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Lezione tenuta il 15 giugno 2012 al Master di II livello in "Management dei sistemi informativi per l'area del Mediterraneo - SI4MED", MEDAlics (Pizzo Calabro)
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Roberto Masiero 1 Roberto Polillo 1, 2
1 Think! The innovation Knowledge Foundation2 Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemistica e Comunicazione, Università di Milano Bicocca
Master Universitario di II livello in "Management dei sistemi informativi per l'area del Mediterraneo – MaSI4MED"
15 giugno 2012
ICT4D: TECNOLOGIE DIGITALI PER LO SVILUPPO
1
The discipline: ICT4D
Information and Communication Technologies for Development“The application of ICT within the field of socio-economic development, international development and human rights” (Wikipedia)
Interdisciplinariety, different approaches, philosophies, goals, ...
We bring with ourselves our story, …
2
Agenda
1. What is development – and how to measure it
2. ICT penetration and digital divide
3. Evolution of the Internet as a global resource
4. Internet for development: a quantic gap
5. Approaches to ICT4D
6. ICT4D: some good practices
7. Think! research methodology: the diamon of digital innovation
3
1. What is development – and how to measure it
4
What does it mean "development"?
Development means different things to different people
At its core, it involves concepts of "progress" and "growth"
Development is a multi-dimensional entity, involving empowerment, participation, ….
It cannot be simply equated to the growth of GNP or personal purchasing power…
5
However you measure it…
A world of differences
6
GDP per capita, 20107
Blue: above world GDP per capita (USD 10,700, purchasing power parity)Orange: below world GDP per capita
Source: IMF International Monetary Fund, from Wikipedia
Country classification by yearly GNI per capita (World Bank, 2008)
8≤ 975≤ 3.855
≤ 11.905> 11.906
GNI per capita (US$)
48.000
35.500
(In 2010, tresholds increased by 3%)
Least Developed Countries9
In 2010:•49 countries•833 ml people
LDC in 2007, from Wikipedia
LDC defined by UN, based on 3 criteria:Low income Human resources weaknessEconomic vulnerability
Almost half the world live on less than $2.50 a day
http://www.globalissues.org
HDI: Human Development Index
Developed by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme, www.undp.org ), from 1992
Covering almost 200 countries Three basic dimensions :
HEALTH: Life expectancy at birth EDUCATION: Education Index
(various indices, changed in 2011) INCOME: Per-capita GNI Index
11
HDI divide in 2011
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index
12
Other indicators13
Life expectancyPoverty ratesUnenployment ratesDisposable incomeEducation levels…
Natural resourcesPollution & wasteHuman health…
Satisfaction with lifeHealth conditionsStandard of livingFamily lifeJobs….
www.beyond-gdp.eu
2. ICT penetration and digital divide14
What a decade!
The first decade of the new millennium saw extraordinary progress in ICT – globally: Global mobile cellular penetration Global internet penetration Enormous technological improvements in ICT The Internet as a pervasive resource
The lag between developed and developing world can be considered to be less that 10 years – on average
15
(can be downloaded from the net at no cost)
A fundamental source, highly recommended: www.itu.org
16
The global picture
Mobile With 5.9 billion mobile-cellular subscriptions, global
penetration reaches 87%, and 79% in the developing world In LDCs two thirds of people have cellular coverage and
mobile cellular penetration has reached 34% - up from 5% five years earlier
Internet One third of the world population is online 45% of Internet users are below the age of 25 25% of internet users are in China
17
Source: ITU Fact and figures, 2011
The global growth, 2000-2010
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
12%
18
2011 est:86.7%
Mobile cellular penetration growth19
Source: ITU
Mobile cellular subscription divide, 2000-2010
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
20
6 yrs lag
Mobile cellular penetration by 2011*
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/
21
CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States
Much higher that the USA penetration
in 2004 (43%)
Rural population covered by a mobile signal, 2002-2008
ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010
22
23
24
Internet Users divide, 2000-2010
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
25
This is higher than global fixed (16%) and mobile (12%) telephone penetration in 2000
Lag about 11 years
Internet users growth26
• In developing countries, 30% of those under 25 use the Internet
Source: ITU Fact and figures, 2011
Internet penetration, by region, 2011*
http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/
27
Global bandwidth growth28
7x in 5 years
Broadband: what is it?
"Broadband" is a technology neutral term, often used as a marketing buzzword, with different meanings
ITU defines broadband internet access as a [fixed or wireless] public access to the internet at a downstream speed equal or greater than 256 Kbps (March 2010)
Broadband is supported by different technologies with different speed
29
Broadband requirements: examples
YouTube: min 500 Kbps; optimal: 1 Mbps or higher
Skype: voice call: 100 Kbps recommended video call: 128-500 Kbps group video call (3 people): 512 Kbps – 2 Mbps download
Streaming movies: 2,5 Mbps suggested 10 Mbps suggested for HD
30
Broadband on Europe Digital Agenda
By 2013: bring basic broadband to all Europeans
By 2020: ensure that all Europeans have access to internet speed of
above 30 Mbps and 50% or more European households subscribe to Internet
connections above 100 Mbps
31
Broadband divide
Fixed broadband subscribers Mobile broadband subscribers
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
32
Cost: IPB (ICT Price Basket)
Developed by ITU to compare the price of TLC in different countries
Based on a mix of use using fixed telephone, mobile cellulare and fixed broadband
Measured in % to the average monthly income 2010:
Ranges from 0,2% (Monaco) to 71,6% (Niger)Italy: 0,9% (28th); USA: 0,6% (12th)
33
IPB index 34
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
35
Price divide by IPB values (2010)
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
Price divide by IPB values (2010)36
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
Ultra-low cost mobiles37
IDI (ICT Development Index)
Developed by ITU to measure the level and evolution over time of ICT in different countries, and to measure the digital divide
Based on a 3 stage model of ICT development Computed for 159 countries, 2002, 2007 & 2008
38
The 3 stages model of IDI
1 2 3
Access sub-index
Use sub-index
Skillssub-index
11indicatorsIDI
39
IDI components
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2009
40
41
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
Digital divide by IDI values (2010)
3. Evolution of the Internet as a global resource
42
Evolution of ICT paradigms
Mainframe computing
Client-servercomputing
Cloudcomputing
1965 1985 2005+
43
Evolution of the Internet44
1995+
Company web sites Web portals Search engines E-commerce Web as an interface ….
HYPERTEXT, eCOMMERCE
2005+
logs
ocial networks
GC
ooperative creation
haring
eusable contents
SOCIAL MEDIA
1985+
E-mail File transfer Newsgroups ….
COMMUNICATION NETWORK
Christmas 2006
Time person of the year45
Christmas 2010
Christmas 2011
Evoluzione di Internet46
2010+Mobile access
Internet for development47
E-government E-entertainmentE-inclusion
Broadband Internet access
E-health E-education E-commerceE-communication
Broadband as an enabler
Telehealth & telemedicine: broadband can facilitate provision of medical care to unserved and underserved population through remote diagnosis, treatment, monitoring, and consultation with specialists (telehealth & telemedicine)
Education, culture & entertainment: broadband can overcome geographical and financial barriers to provide access to a wide range of educational, cultural and recreational opportunities and resources
Economic development / E-commerce: broadband can promote economic development and revitalization through electronic commerce by creating new jobs and attracting new industries; providing access to regional, national, and worldwide markets
E-government: e-government can help streamline people's interaction with government agencies, and provide information about government policies, procedures, benefits and programs
Public safety and homeland security: broadband can help protect the public by facilitating and promoting public safety information and procedures
Broadband communication services: broadband provides access to new telecommunications technologies such as VOIP
People with disabilities: …
48
www.broadband.gov
Example: E-health
Electronic health records: enabling the communication of patient data between different healthcare professionals
Telemedicine: physical and psychological treatments at a distance
Consumer health information: use of online resources on medical topics by healthy individuals or patients
Health knowledge management: best practice guidelines, online resources for the healthcare professionals, epidemiological tracking
Virtual healthcare teams: healthcare professionals collaborating and sharing information on patients through online communication tools
M-health: using mobile devices in collecting patient health data, providing healthcare information, real-time monitoring of patient vitals, and direct provision of care
Healthcare online information systems: for hospital and healthcare professionals: appointment scheduling, patient data management, work schedule management and other administrative tasks surrounding health
49
ICT4D: two basic approaches
"TOP DOWN"
"BOTTOM UP"
- ICT for productivity- From the experience and models of developed countries - Emphasis on [large] organizations
- ICT for human development- From the needs of local communities and individuals- New models of services, collaboration and interaction based on local needs and experiences
50
4. Internet for development: a quantic gap52
These tools can change completely the approach of ICT4D, and its results…
Three big revolutions…
Never, in the story of technology, we had at our disposal a set of powerful tools like those resulting from the evolution of the internet in the last few years…
53
1. Communications
Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Web radio Tele-conference
54
1. Communications
Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Teleconference Web radio/TV
55
2011 est:86.7%
Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011
1. Communications
Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Web radio Tele-conference
2003: Skype, Linkedin, MySpace, 2004: Facebook, Flickr, Orkut2005: Youtube, Ning, Zoho2006: Twitter , Google Docs2007:2008: Livestream2009: Foursquare2010:2011: Google+
56
2. Cloud computing
Computing power accessible from the net (cloud)
Large reduction of entry barrier to the implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware & software infrastructure needed
Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation costs
57
2. Software as a service
Computing power accessible from the net (cloud)
Large reduction of entry barrier to the implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware & software infrastructure needed
Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation costs
58
Application
59
t
Entrybarrier
Before
Entry barrier (CAPEX)
- Hw & sw client & server- K-H (systems & apps) - Infrastructure- Organization set-up
Sustainability (OPEX)
- hw & sw maintenance- Recurrent fees- Technical support- Operations
60
t
Entrybarrier
- Hw/sw client - Client maintenance- Recurrent fees (applications and connectivity)
Entry barrier (CAPEX) Sustainability (OPEX)
After
61
2. Software as a service
Developing countryDeveloped country
A new role for NGO?
62
Application virtualization
“Ecosystems” of open-source software components, developed and maintained by large communities
Online services easily integrable to provide higher level services (embedding & mashup technologies)
3. I building block per le applicazioni 3. Applications building blocks63
The pace of change
ICT is changing fast…
My grandaddy (born 1883) typewriter: I learned typing on it
64
…and now I use this
• Piattaforme open source• Servizi di hosting• Servizi online per costruzione e hosting• Servizi di pagamento online• Social network sites• Photo, video, slides and document sharing sites•Telefonia IP• Microblogging• Online application suites• Online intranet• Geolocalizzazione
The pace of change…
Drupal
Word
press
Joom
la
Alte
rvist
a
Word
press
.com
W
ikia
Webs
Ning
Weebly
Skyp
e
Apps
Linke
dIn
Fac
ebook
YouTube
Slid
eshar
e
Fl
ickr
G
oogle D
ocsZo
ho
Paypal
65
Four
squa
re
The pace of change
People is changing slowly… …but the world is getting younger and younger …and the new generations have grown (and will
grow) with technology
We must target the new generations as the driving force for change
66
Internet is a lot more…
The “new” ICT (Internet) is different, and can give a lot of value…
…for a low cost The main enabler will be broadband [mobile]
access to the Internet … because it gives access to lots of things
(definitely, not only information!)
67
An agenda for change
Invest in broadband [mobile] access The software is there, and is (almost) free Develop skills to identify, mix and integrate existing
software and services Take advantage of utility computing to avoid building
local infrastructures Concentrate on applications requirements,
prototyping and experimentation Share results over the net
68
In three words…
1. Connect, connect, connect
2. Learn and experience the new paradigms
3. Understand local needs
69
4. Approaches to ICT4D70
Two possible approaches71
• ICT for Productivity
• ICT for Human Development
From IT Investment to Higher GDP72
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY(hardware, software, applications
and telecommunications)
HIGHER GDP
FLEXIBLE SUPPLY CHAINS
ACCESSIBLE AND FLEXIBLE
WORK OPPORTUNITIES
INCREASED EFFICIENCY
HIGHER QUALITY
GOODS AND SERVICES
BETTER DECISIONS
MAKING TOOLS
LARGER AND MORE
EFFICIENT MARKETS
NEW RESEARCH
TOOLS
LESS SEVERE ECONOMIC
DOWNTURNS
FASTER PRODUCTIVITY
GROWTH
INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS
AND SERVICES
MORE JOBS LOWER INFLATION
ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS
LOWER PRICES
HIGHER WAGES
INCREASED TAX REVENUES
Source: ITIF
Positioning mature & emerging Countries in terms of innovation-based global competitiveness
73
Overall Score
So
urc
e:
ITIF
: T
he
Atla
ntic C
en
tury
Positioning mature & emerging Countries in terms of innovation-based global competitiveness
74
Change Score1999-2009
So
urc
e:
ITIF
: T
he
Atla
ntic C
en
tury
IT drives productivity growth75
Annual labor productivity growth
S ource : IT IF : D igital Prospe rity
IT investment as a share of total capital investment
Sources of total factor productivity growth76
S ource : ITIF : D igital Prospe rity
The growth of productivity & the internet77
S ource : ITIF : D igital Prospe rity
Beyond the productivity concept:
ICT for Human Development78
3 gu id e line s for an e xte nd e d conce pt of “ H um an
d e ve lopm e nt” :
2.D e ve lopm e nt as e m powe rm e nt, not a she e r e conom ic
growth
3.Approach ing IC T4D in a conte xt-base d way, nor through
d e te rm in is tic s tance s
4.Pre d om inance of political analys is ove r pe rform ance
e valuation
S ource : S ilvia Mas ie ro, D igital Te chnologie s and H um an D e ve lopm e nt, Th ink! Pape r, O ct 201 0
From IT Investment to Human Development79
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
BETTER PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY
REDUCTION IN
HUMAN ISOLATION
ACCESS TO GLOBAL
MARKETS FOR LOCAL SMEs
MORE JOBSMORE
EFFICIENT SUPPLY CHAINS
HIGHER EFFICIENCY
OF INTERNAL RETAIL
SYSTEMS
NEW SECTORAL TOOLS
(E-HEALTH, E-SCHOOL,
E-INCLUSION)
REDUCTION IN INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES
POVERTY REDUCTION
HIGHER PER-CAPITA GDP
BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE
HIGHER HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
HPI-2
HDI
S ource : S ilvia Mas ie ro, D igital Te chnologie s and H um an D e ve lopm e nt, Th ink! Pape r, O ct 201 0
5. ICT4D: some good practices80
Idee da alcune esperienze internazionali:Hole-In-the-Wall Education, India, Bhutan, Cambogia, Africa
81
Hole-In-the-Wall EducationHole-In-the-Wall Education
S ource : Th ink! Innovation Map
eHomemarkets, Malesia82
eHomemarketseHomemarkets
S ource : Th ink! Innovation Map
Sambaina Villaggio ICT, Madagascar83
Centro d’azione remoto a Mahobong
Centro di supporto al DiPSA – Milano
Connessione satellitare
attraverso la piataforma satellitare Infopoverty
Sambaina Villaggio ICTSambaina Villaggio ICT
S ource : Th ink! Innovation Map
Idee da alcune esperienze internazionali:Akshaya e-Centres, Kerala, India
84
Akshaya e-CentresAkshaya e-Centres
S ource : Th ink! Innovation Map
NETRA: visita oculistica a costo zero attraverso l'iPhone
85
S ource : Th ink! Innovation Map
E-Toilet: improving sanitation facilities in developing countries
86
S ource : Th ink! Innovation Map
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYsygg1ZJAg&feature=player_embedded#!
6. Think! research methodology87
89
Roberto Masierorm as ie ro@ th inkinnovation.org
Roberto Polillorobe rto.polillo@ unim ib .it
www.rpolillo.it
The Innovation Knowledge FoundationVia Pale rm o 5
201 21 Milano
www.th inkinnovation.org
Join our Innovator Community: http://theinnovationknowledgefoundation.ning.com/ /