Journal of Power Electronics & Power Systems vol 6 issue 3

ISSN 2249-863X (Online)

ISSN 2321-4244 (Print)

JoPEPS

Journal of Power Electronics & Power Systems

September–December 2016

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ISSN: 2249-863X(online), ISSN: 2321-4244(print)

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STM JOURNALS

1. Design of a Closed Loop Boost Converter with Parametric Variation Analysis of PI Controller for Constant Output Voltage Applications Shetu Roy, Mohammad Abdul Mannan 1

2. Performance Evaluation of Brushless DC Motor during Sinusoidal and Trapezoidal Back-EMF Waveform Rima M. Pujara, C.K. Vibhakar 14

3. Power Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) Based on IP ControllerA.K.M Rejwanul Haque, Mohammad Abdul Mannan, Junji Tamura 23

4. A Disaggregated Optimization Approach for Competitive Procurement of Energy and Operating ReserveAnuj Banshwar, Yog Raj Sood, Rajnish Shrivastava 33

5. Application of Accelerated PSO and ANN for optimal Scheduling of Hydrothermal SystemS.K. Gupta, Manisha Malik, Diksha Gupta 42

6. Evaluation Algorithm for Discrimination between Fault and Power Swing Using Independent Component AnalysisV.J. Upadhyay, A. S. Pandya 53

7. Design and Simulation of Z-Source Inverter Fed Brushless DC Motor Drive Supplied With Fuel Cell for Automotive ApplicationsMohsen Teimoori, Sayyed Hossein Edjtahed, Abolfazl Halvaei Niasar 60

8. The Frequency Characteristics of Transformer Windings Considering the Separation-Dependence of the Inter-Turn Mutual ParametersMohamed M. Saied 72

ContentsJournal of Power Electronics & Power Systems

JoPEPS (2016) 1-13 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

Journal of Power Electronics & Power Systems ISSN: 2249-863X(online), ISSN: 2321-4244(print)

Volume 6, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Design of a Closed Loop Boost Converter with Parametric

Variation Analysis of PI Controller for Constant Output

Voltage Applications

Shetu Roy*, Mohammad Abdul Mannan Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, American International University, Bangladesh

Abstract The DC-DC converters have an unregulated input dc voltage and a constant or regulated

output dc voltage. Switching DC-DC voltage converters have two elements: A controller and

a power stage. The power stage regulates the switching elements and converts input voltage to

output voltage. The controller controls the switching operation to regulate the output voltage.

The two systems are linked by a feedback loop that compares the actual output voltage with

the desired output to derive the error voltage. This paper will focus on modeling, analysis,

design and simulation of DC-DC boost converter architecture and will present an optimized

controller for constant voltage applications. The constant output applications have been

established by using pulse width modulation (PWM) with a proportional-integral (PI)

controller. PI Controller is the most widely used controller in various industrial &

technological applications. Here, trial and error method is used to set the controller

parameters & to get constant outputs. The calculations of the boost converter have been

examined through simulation results using MATLAB Simulink.

Keywords: Boost converter, duty cycle, PI controller, PWM Generator (DC-DC), trial &

error method

INTRODUCTION DC-DC converters are one of the most

important parts for alternative and renewable

energy conversion, modern devices and many

industrial applications. These converters are

essentially used to produce a regulated DC

voltage from an unregulated DC source which

includes the output of a rectifier, a solar cell or

a battery etc. A DC-DC switching converter is

always known to be a high efficient regulator

over a linear regulator because of its higher

efficiency. Various kinds of DC-DC

converters are used in Power Electronics and

control of power systems. Among them, the

boost converters have the highest applicable

sides. This converter is much used in Power

Electronics sectors [1]. Unlike other

converters, boost converter is always efficient

for higher output voltage, so it is very

important for increasing output DC voltage in

many kinds of applications [2]. It is a very

useful power stage system and most of the

times used as a step-up power stage converter.

The main purpose of this research paper is to

design a AC to DC boost converter with

constant voltage applications. Necessity of

constant voltage has been discussed with PI

controller because the non-linearity can arise

from parasitic parameter in boost converter.

The non-linearity can cause a serious

instability problem for boost converter control.

It makes the controller design difficult due to

sensitivity disturbances. The boost converters

also have two modes of operation similar to

other converters: Continuous Conduction

Mode and Discontinuous-Conduction Mode.

In this paper, constant output voltage has been

modified by analyzing the on-off conditions of

continuous conduction mode, so this converter

can be introduced as an AC to DC converter

[4]. At first AC is converted into DC using the

uncontrolled bridge rectifier, then this DC

input is converted into higher or constant DC

output voltage. The converter has been

designed in Matlab Simulink to analyze the

performance under the parametric variation of

conventional PI Controller.

This paper concerns with design and

simulation of a boost converter operated in



Volume 6, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Performance Evaluation of Brushless DC Motor during

Sinusoidal and Trapezoidal Back-EMF Waveform

Rima M. Pujara1,*, C.K. Vibhakar

2

Department of Electrical Engineering, V.V.P Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

Abstract Due to increasing popularity and wide application in the drive system BLDC motor is widely

used. An undesirable signal in the brushless dc motor is a ripple in torque, which is in

challenging motor control and some machine tools. This article represents the performance

evolution of BLDC motor by using the sinusoidal and trapezoidal back EMF waveform for

getting the efficient operation of BLDC motor drives. In sinusoidal back EMF waveform

requires sinusoidal flux density; it also requires the high-resolution rotor position sensors. In

trapezoidal back EMF waveform, it requires lower resolution sensor. Non-ideal properties of

any source causes either phase current or back EMF waveform to depart from their entirely

sinusoidal waves, which will typically give rise to an undesired pulsating torque components.

In current waveform actually, inverter contribute to the torque ripple owing to the time

harmonics. BLDC motor is an actually electronic commutated motor. Torque control is

accomplished by challenging the back EMF waveform. BLDC motor is powered by the

semiconductor devices such that MOSFET. The corresponding results have been comparing

using MATLAB/ SIMULINK.

Keywords: BLDC motor, stator current, rotor angle, rotor position, ripple torque, stator back

EMF and hall effect signals

INTRODUCTION The brushless dc motor is supplied by the

integrated inverter produced ac signal to drive

the electric motor. Rotor housed the permanent

magnet and because of that, it is called as the

PMSM. In BLDC motor, three coils are wound

on to the stator and one by one coil will be

excited. Ripple torque is a combination of non-

zero phase inductances and finite inverters dc

voltages which prevent the phase current

excitation waveform from its changing the

levels instantaneously. Low power driving

arrangements are provided by the

semiconductor devices like MOSFET. The

stator of the BLDC motor is laminated by steel

stacked (Figure 1). The stator winding of the

motor is connected in either star or delta. For

reducing ripple torque, star connection is

preferred because half voltage is applied

between the stator winding.



Volume 6, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Power Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator

(DFIG) Based on IP Controller

A.K.M Rejwanul Haque1, Mohammad Abdul Mannan

1,*, Junji Tamura2

1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, American

International University Bangladesh (AIUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh 2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-

cho, Kitami, Hokkaido, 090-8507 Japan

Abstract Conventionally, the indirect power control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) has

been developed based on conventional Proportional-Plus-Integral (PI) controller due to its

simple construction and implementation. The steady-state error minimization, overshoot

elimination and disturbance rejection are not possible where the gains of PI controller are

chosen by trial and error method. The steady-state error and disturbance rejection can be

possible if the gains of PI controller are chosen by proper choosing of poles. But the

overshoot elimination is not possible where PI based control is designed. In this paper,

Integral-Plus-Proportional (IP) controller is proposed to design for power control of the

DFIG. The IP controller is well suited to minimized the overshoot problem which is arisen in

PI controller. The performance of proposed IP controller for power control of the DFIG

system is analyzed and investigated through the simulation work. The results of simulation

works are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of propose IP controller compared with

conventional PI controller. The proposed IP controller shows the superior performance over

PI controller in terms of minimization of overshoot.

Keywords: Stator flux orientation control, Active and reactive power control, PI controller, IP

controller, Doubly fed induction generator

INTRODUCTION The demand of energy is emergent in a rapid

manner due to various reasons such as

environmental and economic complications.

The utilization of renewable source is

increased to meet the ever increasing energy

demand [1] due to the depletion of available

fossil fuel based conventional energy and

concern regarding environmental degradation.

Wind energy which is one of the potential

sources of clean renewable energy [2] and a

relatively low cost of electricity production [3]

system is became an important renewable

energy source and currently have the largest

utilization. The wind generation system is

connected to the electrical grid with other

generation systems using fossil fuel or nuclear

energy supplies electric power to enhance the

base power [4, 5]. The wind energy capacity in

worldwide has reached close to 320 GW by

the end of 2013 [6].The permanent-magnet

synchronous generator (PMSG) [6, 8] or DFIG

[9, 10] has recently been used as the generator

of electric power from wind energy.

Advantages have been variously attributed to

high power density for PMSG [11] and

reduced rating of power converters for DFIG

[12]. However, the PMSM suffers from high

cost of materials and manufacturing. The

DFIG is widely used due to a partial back-to-

back converter [13–15], which only handles

with the slip power. Compared to the WECS

that has a full rated power back-to-back

converter, such as permanent magnetic

synchronous generator (PMSG), squirrel-cage

induction generator (SCIG), the DFIG

technology with converters rated at about 25–

30% of the generator rating are used. Thus, the

DFIG-based wind turbines offer variable speed

operation, reduce flicker, four-quadrant active

and reactive power capabilities, lower

converter cost, and reduced power loss

compared to WECS using PMSG and SCIG

with full-sized converters. By controlling of



Volume 6, Issue 3

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A Disaggregated Optimization Approach for Competitive

Procurement of Energy and Operating Reserve

Anuj Banshwar1,*, Yog Raj Sood

1, Rajnish Shrivastava

2

1Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur,

Himachal Pradesh, India 2Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal,

Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract In restructured environment, Ancillary Services (AS) plays a vital role, as they are required

for reliable and secure operation of the power system. Operating Reserve (OR), as one of the

main AS, is a capability of a power system to prevent any unexpected imbalances caused by

generation, transmission or equipment outage has been considered in this work. The

approach is based on disaggregated clearing of energy and OR, which can support the

development of an effective reserve allocation and pricing methodology. This approach is

based on sequential clearing of Energy Market (EM) and Reserve Market (RM) with the

objective of procurement cost minimization. The optimization problem is formulated and

solved using Optimal Power Flow (OPF) technique which considers all transmission

constraints and power flow limits. In this model, the energy is procured first in EM followed

by OR in RM. The procurement of both energy and OR using sequential approach has been

demonstrated by considering modified IEEE 5-unit test system.

Keywords: Electric power deregulation, auction design, operating reserve, sequential

dispatch, energy market, reserve market

INTRODUCTION An electric power system has been dominated

by large systems over the years that had an

overall right over all the activities related to

generation, transmission and distribution of

power within their own territory. These

systems have been called as Vertically

Integrated Systems (VISs). These VISs were

responsible for providing power to everyone in

their obliged region. Since the 1990s, power

utilities worldwide have undergone a process

of restructuring in order to introduce

competition in the system. These reforms

include a clear separation between generation

and sale of electricity, and network

operations [1].

Earlier, VISs responsible for three major

actions viz. generation, transmission and

distribution have been now separated into

independent activities as Generating

Companies (GENCOs), Transmission

Companies (TRANCOs) and Distribution

Companies (DISCOs). In this paradigm,

GENCOs sell electricity either through

contracts with customers or by bidding short-

term energy into the spot market managed by

System Operator (SO). GENCOs interact with

SO by offering bids for providing the system

demand and AS. The SO is responsible for

trading energy to supply the demand in the

Forward Markets (FM) and for trading the AS

in both forward and Real Time Markets

(RTM).

FM operates on a day-ahead or hour-ahead

timeline, where customers (or retailers) on the

basis of their load demand bids into the market

definite time before the real time delivery

[2,3]. Almost all EM in the world institutes

such markets for energy transactions. RTMs

are used for matching generation equals to

demand on a real-time basis. The objective of

these markets is to efficiently obtain the

resources essential to meet the reliability of the

system. Such markets are instituted in

Australian (NEM), and the Ontario Electricity

Market (OEM) [4].


Journal of Power Electronics & Power Systems ISSN: 2249-863X (online), ISSN: 2321-4244(print)

Volume 6, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

Application of Accelerated PSO and ANN for Optimal

Scheduling of Hydrothermal System

S.K. Gupta1,*, Manisha Malik

1, Diksha Gupta

2

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and

Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana, India 2Department of Electrical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology,

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Haryana, India

Abstract A short range problem of hydrothermal scheduling of hydrothermal system with cascaded is

analyzed in this paper. The net head, water discharge rate and water transport delay between

connected reservoirs is considered in the problem. The developed algorithm is demonstrated

on a test system consisting one thermal plant and four cascaded hydro plants. The results

obtained by the APSO technique are compared to PSO and conventional technique. It is found

that result obtained by APSO approach is superior in term of fuel cost and lesser

computational time. The results of PSO, APSO and conventional technique are taking as

inputs for the training to ANN system. ANN provides better result as comparison of PSO,

APSO and conventional technique.

Keywords: Hydrothermal scheduling, Particle Swarm Optimization, Artificial Neural

Network, Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization

INTRODUCTION Present power system consists of hydro and

thermal power stations both. There is need of

economic loading of integrated system. Many

heuristic methods such as: differential

evolution (DE) evolutionary programming

(EP) simulated annealing (SA) genetic

algorithm (GA) and PSO have been applied

for solving the hydrothermal scheduling

problem [1–12]. But these algorithms endure

from some drawbacks when applied to HTS

problem. Zhang J, Lin S, and Qiu W proposed

a modified chaotic differential evolution

approach by for handling constraints of the

hydrothermal scheduling problem [13].

Basu M. presented an improved differential

evolution technique for optimal scheduling of

hydrothermal system [14]. Wang Y and Zhou

J proposed an improved self-adaptive particle

swarm optimization technique to solve the

hydrothermal scheduling problem by adjusting

the parameter of particle swarm optimization

[15]. Reservoir volume constraints and the

inequality constraints in langrage multiplier

techniques have more difficulties to calculate

the schedules and require some special

process. The method of dynamic programming

and problem of dimensionality explosion used

the simulated annealing for the hydro thermal

scheduling purpose to overcome the above

difficulty. For the simulated annealing, tuning

related control parameters in the annealing

schedule is difficult and it may be too slow

when applied in hydrothermal scheduling

(HTS) problem. PSO and DE have exhibited

good properties of fast convergence in

optimization of HTS problem, but the main

drawback is that it reduces their global search

ability and premature degrades their

performance. The solution is optimal in EP

than the simulated annealing due to implicit

parallelism employed in evolutionary

programming. GA and EP provide a

reasonable solution occasionally, the main

disadvantage of GA and EP for solving HTS

problem is slow convergence.

To overcome the drawbacks of the above

mentioned methods, an improved accelerated

particle swarm optimization algorithm (APSO)

is proposed in this paper. In proposed

algorithm new factor is introduced which

increase the searching speed significantly. In



Volume 6, Issue 3

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Evaluation Algorithm for Discrimination between Fault

and Power Swing Using Independent Component Analysis

V.J. Upadhyay1,*, A. S. Pandya

2

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering, Ahmedabad,

Gujarat, India 2Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Rajkot, Gujarat, India

Abstract The analysis of faults and disturbances in power systems is a basic requirement for a secure

and reliable electrical power supply. Independent component analysis (ICA) is an efficient

computational method used to find out hidden components in a set of sampled data. The basic

target of ICA is to find a linear representation and relation between nongaussian data

captured during disturbance, so that the components are statistically independent, or as

independent as possible. This paper explains the application of ICA as an abrupt change

detection technology to detect the abrupt changes in segmented current and voltage signals,

which are recorded during fault or disturbance. Also show how the detected abrupt change in

signal segment is discriminated in fault and power swing.

Keywords: Distance protection, Abrupt change detection, Power Swing, Disturbance analysis,

Relay performance

INTRODUCTION Power system instability problem has been a

growing problem since the last couple of

decades and is emerging as a dominant threat

for secure and reliable operation of power

systems. The system stability is at risk as large

amounts of power are commonly transferred

across a transmission system which was not

designed for such transactions. Also the power

system is designed to withstand larger types of

faults, line switching, and certain system

disturbances may cause loss of synchronism

between a generator and rest of the utility

system, or between interconnected power

systems of neighboring utilities. Large, stable

or unstable, power swings can cause unwanted

relay operations at different position of

system, which can again increases the severity

of the power-system disturbance and possibly

lead to cascading outages [1]. It is very

difficult for a protective system to avoid

unwanted tripping during stable power swing

condition. So this limitation of system makes

the detection of abrupt change a very

important process. The first meaning of abrupt

change is a time instant at which properties of

a signal data suddenly change [2]. So many

methods are used to detect this abrupt changes

occurred during different kinds of faults and

disturbances occurred in power system [3]. In

this paper independent component analysis is

used as an abrupt changes detection algorithm

to find instants of abrupt changes in signal

during fault in power system. Independent

component analysis (ICA) is a computational

method for separating a multivariate signal

into additive subcomponents by assuming that

the subcomponents are nongaussian signals

and that they are all statistically independent

from each other. ICA is a special case of blind

source separation [4].

ABRUPT CHANGES DETECTION

PROCESS The basic meaning of abrupt change is, a time

instant at which properties of the parameters

under considerations of system suddenly

change, but before and after which properties

remain constant in some sense, e.g., stationary

[4]. Abrupt change detection algorithm is a

combination of following processes:

Segmentation of fault signal.

Construction of feature vector.

Application of pattern matching

algorithm [5].

60Page © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved 71-60JoPEPS (2016)


Volume 6, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Design and Simulation of Z-Source Inverter Fed Brushless

DC Motor Drive Supplied With Fuel Cell for Automotive

Applications

Mohsen Teimoori1, Sayyed Hossein Edjtahed

2, Abolfazl Halvaei Niasar

2,*

1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

2Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Allameh Feiz Kashani, Kashan, Iran

Abstract This paper presents design and simulation of Z-source inverter fed brushless DC motor drive

supplied with fuel cell for automotive applications. The brushless DC (BLDC) motor are used

due to many advantages such as high efficiency, high torque, high reliability, high-power

density, lower maintenance compared to other motors in electric transport applications. The

BLDC motor drive is with voltage source inverter (VSI) or current source inverter (CSI)

because of low efficiency, high thermal loss, and inductor and capacitor large values

inherently unreliable. Also shoot-through in DC bus in VSI and open circuit in DC link in CSI

causes damage to the power source connected to the inverter, such as fuel cells, solar cells or

the battery. In VSI and CSI are for increasing and decreasing the output voltage needs to

separate DC-DC Buck and Boost converter. But their disadvantages have been overcome in

the Z-source inverter using two inductors and capacitors. Also the Z-source inverter has

inherent protection against shoot-through in the DC bus and boost voltage ability. In this

paper the BLDC motor drive supplied to the fuel cell via a Z-source inverter are designed and

evaluated. The simulation results show that the output voltage of fuel cell less can be settled in

desired zone with changing capacitors and inductors and operating duty cycle.

Keywords: Brushless DC motor (BLDC), impedance source inverter (ZSI), fuel cell, Shoot-

through duty cycle, conventional inverter

INTRODUCTION Electric motors have been known as one of the

major consumers of electrical power today.

The brushless DC (BLDC) motor is used

because very high efficiency, high-power

density and torque, simple structure, low

maintenance costs and easy control method in

automotive appliances, aerospace and

industrial widely [1].

A brushless motor is a synchronous rotating

machine, which has permanent magnet rotor

and certain situations of rotating shaft rotor

use for electronic commutation [2].

To rotate a BLDC motor stator windings

should be energized according to the position

of rotor, therefore knowing the information of

the rotor angular position is essential to control

BLDC motor drive. For this purpose, Hall-

Effect sensors are generally used [3, 4].

Inverters are equipment that is used to convert

direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).

The voltage source inverter (VSI) has less

output voltage than DC supply voltage [5], and

to increase the output voltage the boost

converter is needed.

Incurrent source inverter (CSI), output voltage

is greater than DC supply voltage, and to

reduce the output voltage, the buck converter

is used. To overcome these problems

impedance source inverter (ZSI) can be

used [17].

It has many usages for increasing the output

voltage and inherent protection against shoot-

through in DC bus, high efficiency, drive

strength, and reduce cost and size of the

passive elements and the elimination of dead

time.



Volume 6, Issue 3

www.stmjournals.com

The Frequency Characteristics of Transformer Windings

Considering the Separation-Dependence of the Inter-Turn

Mutual Parameters

Mohamed M. Saied* Professor (Emeritus), IEEE Senior Member, Independent Researcher, 6-Hassan-Mohamed str.,

El-Haram, Giza, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract The paper presents a direct method for the determination of the frequency characteristics of

transformer windings. The dependence of both the inter-turn mutual inductances and

capacitances on the separation between these winding turns is taken into consideration. From

measured data available in the literature, a formula for this dependence is derived. The

voltage and current distributions along the winding will be governed by two integro-

differential equations in terms of the location along the winding and the frequency. A direct

solution of these equations will be presented. It does not require any numerical iterative

techniques or finite difference analyses. The frequency response, including the series and

parallel resonance frequencies as well as the winding’s frequency-dependent input impedance

for sample case studies are presented and discussed. Different transformer’s neutral

treatments are addressed. These results are compared with the corresponding ones ignoring

the non-uniformity of the mutual elements. In order to validate the proposed method, the

paper is concluded by addressing special cases with known exact solutions.

Keywords: Power transformers, winding, modeling, distributed parameter circuits, non-

uniform, frequency response, resonance, impedance characteristics, mutual parameters,

integro-differential equations

INTRODUCTION The time- and frequency-domain analyses of

transformer windings were the topic of

numerous studies such as those documented in

many findings [1–14, 17]. In particular, the

frequency, and the complex s-domain

approach, has been successfully used in

several situations in order to derive closed-

form analytical expressions for the voltages

and current distributions along the

transformers’ windings and for identifying

their series and parallel resonance frequencies

[4–6].

In the work [7], which is based on a

concentrated parameter approach, the winding

is represented by the cascade connection of an

adequate number of non-identical ladder

circuits. This is followed by solving the

corresponding set of simultaneous differential

and algebraic equations. The model could be

refined by applying an alternative

concentrated-parameter recursive s-domain

analytical solution technique [8]. Investigators

[10, 11] suggest a more accurate and efficient

approach based on the distributed parameter

analysis applying the concept of the

frequency- and location-dependent A, B, C, D

circuit constants, adopted from the

transmission line theory.

The majority of the currently available

procedures for analyzing transformer windings

with non-uniformly distributed parameters

apply numerical techniques. The study [12]

presents a direct analytical procedure for

analyzing windings with non-uniform

location-dependent series inductance. It is

based on the assumption of a quadratic

distribution for the winding’s series

inductance. The analysis of windings

exhibiting non-uniform inter-turn insulation

capacitance is given in [13]. The approach is

based on the numerical solution of a system of

partial differential equations with location-

dependent coefficients in the time domain. An

ISSN 2249-863X (Online)

ISSN 2321-4244 (Print)

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September–December 2016

SJIF: 4.456

www.stmjournals.com

STM JOURNALSScientific Technical Medical

Education

Journal of Power Electronics & Power Systems vol 6 issue 3