Medical Terminology Chapter 7

The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine1010thth edition edition

Davi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen ChabnerCopyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Chapter 7 Urinary System

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2


Chapter Goals

• Name essential organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions.

• Identify common pathological conditions.• Recognize how urinalysis is used and

interpreted as a diagnostic test.• Define urinary-system-related combining

forms, prefixes, and suffixes.


Chapter Goals (cont’d)

• List and explain clinical procedures, laboratory tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the urinary system.

• Understand medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.


Chapter 7 Lesson 7.1


Introduction

• Nitrogenous wastesUrea Creatinine Uric acid


Introduction (cont’d)• Functions of the kidney

Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine; about 200 quarts of blood are filtered every day to form 2 quarts of urine

Maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium, potassium), and acids

Release hormones:• Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure• Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates red blood cell

production in the bone marrow• Calciferol: active form of vitamin D necessary for the absorption of

calcium from the intestineDegrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream


Anatomy of the Major Organs

Organs of the urinary system in a male


Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)

Organs of the urinary system in a male



Female urinary system



Female urinary system


QUICK QUIZ:

1. What is voiding?A. Nitrogenous wasteB. UrinationC. Outer section of the kidneyD. Triangular area in the bladder


How Kidneys Produce Urine

• Blood enters the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries

• Arterioles carry blood to the capillaries

• Glomeruli filter the blood


How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)

• Blood enters the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries

• Arterioles carry blood to the capillaries

• Glomeruli filter the blood



• Blood passes through the glomeruli

• Glomerular (Bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus

• Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule

Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule



• Blood passes through the glomeruli

• Glomerular (Bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus

• Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule

Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule



Three steps in the formation of urine•Glomerular filtration•Tubular reabsorption•Tubular secretion



Three steps in the formation of urine•Glomerular filtration•Tubular reabsorption•Tubular secretion



• The glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.



• The glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.


QUICK QUIZ:

2. Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney?A. 100,000,000B. 10,000,000C. 1,000,000D. 100,000


How Kidneys Produce UrineAll collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis

Calyces or calices are small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud

Illustration shows section of kidney



All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis

Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud

Illustration shows section of kidney



Process of forming and expelling urine



Process of forming and expelling urine


Vocabulary

• arteriole

• calyx or calix


Vocabulary (cont’d)

• arteriole

• calyx or calix

Small artery

Cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud



• catheter

• cortex

• creatinine



• catheter

• cortex

• creatinine

Tube for injecting or removing fluids

Outer region of an organ

Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine



• electrolyte

• erythropoietin (EPO)



• electrolyte

• erythropoietin (EPO)

Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water.

Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow;

-poietin means a substance that forms.



• filtration

• glomerular capsule

• glomerulus

• hilum



• filtration

• glomerular capsule

• glomerulus

• hilum

Process whereby some substances pass through a filter

Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule

Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave; comes from the Latin meaning a small thing



• kidney

• meatus

• medulla



• kidney

• meatus

• medulla

One of two bean-shaped organs that filter nitrogenous waste from the bloodstream to form urine

Opening or canal

Inner region of an organ; the term comes from the Latin, medulla, meaning marrow



• nephron

• nitrogenous waste



• nephron

• nitrogenous waste

The functional unit of thekidney where filtration,reabsorption, and secretiontake place

Substance containing nitrogenand excreted in urine;examples are urea, uric acid,and creatinine



• potassium (K+)

• reabsorption

• renal artery



• potassium (K+)

• reabsorption

• renal artery

An electrolyte regulated by the kidney

Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney



• renal pelvis

• renal tubules

• renal vein



• renal pelvis

• renal tubules

• renal vein

Central collection region in the kidney

Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney


Vocabulary (cont’d)• renin

• sodium (Na+)

• trigone


Vocabulary (cont’d)• renin

• sodium (Na+)

• trigone

Hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure

An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; a common form of sodium is sodium chloride (salt)

Triangular area in the urinary bladder



• urea

• ureter

• urethra



• urea

• ureter

• urethra

Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

One of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body



• uric acid

• urinary bladder

• urination (voiding)



• uric acid

• urinary bladder

• urination (voiding)

Nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine

Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine

Process of expelling urine; also called micturition


Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary

SymptomsSTRUCTURES

cali/o, calic/o _________

cyst/o _________

glomerul/o _________

meat/o _________

Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning



Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES

cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped

cyst/o urinary bladder

glomerul/o glomerulus

meat/o meatus



STRUCTURES

cyst/o cystitis ________________

Combining Form Terminology MeaningCombining Form Terminology Meaning


Symptoms (cont’d)

Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).


STRUCTURES

cyst/o cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladderCombining Form Terminology MeaningCombining Form Terminology Meaning

Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).


Symptoms (cont’d)




nephr/o ___________

pyel/o ___________

ren/o ____________

trigon/o ____________





nephr/o kidney

pyel/o renal pelvis

ren/o kidney

trigon/o trigone

Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning


STRUCTURES nephr/o hydronephrosis _________________

Combining Form TerminologyCombining Form Terminology MeaningMeaning

Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stones) as shown in the figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.


Symptoms (cont’d)




nephr/o hydronephrosis Condition of excess fluid

(water) in the kidney

Combining Form TerminologyCombining Form Terminology MeaningMeaning

Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stones) as shown in the figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.




ureter/o __________

urethr/o __________

vesic/o __________





ureter/o ureter

urethr/o urethra

vesic/o urinary bladder




Symptoms (cont’d)SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS

albumin/o ________

azot/o ________

bacteri/o ________

dips/o ________



SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS

albumin/o albumin

azot/o nitrogen

bacteri/o bacteria

dips/o thirst



Symptoms (cont’d)


Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary

Symptoms (cont’d)

kal/o __________

ket/o, keton/o __________

lith/o __________

natr/o __________

noct/o __________

olig/o ________

Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix Meaning MeaningSUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS



kal/o potassium

ket/o, keton/o ketone bodies

lith/o stone

natr/o sodium

noct/o night

olig/o scanty

Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix MeaningMeaning


Symptoms (cont’d)



Symptoms (cont’d)SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS

-poietin __________

py/o __________

-tripsy __________

ur/o __________

-uria __________

urin/o __________




-poietin substance that forms

py/o pus

-tripsy to crush

ur/o urea

-uria urination; urine

condition

urin/o urine



Symptoms (cont’d)


Urinalysis

Tests included in a urinalysis

1. Color

2. Appearance

3. pH

4. Protein

5. Glucose


Urinalysis (cont’d)

Tests included in a urinalysis

6. Specific gravity

7. Ketone bodies

8. Sediment

9. Phenylketonuria

10.Bilirubin


QUICK QUIZ:

3. In a urinalysis, what does the test of specific gravity reflect?A. The chemical nature of urineB. The presence of albuminC. Blood in the urineD. The amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine


Chapter 7Lesson 7.2


Pathologic Conditions

Kidney

• Glomerulonephritis

• Interstitial nephritis

• Nephrolithiasis

• Nephrotic syndrome

• Polycystic kidneys (PKD)


Pathologic Conditions

Kidney• Polycystic kidney

disease (PKD)

PKD—The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically polycystic kidneys weigh 20 times more than their usual weight.


Pathologic Conditions (cont’d)

Kidney• Pyelonephritis • Renal cell carcinoma• Renal failure• Renal hypertension• Wilms tumor


Pathologic Conditions (cont'd)

Kidney• Renal cell

carcinoma

(Hypernephroma) Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood


Pathologic Conditions (cont’d)

Urinary bladder • Bladder cancer

Associated conditions • Diabetes insipidus (DI)• Diabetes mellitus (DM)


QUICK QUIZ:

4. A term that means frequent (voluntary) urination at night is:A. anuriaB. nocturiaC. diuresisD. hematuria


Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures

Laboratory tests• Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)• Creatinine clearance test


Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)

Clinical procedures X-ray Studies

CT urography Kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) Renal angiography Retrograde pyelogram (RP) Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)



• CT-Computed tomography The scan with contrast shows a benign cyst on the kidney.



Voiding cystourethrogram• (VCUG)showing a normal female urethra. The

bladder is filled with contrast material, followed by x-ray imaging.



Clinical proceduresUltrasound examinationUltrasonography: imaging urinary

tract structures using high frequency sound waves

Radioactive studiesRadioisotope scan: image of kidney

after injecting a radioisotope into the bloodstream



Clinical procedures

Magnetic imaging• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urography: A changing magnetic field produces images of

an organ and surrounding structures in three planes of the body



Other clinical procedures• Cystoscopy• Dialysis• Lithotripsy • Renal angioplasty• Renal biopsy• Renal transplantation• Urinary catheterization



Cytoscopy—direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope



Hemodialysis (HD)



Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)


Abbreviations

• ADH _______________• AKI _______________• ARF _______________• BILI _______________• BUN _______________ • Ccr _______________• CAPD _______________• Cath _______________• CCPD _______________• CKD _______________


• ADH Antidiuretic hormone• ARF Acute renal failure• AKI Acute renal injury• BILI Bilirubin• BUN Blood urea nitrogen• Ccr Creatinine clearance• CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis• Cath Catheter; catheterization• CCPD Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis• CKD Chronic kidney disease

Abbreviations (cont’d)


• CL- _____________________• CrCl _____________________

• CRF _____________________

• C & S _____________________

• Cysto _____________________

• eGFR _____________________

• ESRD _____________________

• ESWL _____________________

• HCO3- _____________________

• HD _____________________

• IC _____________________



• CL- Chloride, a kidney excretion

• CrCl Creatinine clearance

• CRF Chronic renal failure

• C&S Culture and sensitivity testing

• Cysto Cystoscopic examination

• eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate

• ESRD End-stage renal disease• ESWL Extracorporeal shockwave lithrotripsy• HCO3

- Bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney

• HD Hemodialysis• IC Interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of the bladder wall



• IVP __________________• K+ __________________• KUB __________________• Na+ __________________• PD __________________• pH __________________• PKU __________________• sp gr __________________• UA __________________• UTI __________________• VCUG __________________



• IVP Intravenous pyelogram• K+ Potassium, an electrolyte• KUB Kidney ureter and bladder• Na+ Sodium, an electrolyte• PD Peritoneal dialysis• pH Potential hydrogen; degree of acidity or alkalinity• PKU Phenylketonuria• sp gr Specific gravity• UA Urinalysis• UTI Urinary tract infection• VCUG Voiding cystourethrogram



QUICK QUIZ:5. The abbreviation RP is associated

with which of the following?

A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal cavity and then drained out.B. Contrast is injected into the urinary

bladder and ureters, and x-rays are taken of the urinary tract.

C. Nitrogenous wastes are removed from the patient’s blood.

D. An electrolyte is secreted by renal tubules.


Review Sheet Combining forms

albumino/o ____________

angi/o ____________

azot/o ____________

bacteri/o ____________

cali/o, calic/o ____________

cyst/o ____________


Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms albumino/o albumin (protein)

angi/o vessel (blood)

azot/o urea; nitrogen

bacteri/o bacteria

cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped

cyst/o urinary bladder


dips/o ____________

glomerul/o ____________

glycos/o ____________

hydr/o ____________

isch/o ____________

kal/o ____________

ket/o; keton/o ____________

Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms


dips/o thirst

glomerul/o glomerulus

glycos/o sugar

hydr/o water

isch/o to hold back; back

kal/o potassium

ket/o; keton/o ketones; acetones



lith/o ____________

meat/o ____________

natr/o ____________

necr/o ____________

nephr/o____________

noct/o ____________

ogli/o ____________



lith/o stone

meat/o meatus

natr/o sodium

necr/o death

nephr/okidney

noct/o night

ogli/o scanty



py/o __________

pyel/o __________

ren/o __________

trigon/o __________

ur/o __________



py/o pus

pyel/o renal pelvis

ren/o kidney

trigon/o trigone

ur/o urine; urinary tract



ureter/o ____________

urethr/o ____________

urin/o ____________

vesic/o ____________



ureter/o ureter

urethr/o urethra

urin/o urine

vesic/o urinary bladder



-ectasis ______________

-ectomy ______________

-emia ______________

-esis ______________

-gram ______________

-lithiasis ______________

Review Sheet Suffixes


-ectasis stretching; dilation

-ectomy removal; excision

-emia blood condition

-esis condition

-gram record

-lithiasis condition of stones

Review Sheet (cont’d) Suffixes


-lithotomy ____________________

-lysis ______________

-megaly ______________

-ole ______________

-osis ______________

-pathy ______________

Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes


-lithotomy incision for removal of a stone

-lysis breakdown

-megaly enlargement

-ole little; small

-osis condition

-pathy disease



-plasty _________________

-poietin _______________

-ptosis _______________

-rrhea _______________

-sclerosis _______________

-stomy ___________________



-plasty surgical repair

-poietin substance that forms

-ptosis droop; sag

-rrhea flow; discharge

-sclerosis hardening

-stomy new opening (to form a mouth)



-tomy _____________

-tripsy ___________

-uria ___________



-tomy process of cutting

-tripsy to crush

-uria urination



a-, an- _____________

anti- _____________

dia- _____________

dys- _____________

Review SheetPrefixes


a-, an- not; without

anti- again

dia- complete

dys- bad; painful

Review Sheet (cont’d)Prefixes


en- __________

peri- __________

poly- __________

retro- __________



en- in; within

peri- surrounding

poly- many, much

retro- behind; back



QUICK QUIZ:

6. The combining form dips/o means:A. stoneB. scantyC. thirstD. water


QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)

7. Which combining form means pus?A. pyel/oB. lith/oC. ogli/oD. py/o


QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)

8. The combining form isch/o means:A. scantyB. to hold back; backC. nightD. trigon

Education

Medical Terminology Chapter 7