Introduction to Citations and Referencing

PBI 1032 Academic Reading & Writing

By Mr. Chuah Kee ManEmail: [email protected] for Language Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Unit 1b – Citations & Referencing

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Last week, we covered:

The importance of citing authority

The ways to identify relevant references

The differences between books and journals

In the previous unit…

Pictures are taken from various sources and for decorative purposes only

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In this unit, we will learn:

Part 1 - The need to avoid academic dishonesty.

Part 2 - The meaning of the terms “citations”, “reference list” and “referencing styles”

Part 3 - The common APA styles for citations and referencing.

Unit Overview

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Part 1 - Prelude…

Have you everCheated in exam?

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Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty

“the theft or stealing of ideas and other forms of intellectual property” (Sandy, 1999, p. 75).


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PlagiarismThe adoption or reproduction of original creations of another author without acknowledgment(Simmons, 1999).

FabricationThe falsification of data, information, or citations (Simmons, 1999). Creating false facts or citations to create “artificial acknowledgement”.

CheatingAny attempt to give or obtain assistance in a formal academic exercise such as exam or “hiring” others to complete your assignments (Simmons, 1999).



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You Try!

Original: “Many people who read the word yawn or yawning will feel the urge to yawn” (Simon, 2002, p.5).

1. Many people who read the word yawn or yawning will feel the urge to yawn.

2. According to Simon (2002), many people who read the word yawn or yawning will feel the urge to yawn.

3. Researchers have found that by merely reading the word yawn and yawning, a person would have the desire to replicate the action.

4. According to Simon (2002), a person would have the desire to perform the act of yawning by just reading the word yawn or yawning.

Which statement is considered as plagiarised?

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MENTALITY

How to avoid plagiarism? #1

Don’t even think of copying other’s work. Set in your mind that you need to acknowledge things/info/ideas

that you get from others.

(Image taken from MercedesBenz)


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CITATION & REFERENCING

How to avoid plagiarism? #2

Learn and master the correct citation and referencing styles. If unsure, consult the lecturers or make use of

the manual/guide.


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It is very important to make sure you are clear of the following terms:

o Citations

o Reference List

o Referencing Styles

Part 2 - The Terms: Which is which…

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Citations are used to acknowledge an external source in your text (essays/articles). – (to tell readers it is not your ideas)

o “Quotations” – short and long.

o Paraphrase

Part 2 - Citations

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Last week I gave you this:

“Any man who can drive safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the attention it deserves.”

Part 2 - Quotations

Albert Einstein in 1945

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Short quotation – Einstein (1945) stated that a person “who can drive safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the attention it deserves” (p. 15).

Part 2 - Quotations

When short quotation is used (below 40 words), ensure that you use quotation marks “…”, and also the page number of the source. You are not encouraged to quote from sources without page number.

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Long quotation – Kastoryano (2000) stated that engaging in transnational practices may result in:

an institutional expression of multiple belonging, where the country of origin becomes a source of identity, the country of residence a source of rights, and the emerging transnational space, a space of political action combining the two or more countries. (p. 311)

Part 2 - Quotations

When long quotation is used, there are NO quotationMarks. Begin the quotation on a new line from the text. The full stop comes before the page number.

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Two ways

oAuthor-Focus (author, year stated first)

Adams (2012) stated that Malaysians love to sleep in class.

oInfo-Focus (author, year stated later)

Malaysian students love to sleep in class (Adams, 2012).

Part 2 - Citation for Paraphrase

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A list of all the sources that have been mentioned or cited in your text.

Appears at the end of your essay/ assignment.

Warning: Only the sources that you used are included in the list. E.g. If you cite Mary, then Mary should appear in your reference list.

Part 2 - Reference List

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Part 2 - Reference List

,

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Part 2 - What is Referencing Style?

A set of standardised styles prepared by an organisation.

There are many styles worldwide: APA Style (American Psychological Association)

Harvard Referencing Style

MLA Style (Modern Language Association)

Chicago Style

IEEE Style

In this course, we will use APA Style 6th Edition

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Common APA StylesPart 3 – APA Style

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It is important to remember that:

APA follows the Author, Year format either Adams (2012) or (Adams, 2012)

Only author’s lastname or surname is used. For Malay names, full name/first name can be used.

In the reference list, the cited sources are listed in alphabetical order (From A to Z).

APA Style – The Common “Rules”

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APA Citations – Choosing the name (Always use the surname/lastname)

David J. Beckham (2010) = Beckham (2010)

Chuah Kee-Man (2009) = Chuah (2009)

Jimmy Choo Kim Yong (2012) = Choo (2012)

Nigel de Jong (2009) = de Jong (2009)

Asmah bt. Omar (2012) = Omar (2012) OR Asmah Omar (2012)

Nesamalar a/p Chitravelu (1995) = Nesamalar (1995) OR Chitravelu (1995)

APA Style – The Common “Rules”

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APA Style for Citations

1 Author

Adams (2012) or (Adams, 2012)

2 Authors

Ali and Abu (2012) or (Ali & Abu, 2012)

3 to 5 Authors

1st time = list all. Adams, Ali, and Abu (2010) OR » (Adams, Ali, & Abu, 2010).

2nd time onwards = use et al. Adams et al. (2010) OR» (Adams et al., 2010)

APA Style – Citations

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Example of 3-5 authors citations

According to Ali, Abu and Atan (2011), UNIMAS undergraduates are blessed with several state of the art facilities which are not available in other public universities. The sports complex for example, is among the best in Southest Asia. Ali et al. (2011), however, suggested that the facilities are maximised for the grooming of world-class graduates.


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6 or more

Use et al. immediately.

Adams, Ali, Abu, Atan, Aming, Amee (2012)

= Adams et al. (2012) or (Adams et al., 2012)


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Sleepy yet?

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APA Style for Referencing (Reference list)

Different style for different sources. The ones that you need to master are: books, journal articles and websites.

Always remember that you MUST make sure that the information (e.g. publishers, place, etc) needed for referencing is obtained from the original source and not fake.

APA Style – Referencing

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Books

Lastname, F. (Year). Full title of the book. Place: Publisher.

Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London, UK: Mitchell Beazley.

Lastname, A., & Lastname, B. (Year). Title of the book. Place: Publisher.

Adams, M., & Kelvin, C. (2001). How to be a millionaire. Mason, OH: O’rielly Media.


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Books3 to 7 authors –List all the names accordingly.

Adams, M., Simon, K., Jelly, B., & Kevin, A. (2001). How to get rich faster. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: MPH Publishing.

More than 7 authors - List the first six authors, … and the last author – No “&”

Miller, F., Choi, M., Angeli, L., Harland, A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S., . . . Rubin, L. (2009). The simple way to heaven. New York: Thomson Learning.


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Journal Article

Lastname, F. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the journal, Volume(Number), pages.

Mickey, K. (2010). Become a good student. Journal of Education, 13(2), 29-82.

Zimmer, M., & Kim, B. (2012). Thinking without thinking. Journal of Psychology, 113(3), 134-182


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Web Pages

(when no date of publication is given, the retrieved date is needed)

Lastname, F. (Year). Title of the webpage. Retrieved from http://www.website.com.

Kevin, M. (2010). The world is flat. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.com/worldisflat.html.

Lastname, F. (n.d.). Title of the webpage. Retrieved DATE from http://www.website.com.

Kevin, M. (n.d.). The world is flat. Retrieved September 13, 2012 from http://www.psychology.com/ worldisflat.html.


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Wrapping Up

Any questions?

Don’t forget to participate in the Course Page:http://tinyurl.com/arwchuah