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METABOLISM Dr. Daxa N. Mehta
Dr. Daxaben N. MehtaPrincipal
Smt. S.C.U.Shah Home Science and C.U.Shah Arts & Commerce Mahila College
Wadhwancity – Dist: Surendranagar
METABOLISM OF FOOD
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The main nutrients the body needs are:
carbohydrates for energy;
proteins for growth and repair;
fats to store energy;
vitamins and minerals to keep the body healthy.
Why do we need food ?
The amount of each food type needed is related to theproportions in the food pyramid.
Which food type does the body need the most of?
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Nutrients in food
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Balanced Diet
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Metabolite = Biological compoundCatabolism: All the reactions concerned with breaking down compounds and generating and storing energy for the needs of the cell and organism. Energy = ATPAnabolism: All the reactions concerned with the biosynthesis of complex compounds from simpler compounds. Usually use ATP.
METABOLISM
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METABOLISM Dr. Daxa N. Mehta
The body carries out digestion of food to convert large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble ones.
carbohydrate molecule
protein molecule
fat molecule
Small food molecules can pass through the walls of the small intestine and then dissolve into the blood stream. Large food molecules cannot do this.
What is digestion?
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Digestion begins in the mouth where food is broken down by the teeth. This is called mechanical breakdown. The small parts of food are mixed with saliva and swallowed.
Mechanical digestion
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After food is swallowed it enters the stomach, which is basically a muscular bag filled with hydrochloric acid.
The stomach
muscletissue
food leavesthe stomach
food enters from the gullet
the chemical breakdown of food begins; microbes are destroyed.
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From the stomach, food enters the small intestine where digestion is completed and the small digested food
molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream.
The small intestine
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After the small intestine, the remains of any undigested food travel to the large intestine.
All that is left of the food is water and waste material. The water is valuable and so is absorbed in the large intestine into the blood stream.The waste material cannot be digested or used by the body. This undigested waste travels to the rectum where it is stored until leaving the body through the anus.
The large intestine
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Digestive enzymes
Digestive enzymes are the chemicals that break large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules.
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METABOLISM Dr. Daxa N. Mehta
Digestive enzymes are the chemicals that break large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules.
Digestive enzymes are classified by the type of food that they affect, so there are three main types:
Types of digestive enzymes
carbohydrase – breaks carbohydrate into smaller sugars. protease – breaks protein into amino acids. lipase – breaks fat into fatty acids and glycerol.
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Digestive enzyme
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Carbohydrates are chains of identical sugar molecules. The digestive enzymes called carbohydrases break the chemical bonds between the individual sugar molecules in each carbohydrate chain.
carbohydrase
long carbohydrate
moleculesugar
molecules
carbohydrate digestion
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carbohydrate digestion
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Carbohydrate Absorption
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Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids.Proteins are digested by digestive enzymes called proteases. These enzymes work in an acidic environment to break proteins into smaller amino acids.
proteaselong
protein moleculeamino acid molecules
protein digestion
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protein digestion
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Protein Absorption
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Firstly, bile (released by the gall bladder) allows the fat to “mix”
with water by breaking the fat into smaller droplets. This is called emulsification.
Secondly, the digestive enzyme lipase breaks each fat molecule into the smaller glycerol fatty acid molecules .
bile
lipase +
fat molecule glycerol fatty acids
fat digestion
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fat digestion
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fat absorption
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fat absorption
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Catabolism
Breakdown of macromolecules tobuilding blocks -- generally hydrolytic
protein polysaccharide lipid nucleic acids
amino glucose, glycerol ribose,het acids other sugars fatty acids bases, phosphate no useable energy yield here- only building blocks obtained
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Breakdown of monomers to common intermediates
amino glucose, glycerol, acids other sugars fatty acids
pyruvate
NH4+ acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle ETS/Ox Phos ATP ATP & NADH
CO2
Oxidative processes-
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3-Breakdown of intermediates to CO2 and electrons is accomplishedthrough a central oxidative pathway:
the Citric Acid Cycle or TCA or the Krebs Cycle. This cycle leads to the production of ATP by processes called electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
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proteins polysaccharides lipids amino glucose, glycerol acids other sugars fatty acids
NH4+ pyruvate
Common acetyl CoA Intermediates
citric acid cycle CO2 CO2
Anabolism
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METABOLISM Dr. Daxa N. Mehta
Carbohydrate Metabolism glycogen
Pentose GLUCOSE other sugars pyruvate
lactate acetyl CoA EtOH
TCA cycle ETS
ATP
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ATP ADP
glucose glucose 6-phosphate
hexokinase or glucokinase
Energy Investment.
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phosphoglucoisomerase
glucose 6-phosphate fructose 6-phosphate aldose to ketose isomerization reversible
Isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate
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phosphofructokinase
-second ATP investment highly exergonic, -Essentially irreversible, highly regulated, -modulating carbon flux through glycolysis in response to energy and carbon requirements
fructose 6-phosphate fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
ATP ADP
Second phosphorylation
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aldolase
glyceraldehyde dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate phosphate where P = phosphate cleaves a 6C sugar to 2 3C sugars
HC=O H2COP HCOH O=C HCOP + CH2OH H
Cleavage to two triose phosphates
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Isomerization of Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
H2C-OH C=O
CH2-O- P
dihydroxyacetone glyceraldehyde phosphate 3-phosphate
triose-phosphate isomerase
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Oxidation of glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
+
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
O HOPO OH NAD NADH O OPOH C=O O- HCOH H2C O- P
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
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Transfer phosphate to make ATP
-
O=C-O- P O=C-OH P HC-OH + P HC-OH + P H2C-O-P P H2C-O-P P Adenosine Adenosine1,3PG ADP 3-phosphoglycerate ATP
phosphoglycerate kinase
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Phosphate shift setup
phosphoglycerate mutase
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Generation of second very highenergy compound by a dehydration
enolase
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P O H ADP ATP O -OOC-C=CH -OOC-C-CH3
phosphoenolpyruvate pyruvate
Final generation of ATP
pyruvate kinase
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Summary of Energy Relationships for Glycolysis
Input = 2 ATP 1. glucose + ATP glucose-6-P 2. fructose-6-P + ATP fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
Output = 4 ATP + 2 NADH1. 2 glyceraldehyde 3-P + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 2 (1,3 bisphosphoglycerate) + 2 NADH2. 2 (1,3 bisphosphoglycerate) + 2 ADP 2 (3-P-glycerate) + 2 ATP3. 2 PEP + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP Net = 2 ATP and 2 NADH
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Gluconeogenesis
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Oxidation of pyruvate Intermediate step between
glycolysis and the kreb’s cycle
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FAD+, lipoic acid + NAD+ CoA and thiamine
pyrophosphate CO2 + acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+
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Citric acid cycle
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Per acetyl-CoA
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
2 CO2
Per glucose
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
6 CO2
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