Livestock observation

Animal welfare

Animal welfare or animal well-being refers to the physical and mental health of animals.

When we talk about animal welfare we are usually referring to how well an animal is adapted to/coping with the environment in which it lives, both physically and emotionally (mentally).

There are several reasons to be concerned about animal welfare:

• Poor animal welfare impacts on animal production and reproduction

• Poor animal welfare can result in loss of market access

• Legislation requires livestock owners to care for the welfare of their animals

• Livestock are capable of feeling pain and having a desire for a pleasurable life (they are sentient or have feelings)

Loss of productionWhen an animal is placed in an environment (housing, food, water, social contact, climate or handling) that fails to fully provide for all its' needs, the animal's body must act to compensate. The bodily and behavioural mechanisms used to 'cope', divert energy away from non-essential functions, such as growth, reproduction and production, towards maintaining the animal's internal environment.

Therefore poor welfare can result in losses in growth, production and reproduction.

Everyone has a duty of care for animals in their charge, and responsibility as members of the community for the welfare of animals

Livestock are sentientThis means they feel pain and suffer.

Research over the past 30 years has enabled scientists to determine that all livestock species (and fish) have the necessary brain structures and nervous system to allow them to feel pain and suffer.Pain and suffering are forms of stress on the animal and stressed animals can show compromised growth, production and reproduction.In addition, research has indicated that all livestock species are capable of comprehending and desiring pleasurable experiences.

  Vocali-sation

Grinding Teeth

Reluctance to Move

Rapid/ Shallow Breathing

Isolation from Group Mates/ Unresponsive to Social Contact

Foot Stamping

Abnormal Posture or Frequent Postural Changes

Head Tucked/ Eyes Closed

Decreased Production

Cattle X X X       X   X

Pigs X X X   X   X   X

Sheep X X     X   X    

Goats X X   X X X X   X

Poultry X           X X  

General signs of pain in livestock:The following table displays, scientifically observed, common signs of pain in different livestock species.X indicates that this species commonly displays this type of behaviour when in pain.

This is not an exhaustive list and it should be noted that some animals could display all of these symptoms.

How to ensure livestock have good welfare:Some basic guidelines:

Regular Surveillance of Stock:

Check your stock regularly - all stock should be inspected on a regular basis.

For intensively housed livestock it is recommended that you inspect your

animals at least 1-2 times per day. For extensively housed livestock it is

recommended that you inspect your stock at least once every 1-2 days.

Regular surveillance enables rapid identification of changes in stock welfare.

You become familiar with your stock and their behavioural patterns, making it

easier to identify changes.

Behavioural change is often the first sign that the welfare of an

individual animal or a group of animals is being compromised.

If you notice that your animal(s) behaviour has changed, then it is

time to do some further investigation by approaching and

catching/yarding the animal(s) affected.

Check feed, water and shelter access regularly

Housing and Husbandry

Ensure your housing and husbandry practices meet, at least, the minimum

requirements set out in the Code of Practice.

Codes of practice are available for all livestock industries and peripheral

industries, such as Saleyards, Transporting Livestock, and Dogs.

While the Codes of Practice are currently not enforceable by law, livestock

owners failing to meet the minimum requirements can be subject to

prosecution for causing unreasonable pain or suffering to an animal.

Therefore, it is important to obtain a copy of the code of practice for your

livestock species and ensure your housing and husbandry is, at the very least,

of minimum standard.

When checking livestock, look for these signs• Sudden loss of appetite

• General appearance of ill health – eg sunken eyes, dry nose, lethargy

• Separation for the mob/flock, lying down

• Bloating ie swelling of abdomen on left side of body

• Anxiety – eg kicking at stomach, restlessness

• Weight loss

• Changes to coat/fibre colour – eg dullness

• Lower production levels - eg reduced milk production, break in wool fibre

• Unusual behaviour

• Scouring

Any of these signs should be investigated and treated