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Objectives: 1. I can identify the roles of the four types of word parts used in forming medical terms. 2. By using your knowledge of word parts, I can analyze unfamiliar medical terms 3. I can define commonly used prefixes, word roots, combining forms, and suffixes.
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Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology Chapter 1: Introduction to Medical Chapter 1: Introduction to Medical
TerminologyTerminologyMrs. SpearmanMrs. Spearman
Objectives:
1. I can identify the roles of the four types of word parts used in forming medical terms.
2. By using your knowledge of word parts, I can analyze unfamiliar medical terms
3. I can define commonly used prefixes, word roots, combining forms, and suffixes.
The Language of MedicineThe Language of MedicineThe language of medicine is specialized The language of medicine is specialized
vocabulary used by health-care vocabulary used by health-care professionals.professionals.
Writing is Key
•Correct spelling is essential because
•A misspelled word may have an entirely different meaning.
•Correct spelling helps with the pronunciation of the medical term.
Word Parts
There are 4 word parts associated with medical term
•Word Roots•Combining Forms•Prefixes•Suffixes
The word root is the main body of a word.•All words have a word root.•Word roots are the building blocks for most medical terms
Examples:
Word Roots
Word Root Meaning Use in a WordGastr Stomach GastrologyCardi Heart Cardiologyor mouth oral
• A word root + (/) combining vowel = combining form
The most frequently used vowel is o.Examples:
Combining Forms
Word Root Combining Vowel
Combining Form
Meaning
Gastr o Gastr/o StomachCardi o Cardi/o Heart
Or o Or/o Mouth
Write ItWrite It Write either WR (for “word root” or CF (for
“combining form”) to identify these word parts.1. ______ cyan/o2. ______ erythr/o3. ______ melan/o4. ______ leuk5. ______ neur/o6. ______ enter
Prefixes Suffixes
A word roots are usually written with a prefix and/or a suffix to form a medical term.
When written by itself a prefix is usually followed by a hyphen (-)
Examples:◦ Pre-◦ Post-
A suffix is attached to the end of a word root to create a medical term.
A suffix is usually preceded by a hyphen (-) when the suffix is written by itself
Examples:◦ -cyte◦ -itis◦ -al
Write ItWrite It Identify the following word parts as a P (for
prefix), S (for suffix), or CF (for combining form) for the following word parts:
1. ____ peri- 7. ____ -itis2. ____ tonsill/o 8. ____ pre-3. ____ dermat/o 9. ____ -pathy 4. ____ eu- 10.____ rhin/o5. ____ -ology6. ____ hydr/o
ReminderReminderRemember that when combining forms
are written alone, they contain a combining vowel, usually an o, as in cardi/o.
Combining Word Parts to Write Combining Word Parts to Write Terms Terms Rules for creating medical terms using a
combining form and suffix: The combining vowel is used before suffixes
that begin with a consonant. ▪ Example: gastr/o + -megaly = gastromegaly
The combining vowel is used when joining together more than one combining form▪ Example: gastro/ + enter/o + -megaly =
gastroenteromegaly Do not use a combining vowel if the suffix
begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, or u)▪ Example: gastr/o + -itis = gastritis
More ExamplesMore Examples
Prefix + Combining Form + Suffix◦Poly- + arthr/o + -itis = polyarthritis
Combining Form + Suffix◦Arthr/o + -itis = arthritis
Prefix + Suffix◦Dys- + -pnea = dyspnea
Building Terms with a Combining Building Terms with a Combining Form and SuffixesForm and SuffixesCombining
FormSuffixes Term and Meaning
Ot/o -itis Otitis, inflammation of the ear
-logy Otology, study of the ear
-plasty Otoplasty, plastic surgery of the ear
-rrhea Otorrhea, discharge from the ear
-tomy Ototomy, incision of the ear
Decipher these medical terms based on Decipher these medical terms based on their word parts: their word parts:
WordWord PrefixPrefix Combining Combining formform
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
cardiologistcardiologist cardi/ocardi/o -ologist-ologist
gastralgiagastralgia gastr/ogastr/o -algia-algia
neuralgianeuralgia neur/oneur/o -algia-algia
Build It (Remember the rules)Build It (Remember the rules) Write terms from these word parts
1. dys- + -pnea = __________________2. enter/o + -ic = __________________3. eu- + -pepsia = __________________4. tonsill/o + -itis = __________________5. dermat/o+ -ologist = ___________________6. pre- + nat/o + -al= __________________7. leuk/o + -cyte = ____________________8. appendic/o + -itis = _________________9. Hyper- + -emia = ___________________10. endo- + cardi/o + -al = _______________
Determining a Word’s Determining a Word’s meaningmeaningTo determine a word’s meaning:
◦Always start at the suffix, and work toward the beginning.
◦As you separate the word parts, identify the meaning of each. Identifying the meaning of each part should give you a definition.
◦Because some word parts have more than one meaning, it is also necessary to determine what body system the term is referring to. (Example: myel/o means spinal cord or bone marrow)
OtorhinolaryngologyOtorhinolaryngology
Combining Forms Indicating ColorCombining
FormMeaning Example
Cyan/o Blue Cyanosis (-osis means abnormal condition or disease) blue discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
Erythr/o Red Erythrocyte (-cyte means cell) red blood cell
Leuk/o White Leukocyte—white blood cellMelan/o Black Melanosis—abnormal condition of
deposits of black pigment in body tissues
Poli/o Gray Poliomyelitis—(myel/o means spinal cord, -itis means inflammation) viral infection of the spinal cord
Suffix Meaning Example-ology Study of Gastrology—study of the stomach
-algia,dynia pain Gastralgia—pain in the stomach ORGastrodynia (-algia is commonly used)
-itis Inflammation Gastritis—inflammation of the stomach-malacia Abnormal
softeningArteriomalacia—softening of an artery(arteri/o means artery)
-sclerosis Hardening Arteriosclerosis—hardening of an artery-megaly Enlargement Hepatomegaly—enlargement of the liver
(Hepat/o means liver)-necrosis Tissue death Arterionecrosis—tissue death of an
artery-stenosis Abnormal
narrowingArteriostenosis—abnormal narrowing of an artery
Suffixes Related to Pathology
Suffixes Related to Procedures
Suffix Meaning Example-centesis Surgical procedure
to remove fluidAbdominocentesis—surgical procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen (abdomin/o means abdomen)
-graphy Process of recording a picture
or record
Angiography—process of recording an (x-ray) of a blood vessel (angi/o means blood vessel)
-gram Picture or record Angiogram—picture of a blood vessel
-plasty Surgical repair Rhinoplasty—surgical repair of the nose (rhin/o means nose)
-scopy Visual examination Arthroscopy—visual examination of a joint (arthr/o means joint)
The “Double R” Suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-rrhage, -rrhagia
Bleeding Hemorrhage—loss of large amount of blood in short time (hem/o means blood)
-rrhaphy Surgical suture (stitch)
Myorrhaphy—surgical suturing a muscle (my/o means muscle)
-rrhea Flow or discharge
Diarrhea—frequent flow of watery stool (dia- means through)
-rrhexis Rupture Myorrhexis—rupture of a muscle
PrefixesPrefix Meaning Example
Pre- Before Prenatal—time and events before birth
Peri- Surrounding Perinatal— time and events surrounding birth
Post- After Postnal—time and events after birth
Contrasting Prefixes
Prefix Meaning Prefix MeaningAb- Away from
Ex. AbnormalAd- Toward
Ex. AddicitionDys- Bad, difficult, painful
Ex. DysfunctionalEu- Good or normal
Ex. EuthyroidHyper- Excessive or
increasedEx. Hypertension
Hypo- Deficient or decreasedEx. Hypotension
Inter- Between or amongEx. Interstate
Intra- Within or outsideEx. Intramuscular injection
Sub- Under, less, or belowEx. Subcostal(cost/o means rib)
Super-, Supra-
Above or ExcessiveEx. Supracostal
Combining Form Meaning ExampleArterio/o Artery Endoarterial—pertaining
to the lining within an artery
Ather/o Fatty substance or plaque
Atherectomy—surgical removal of a fatty substance
Athr/o Joint Arthralgia—pain in a joint
Commonly Confused Terms
Suffix Meaning Example-ectomy Surgical excision or
removalAppendectomy—surgical removal of the appendix
-ostomy Surgical creation of a artificial opening
Colostomy—surgical creation of an artificial opening into the colon
-otomy Surgical incision or cutting
Lithotomy—surgical incision to remove stones(lith/o means stone)
Commonly Confused Terms
Combining Form Meaning ExampleMyc/o Fungus Mycosis—abnormal
condition of fungusMyel/o Bone marrow or
spinal cordMyelopathy—disease in the spinal cord(-pathy means disease)
My/o Muscle Myopathy—disease in the muscle tissue
Commonly Confused Terms
Combining Form Meaning ExamplePyel/o Renal pelvis; part of
kidneyPyelitis—inflammation of the renal pelvis
Py/o Pus Pyoderma—pus skin infection
Pyr/o Fire or fever Pyromaniac—person that loves fire
Commonly Confused Terms
Write It! Directions: Select the correct answer.
1.The medical term gastritis or gastrosis describe inflammation of the stomach.
2.An appendectomy or appendicitis is the surgical removal of the appendix.
3.The abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery is called arteriosclerosis or arterionecrosis.
4.An inflammation of the stomach and small intestine is know as gastritis or gastralgia or gastroenteritis.
5.The term meaning pain in a joint is arthralgia or arthritis or arteritis.
Write It! Word SurgeryDivide each term into its word parts. (You may not need all the lines provided.)
1.Otorhinolaryrngology is the study of the ear nose and throat. _________ _____________ ________________ _______________
2.The term mycosis means abnormal condition caused by fungus.__________ _____________ ________________ ________________
3.Poliomyelitis is a viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord.__________ _____________ ________________ ________________
4.Neonatology is the study of disorders of the newborn.__________ _____________ ________________ ________________
5. The term endarterial means pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery.__________ _____________ ________________ ________________
Look-AlikeLook-Alike Sound-AlikeSound-Alike Terms Terms
Infection Invasion of the body by a
disease-producing organism
Signs and symptoms of infection include: • malaise (feeling of
discomfort), • chills and fever, • redness, • heat, • swelling, or • exudate from a wound. (fluid
(pus) that leaks from infected wound).
InflammationInflammation—the
body’s response to injury
Signs of inflammation:◦ erythema (redness), ◦ hyperthermia (heat), ◦ edema (swelling), ◦ and pain.