page 16: Social and political dimensions of REDD+ financing, MRV and benefit distribution across levels in Brazil

THINKING beyond the canopy

OBRIGADA!

Maria Fernanda GebaraPhd CandidateFederal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro [email protected]