Metabolism

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METABOLISM Dr. Daxa N. Mehta

Dr. Daxaben N. MehtaPrincipal

Smt. S.C.U.Shah Home Science and C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce Mahila College

Wadhwancity – Dist: Surendranagar

METABOLISM OF FOOD

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The main nutrients the body needs are:

carbohydrates for energy;

proteins for growth and repair;

fats to store energy;

vitamins and minerals to keep the body healthy.

Why do we need food ?

The amount of each food type needed is related to theproportions in the food pyramid.

Which food type does the body need the most of?

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Nutrients in food

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Balanced Diet

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Metabolite = Biological compoundCatabolism: All the reactions concerned with breaking down compounds and generating and storing energy for the needs of the cell and organism. Energy = ATPAnabolism: All the reactions concerned with the biosynthesis of complex compounds from simpler compounds. Usually use ATP.

METABOLISM

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The body carries out digestion of food to convert large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble ones.

carbohydrate molecule

protein molecule

fat molecule

Small food molecules can pass through the walls of the small intestine and then dissolve into the blood stream. Large food molecules cannot do this.

What is digestion?

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Digestion begins in the mouth where food is broken down by the teeth. This is called mechanical breakdown. The small parts of food are mixed with saliva and swallowed.

Mechanical digestion

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After food is swallowed it enters the stomach, which is basically a muscular bag filled with hydrochloric acid.

The stomach

muscletissue

food leavesthe stomach

food enters from the gullet

the chemical breakdown of food begins; microbes are destroyed.

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From the stomach, food enters the small intestine where digestion is completed and the small digested food

molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream.

The small intestine

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After the small intestine, the remains of any undigested food travel to the large intestine.

All that is left of the food is water and waste material. The water is valuable and so is absorbed in the large intestine into the blood stream.The waste material cannot be digested or used by the body. This undigested waste travels to the rectum where it is stored until leaving the body through the anus.

The large intestine

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Digestive enzymes

Digestive enzymes are the chemicals that break large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules.

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Digestive enzymes are the chemicals that break large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules.

Digestive enzymes are classified by the type of food that they affect, so there are three main types:

Types of digestive enzymes

carbohydrase – breaks carbohydrate into smaller sugars. protease – breaks protein into amino acids. lipase – breaks fat into fatty acids and glycerol.

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Digestive enzyme

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Carbohydrates are chains of identical sugar molecules. The digestive enzymes called carbohydrases break the chemical bonds between the individual sugar molecules in each carbohydrate chain.

carbohydrase

long carbohydrate

moleculesugar

molecules

carbohydrate digestion

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carbohydrate digestion

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Carbohydrate Absorption

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Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids.Proteins are digested by digestive enzymes called proteases. These enzymes work in an acidic environment to break proteins into smaller amino acids.

proteaselong

protein moleculeamino acid molecules

protein digestion

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protein digestion

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Protein Absorption

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Firstly, bile (released by the gall bladder) allows the fat to “mix”

with water by breaking the fat into smaller droplets. This is called emulsification.

Secondly, the digestive enzyme lipase breaks each fat molecule into the smaller glycerol fatty acid molecules .

bile

lipase +

fat molecule glycerol fatty acids

fat digestion

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fat digestion

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fat absorption

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fat absorption

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Catabolism

Breakdown of macromolecules tobuilding blocks -- generally hydrolytic

protein polysaccharide lipid nucleic acids

amino glucose, glycerol ribose,het acids other sugars fatty acids bases, phosphate no useable energy yield here- only building blocks obtained

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Breakdown of monomers to common intermediates

amino glucose, glycerol, acids other sugars fatty acids

pyruvate

NH4+ acetyl CoA

citric acid cycle ETS/Ox Phos ATP ATP & NADH

CO2

Oxidative processes-

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3-Breakdown of intermediates to CO2 and electrons is accomplishedthrough a central oxidative pathway:

the Citric Acid Cycle or TCA or the Krebs Cycle. This cycle leads to the production of ATP by processes called electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.

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proteins polysaccharides lipids amino glucose, glycerol acids other sugars fatty acids

NH4+ pyruvate

Common acetyl CoA Intermediates

citric acid cycle CO2 CO2

Anabolism

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Carbohydrate Metabolism glycogen

Pentose GLUCOSE other sugars pyruvate

lactate acetyl CoA EtOH

TCA cycle ETS

ATP

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ATP ADP

glucose glucose 6-phosphate

hexokinase or glucokinase

Energy Investment.

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phosphoglucoisomerase

glucose 6-phosphate fructose 6-phosphate aldose to ketose isomerization reversible

Isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate

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phosphofructokinase

-second ATP investment highly exergonic, -Essentially irreversible, highly regulated, -modulating carbon flux through glycolysis in response to energy and carbon requirements

fructose 6-phosphate fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

ATP ADP

Second phosphorylation

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aldolase

glyceraldehyde dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate phosphate where P = phosphate cleaves a 6C sugar to 2 3C sugars

HC=O H2COP HCOH O=C HCOP + CH2OH H

Cleavage to two triose phosphates

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Isomerization of Dihydroxyacetone

phosphate

H2C-OH C=O

CH2-O- P

dihydroxyacetone glyceraldehyde phosphate 3-phosphate

triose-phosphate isomerase

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Oxidation of glyceraldehyde3-phosphate

+

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

O HOPO OH NAD NADH O OPOH C=O O- HCOH H2C O- P

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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Transfer phosphate to make ATP

-

O=C-O- P O=C-OH P HC-OH + P HC-OH + P H2C-O-P P H2C-O-P P Adenosine Adenosine1,3PG ADP 3-phosphoglycerate ATP

phosphoglycerate kinase

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Phosphate shift setup

phosphoglycerate mutase

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Generation of second very highenergy compound by a dehydration

enolase

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P O H ADP ATP O -OOC-C=CH -OOC-C-CH3

phosphoenolpyruvate pyruvate

Final generation of ATP

pyruvate kinase

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Summary of Energy Relationships for Glycolysis

Input = 2 ATP 1. glucose + ATP glucose-6-P 2. fructose-6-P + ATP fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

Output = 4 ATP + 2 NADH1. 2 glyceraldehyde 3-P + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 2 (1,3 bisphosphoglycerate) + 2 NADH2. 2 (1,3 bisphosphoglycerate) + 2 ADP 2 (3-P-glycerate) + 2 ATP3. 2 PEP + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP Net = 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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Gluconeogenesis

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Oxidation of pyruvate Intermediate step between

glycolysis and the kreb’s cycle

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FAD+, lipoic acid + NAD+ CoA and thiamine

pyrophosphate CO2 + acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+

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Citric acid cycle

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Per acetyl-CoA

3 NADH

1 FADH2

1 ATP

2 CO2

Per glucose

6 NADH

2 FADH2

2 ATP

6 CO2

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THANK YOU

Education

Metabolism