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Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
Introduction to Harvard referencing system
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
Why?
Records what sources you have used
Demonstrates your reading and research
Gives authority to your writing
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
When do you reference
You must always reference any statements, ideas, or opinions from another writer’s work, even if you have put them into your own words
If someone else’s work or ideas are the source of a particular theory, argument or viewpoint
When you have used specific information, e.g. statistics, research, case studies etc.
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
How do you reference
You need the author and date of publication
e.g. Bee & Boyd (2007) indicate that play is a crucial ingredient in developing cognitive skills in the early years.
or
Play may be a crucial ingredient in developing cognitive skills in the early years (Bee & Boyd, 2007).
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
Examples
In a recent study, Harvey (1992) argued that ..
Theory rises out of practice and once validated, returns to direct or explain the practice (Collinson et al., 1998)
Rainer and Reiman (1989) take a different view
Stevens (2004) refers to this having been a result of ...
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
Secondary referencing
You may want to use an idea from a source referenced in another work. You haven’t read the original, but have discovered it through a secondary source.
E.g. The model of the creative process offered by Cecil (1992, in Duffy, 1998), consists of four stages.
Or - This offers a model of a spiral curriculum with concepts being returned to at increasing levels of complexity and understanding, (Bruner in Bruce, 1991).
Duffy and Bruce will be in your bibliography, (but not Cecil or Bruner)
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
Quotations
When you are using the exact words of someone else
Always use quotation marks “around the quote”
You will also need the author, date of publication and page number
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
Examples
If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year and page number are put in brackets
According to Berk (2007, p599), “young children often appear to use parallel play as a respite from the demands of complex social interactions.”
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
If the author’s name does not occur naturally in the sentence, name, year and page number are all in the brackets
In terms of play, “young children often appear to use parallel play as a respite from the demands of complex social interactions,” (Berk, 2007, p599).
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
If 2 authors
Use both surnames
E.g. Learning can be enhanced as “there are more opportunities for co-operative learning between friends,” (Taylor and Woods, 2005, p70).
Or
Taylor and Woods (2005, p70) indicate, “there are more opportunities for co-operative learning between friends”.
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
If 3 or more authors
Use et al.
E.g. This can be seen as an example of “more effective task performance,” (Smith et al. 2003, p150).
N.B all the names would be included in your bibliography
Smith, P., Cowie H. & Blades M. ( 2003, 4th Ed.), Understanding Children’s Development, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
Secondary quotations
When an author quotes from another author
Use the name of the person you are quoting first, then in and name the author of book
E.g. Creativity can be described as “connecting and rearranging information from a variety of sources, including the imagination,” (McKellar, 1957 in Duffy, 1998, p11).
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International
Copyright © May 2014, Montessori Centre International