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Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67597 Smell is perhaps the least understood of our five senses. Yet, the human perception of odor may mean the difference between war and peace for a livestock farmer and his neighbors. Because the science of smells is complex, there is a tendency to run straight for the organic chemistry book when we try to describe farmstead odors. This approach goes right over the heads of most people. There must be a better way to communicate odors to diverse audiences. Come to this workshop and find out how.
Citation preview
Making Sense of SmellsDiscussing Odors with Diverse Audiences
Douglas W. HamiltonWaste Management SpecialistBiosystems and Agricultural Engineering
http://osuwastemanage.bae.okstate.edu/
www.extension.org/pages/33088/odors-from-livestock-farms-curriculum-materials
Odors need not be so mysterious …
1. They have structure
2. They are measurable
Odors need not be so mysterious …
1. They have structure
Rose de Grasse is characterized by a honey note, resembling very slightly a delicate peppery note, shading off into a light tonality of natural carnation … it is possible to perceive a slightly green odor …
Billot, M. and F.V. Wells. Perfumery Technology:Art, Science, Industry. New York:John Wiley.
Perfume Structure
Perfume Fragrances are mixtures of Notes
Rose de Grasse is characterized by a honey note, resembling very slightly a delicate peppery note, shading off into a light tonality of natural carnation … it is possible to perceive a slightly green odor …
Billot, M. and F.V. Wells. Perfumery Technology:Art, Science, Industry. New York:John Wiley.
Perfume Structure
Perfume Fragrances are mixtures of Notes
Notes are mixtures of Odorants
Hyacinth Green Base No. 10HydroxycitonellelPhenylethyl acetatePhenylethyl alcoholisoEugenolCinnamic alcoholPhenylacetaldehydePhenylacetaldehyde dimethyl acetalFolialBenzyl acetatePhenylethyl formateTerpineolRhodiniolalpha-Amaylcinnamic aldehydeParacetoneDimethyl phthalate
Perfume Structure
Perfume Fragrances are mixtures of Notes
Notes are mixtures of Odorants
Odorants are individual Chemicals
Perfume Fragrances are mixtures of Notes
Farmstead Odors are mixtures of Notes
Notes are mixtures of Odorants
Notes are groups of Odorants
Odorants are individual Chemicals
Odorants are individual Chemicals
Odor Structure
Farmstead Odorant Groups
Organic AcidsAcetic Acid
Propionic Acid
Butanoic Acid
Iso-Valeric Acid
Pentanoic Acid
Alcohols, Aldehydes, KetonesMethanol
Formaldehyde
Acetone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Nitrogen CompoundsAmmonia
Methyl amine
Dimethyl amine
Diethyl amine
Indole
Skatole
Phenolic CompoundsPhenol
p-Cresol
Sulfuric CompoundsHydrogen Sulfide
Methyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
Odors need not be so mysterious …
1. They have structure
2. They are measurable
Odor Measurement
How does it smell?
How Long?
How Much?
How Strong?
Odor Measurement
How does it smell?
How Long?
How Much?
How Strong?
Character
Odor Measurement
How does it smell?
How Long?
How Much?
How Strong?
Character
Persistence
Odor Measurement
How does it smell?
How Long?
How Much?
How Strong?
Character
Persistence
Concentration
Odor Measurement
How does it smell?
How Long?
How Much?
How Strong?
Character
Persistence
Concentration
Intensity
Notes Odors
Character
Persistence
Concentration
Intensity
Measuring Notes and Odors
Notes Odors
Character Verbal Description
Persistence
Concentration
Intensity
Measuring Notes and Odors
Character
Organic AcidsAcetic Acid
Propionic Acid
Butanoic Acid
Iso-Valeric Acid
Pentanoic Acid
Alcohols, Aldehydes, KetonesMethanol
Formaldehyde
Acetone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Nitrogen CompoundsAmmonia
Methyl amine
Dimethyl amine
Diethyl amine
Indole
Skatole
Phenolic CompoundsPhenol
p-Cresol
Sulfuric CompoundsHydrogen Sulfide
Methyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
Character
Organic AcidsAcetic Acid
Propionic Acid
Butanoic Acid
Iso-Valeric Acid
Pentanoic Acid
Alcohols, Aldehydes, KetonesMethanol
Formaldehyde
Acetone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Nitrogen CompoundsAmmonia
Methyl amine
Dimethyl amine
Diethyl amine
Indole
Skatole
Phenolic CompoundsPhenol
p-Cresol
Sulfuric CompoundsHydrogen Sulfide
Methyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
Character
Organic AcidsAcetic Acid
Propionic Acid
Butanoic Acid
Iso-Valeric Acid
Pentanoic Acid
Alcohols, Aldehydes, KetonesMethanol
Formaldehyde
Acetone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Nitrogen CompoundsAmmonia
Methyl amine
Dimethyl amine
Diethyl amine
Indole
Skatole
Phenolic CompoundsPhenol
p-Cresol
Sulfuric CompoundsHydrogen Sulfide
Methyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
Character
Organic AcidsAcetic Acid
Propionic Acid
Butanoic Acid
Iso-Valeric Acid
Pentanoic Acid
Alcohols, Aldehydes, KetonesMethanol
Formaldehyde
Acetone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Nitrogen CompoundsAmmonia
Methyl amine
Dimethyl amine
Diethyl amine
Indole
Skatole
Phenolic CompoundsPhenol
p-Cresol
Sulfuric CompoundsHydrogen Sulfide
Methyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
Character
Organic AcidsAcetic Acid
Propionic Acid
Butanoic Acid
Iso-Valeric Acid
Pentanoic Acid
Alcohols, Aldehydes, KetonesMethanol
Formaldehyde
Acetone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Nitrogen CompoundsAmmonia
Methyl amine
Dimethyl amine
Diethyl amine
Indole
Skatole
Phenolic CompoundsPhenol
p-Cresol
Sulfuric CompoundsHydrogen Sulfide
Methyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
Character
Organic AcidsAcetic Acid
Propionic Acid
Butanoic Acid
Iso-Valeric Acid
Pentanoic Acid
Alcohols, Aldehydes, KetonesMethanol
Formaldehyde
Acetone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Nitrogen CompoundsAmmonia
Methyl amine
Dimethyl amine
Diethyl amine
Indole
Skatole
Phenolic CompoundsPhenol
p-Cresol
Sulfuric CompoundsHydrogen Sulfide
Methyl mercaptan
Dimethyl sulfide
Diethyl sulfide
Notes Odors
Character Verbal Description
Persistence Odor Chord
Concentration
Intensity
Measuring Notes and Odors
Notes Odors
Character Verbal Description
Persistence Top Note
Middle Note
Base Note
Odor Chord
Concentration
Intensity
Measuring Notes and Odors
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Persistence
Top Notes Middle Notes Base NotesHydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia
Aldehydes
Alcohols
Ketones
Amines
Mercaptans
Short Organic Sulfides
Organic Acids
Phenolic Compounds
Indole
Skatole
Long Organic Sulfides
Notes Odors
Character Verbal Description
Persistence Top Note
Middle Note
Base Note
Odor Chord
Concentration Detection Level
Recognition Level
Intensity
Measuring Notes and Odors
NH3 Recognition Level = 37,000 ppb
NH3 Detection Level = 17 ppb
NH3 Acute Hazard = 50,000 to 100,000 ppb
NH3 Chronic Exposure = 25,000 ppb
Notes Odors
Character Verbal Description
Persistence Top Note
Middle Note
Base Note
Odor Chord
Concentration Detection Level
Recognition LevelOU
Intensity
Measuring Farmstead Odors
Olfactometry
www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/environment
Olfactometry
Choosing presidents and measuringodors are very similar processes.
OPINIONS ARE IMPORTANTAND THE MAJORITY RULES.
Olfactory Panel
www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/environment
Olfactometers
www.aromajet.com
St Croix Sensory
www.rka-inc.com
www.research-in-germany.de
Olfactometer
www.med-associates.com
www.med-associates.com
www.coleparmer.com
1/10
1/100
1/200
1/500
1/1,000
1/2,000
1/4,000
1/8,000
1/16,000
1/32,000
1/16,000
1OU = dilution to threshold
1OU = 1/16,000
OU = 16,000
Dispersion Modeling
www.air-dispersion-model.com
www.odotech.com
Notes Odors
Character Verbal Description
Persistence Top Note
Middle Note
Base Note
Odor Chord
Concentration Detection Level
Recognition LevelOU
Intensity Intensity
Measuring Notes and Odors
Two Methods for Intensity
1. Referencing Suprathreshold
2. Descriptive Category Scale
Odors are compared to standards of known intensity
using dilutions of 1-Butanol
CH3CH2CH2OH
Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Intensity
Port
1 2 3 45 6 7 8
www.rka-inc.com
Purdue Agricultural Air Quality Laboratory
Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Intensity
Port vol/vol 1-butanol ppm
1 122 243 484 965 1946 3887 7758 1,550
www.rka-inc.com
Referencing Suprathreshold Odor Intensity
Descriptive Scale Odor Intensity
Panel rates Intensity on a scale independent of
an external standard
www.library.thinkquest.org
Intensity vs Concentration
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 10 100 1000
Odor Concentration (OU)
Od
or
Inte
nsi
ty
Measured Swine Odor Relationship
6 = Extremely strong5 = Very Strong4 = Strong3 = Distinct2 = Faint1 = Very Faint0 = No Odor
Misselbrook, et al. 1993
Measured Odor Relationships
6 = Extremely strong5 = Very Strong4 = Strong3 = Distinct2 = Faint1 = Very Faint0 = No Odor
Misselbrook et al, 1993
Notes Odors
Character Verbal Description Offensiveness
Persistence Top Note
Middle Note
Base Note
Odor Chord
Concentration Detection Level
Recognition Level
OU
Intensity Intensity
Measuring Notes and Odors
Offensiveness by Olfactometry
1. Equal Intensity samples are presented to panel.
Offensiveness by Olfactometry
1. Equal Intensity samples are presented to panel
2. Panel rates offensiveness on a descriptive scale.
www.library.thinkquest.org
Offensiveness vs Concentration
Offensiveness is an Intrinsic Property of an Odor
A odor will be equally offensive, no matter how strong.
Experimental Hypothesis
A odor will be equally offensive, no matter how strong.
Sample 1
How Strong? _____
How Pleasant? ______
Sniff Test
A B C D
How Strong?
How Pleasant?
IntensityScale = 0 to 6
Intensity Scale
0 = no odor
1 = very faint
2 = faint
3 = distinct
4 = strong
5 = very strong
6 = extremely strong
Sniff Test
A B C D
How Strong?
How Pleasant
IntensityScale = 0 to 6
PleasantnessScale = -3 to 3
Carmichael/Spitler Pleasantness Scale
-3 = Very Unpleasant
-2 = Unpleasant
-1 = Slightly Unpleasant
0 = Neutral
1 = Slightly Pleasing
2 = Pleasing
3 = Very Pleasing