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Biochemistry & Biomolecules
International Journal of
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Mechanical Engineering
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Hidam Renubala
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Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr.Ashok Kumar Kulkarni Department of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Medchal. Secunderabad (A.
P), India
Dr. Promila SharmaDepartment of Biotechnology,
Graphic Era University, Uttarakhand, India
Dr. Brijesh PandeyAmity University,
Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
Dr. P Mary Anupama Department of Biotechnology, ANITS,
Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India
Dr. S. Seethalaksmi Vivekanandha College of Arts & Sciences for women, Periyar University, Elayampalayam,
Tiruchengod
Dr. Biswajit Majumdar Calcutta University, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research [IPGMER]
/University College of Medicine [UCM]
Dr. Agnishwar Girigoswami Medical Bio-nanotechnology, Faculty of Allied
Health Sciences Chettinad Academy of Research & Education Kelambakkam, Chennai, India
Dr.Arun Kumar Department of Biochemistry,
Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Nepal
Dr. Durgadas Govind Naik, Management and Science University,
Malaysia
Ashish Runthala Department of Biological Sciences, Birla
Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Pilani (Rajasthan), India
Dr. Indraneel Ghosh Manager Systems Biology Department Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre
Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India
Dr. Yousef RasmiClinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine
Urmia University of Medical Sciences (UMSU) Urmia, Iran
Ajay KumarGalgotias University, Greater Noida (U.P.),
India
Dr. Arvind DiwanMahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health
Sciences, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy Bathula Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Karnataka, India
Dr. Dinesh KumarHorticulture (Post harvest Technology)
National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur (Maharahtra), India
Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy Bathula Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of
Engineering & Technology, Karnataka, India
Dr. Lonchin SugunaDepartment of Biochemistry Central Leather
Research Institute Adyar, Chennai, India
Dr. S Chidananda Sharma Department of Microbiology and
Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Karnataka, India
Prof. Dheera Sanadhya Jaipur National University,
Rajasthan, India
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Rajat BanerjeeDepartment of Biotechnology, University of
Calcutta, India
Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, India
Jay Prakash Sah Pokhara University, Nepal
Dr. K.S. KarthikeyanEndocrinology and Metabolism Division,
National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
Dr. Saher Mahmood AljamaliBiology Department, Kufa University, Iraq
Dr. M. Anusuyadevi JayachandranMolecular Gerontology Laboratory,
Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao Department of Biotechnology Acharya
Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India
Dr. Shashi Bhushan Food and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of
Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, India
Dr. Shikha Suman Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh),
India
Dr. Vishwanath B Chachadi Deptartment of Biochemsitry,
Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules. This journal is part of
the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Biochemistry and
Biomolecules issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of
emerging technologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Biochemistry and
Biomolecules as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of
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original high-quality research in the realm of Metabolome, Metabolomics, Molecular medicine, Plant
biochemistry, Proteolysis, Biological macro and small molecule, Biochemical processes etc.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Biochemistry
and Biomolecules and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the
creation and the success of the Biochemistry and Biomolecules. We are very thankful to everybody within
that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will
be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Biochemistry and Biomolecules.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Biochemistry and
Biomolecules readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Biochemistry and
Biomolecules.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. A Review on Bisphenol A M. Vangalapati, S. Monica Nissy, B. Surendra 1
2. Short Review Article: Role of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) in Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato) Ankita singh 5
3. Antifreeze ProteinsManish Agrawal 8
4. MetabolomeChetan Shah, Suraj Sharma 12
5. Biosorption: ReviewKetan Mehndiratta 15
Contents
IJBB (2016) 1–4 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Review on Bisphenol A
M. Vangalapati*, S. Monica Nissy, B. Surendra Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, AUCE (A), Andhra University,
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important epoxy resin which is employed to make certain plastics. It
is an organic synthetic compound and the chemical formula is (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2. It is a
commonly utilized industrial chemical that has been used since 1960s to make certain
plastics and resins. BPA is found in almost all polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins.
These polycarbonate plastics are generally used in containers that store food and beverages,
such as water bottles. The presence of BPA is really toxic to the human body and aquatic life.
BPA is biodegradable to some extent in order to reduce the toxicity levels.
Keywords: bisphenol A, cancer, endocrine disrupter, plastics, polycarbonate, thyroid
INTRODUCTION The texture is a colorless solid which is
generally dissolved in solvents like
ethanol, methanol and rarely soluble in
water. Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in
various consumer goods such as sports
bottles, CD’s, DVD’s, children toys and
gallon water cans,[1]
etc. In the recent days,
research is being conducted that BPA from
thermal paper which is used in cash
register receipts accounts for high levels of
BPA in humans.[2]
It shows that a rapid
increase of BPA in their blood after using
a skin care product and then touching a
store receipt with BPA. It is known to be
an endocrine disrupting chemical, and has
been demonstrated to alter signaling
mechanisms involving oestrogen and other
hormones.[3]
Massive amounts of BPA
were observed on the store and fast food
receipts, airline tickets, ATM receipts and
other thermal papers all use on the surface
of the paper as a print developer. Huge
amounts of BPA can be transferred onto
the hands and then to the food, it can also
as be absorbed through the skin which is
really toxic. BPA exhibits properties that
can cause reproductive defects in fetuses,
infant, children, and adults. It is also
known to cause cancer, metabolic and
immune problem in rodents. BPA present
on thermal papers can be easily absorbed
into the blood, at such levels thereby
leading to an increase in many diseases,
such as diabetes and disorders related to
obesity. Use of BPA or other similar
chemicals that are being used to replace
BPA in thermal paper is again a threat to
human health. "BPA will be seeped into
the food or beverages from the containers
which are made with BPA. Major concern
is exposure to BPA where there will be
possible health effects on the brain,
reproductive system, behavior and prostate
gland of fetuses, infants and children.
Along with these there were few additional
researches which are suggesting a feasible
link between BPA and increase in blood
pressure. BPA exposure may disrupt
normal breast development in ways that
predispose women for later life breast
cancer. However, the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has peeped into the
issue and confirmed that at very low levels
IJBB (2016) 5-7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 5
International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Short Review Article: Role of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
(PAL) in Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato)
Ankita singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India
Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) is an important fruit crop in America, Southern Europe,
the Middle East, and India, with increasing production in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
It is grown throughout the country. Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) is a chief enzyme
used during plant metabolism for the biosynthesis of different natural products from L-
phenylalanine. It also has a role in pathogenic defense.
Keywords: Lycopersicum esculentum, Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, plant metabolism
INTRODUCTION
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a
key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid
pathway. PAL catalyses the conversion of
L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid.[1]
The products of PAL are modified,
through phenylpropanoid metabolism, to
precursors of secondary metabolites,
including lignin, flavonoid pigments, and
phytoalexins, all of which play key roles in
a range of plant-pathogen interactions.[2]
PAL is a key enzyme leading to synthesis
of phenols and SA involved in pathogen
defense, stress response and secondary
metabolism and is subject to post-
translational phosphorylation.[3]
PAL activity in host tissues is induced
following pathogen infection of plant
tissues and by several biotic and abiotic
elicitor treatments.[4]
PAL activity are
often considered as indicators of resistance
as it accumulates more rapidly and reaches
higher levels within host plant during
resistance responses (incompatible
interactions) than in susceptible responses
(compatible interactions).[5]
Several studies indicated that the
activation of PAL and subsequent increase
in phenolic content in plants is a general
response associated with disease
resistance.[6,7]
Increased activities of PAL,
by neem products have also been
demonstrated earlier.[8]
The increased
activities of PAL were observed in
resistant cultivars than the susceptible
cultivars. Various studies have recorded
the time course changes of enzyme
activities of PAL in young rice inoculated
with the blast fungus Pyricularia grisea
(Cooke) Sacc. for a five day period after
inoculation. Kale and Choudhary (2001)
observed that in groundnut, resistant
interaction was concurrent with early and
rapid expression of PAL. Gupta and
Kaushik (2002) reported enhanced specific
activities of PAL in infected leaves of
mustard as compared to healthy leaves.
Chakrabarty et al. (2002) concluded that
induced rather than constitutive levels of
PAL played crucial role in governing
resistance in cotton genotypes. Sharma
(2003) reported high activity of PAL and
TAL in resistant healthy (uninoculated)
apple rootstock (MM115), but minimum
activities were recorded from highly
IJBB (2016) 8–11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 8
International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Antifreeze Proteins
Manish Agrawal* Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract Ice is a major issue for life forms that live in chilly atmospheres. Once the temperature
plunges beneath solidifying, ice crystals consistently develop and burst cells. This threat,
nonetheless, has not constrained the spread of life on Earth. Life forms of numerous kinds -
plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms - have created different ways to battle the
destructive development of ice crystals. At times, they pack their cells with antifreeze
compounds like sugars or glycerol. Be that as it may, in situations where additional
assistance is required, cells make specific antifreeze proteins to protect themselves as the
temperature drops.
Keywords: antifreeze proteins, subzero environment
INTRODUCTION
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice
structuring proteins (ISPs) allude to a class
of polypeptides created by specific
vertebrates, plants, parasites and microbes
that allow their survival in below zero
situations. AFPs bind to little ice crystals
to hinder development and
recrystallization of ice that would
somehow be fatal.[1]
There is additionally
expanding proof that AFPs interact with
mammalian cell membanes to shield them
from cold damage. This work suggests the
involvement of AFPs in cold
acclimatization.[2]
AFPs can be defined as proteins that have
an affinity for ice. In a circumstance where
an ice front is in equilibrium with a fluid
arrangement, a slight undercooling of the
arrangement underneath the balance the
point of solidification will prompt water
particles joining the ice cross section.
Accordingly, the ice front will progress.[3]
Most solutes, including by far most of
proteins (e.g. bovine serum albumin and
myoglobin) will be avoided and pushed in
front of the extending ice front. AFPs are
distinctive in that they adsorb to the ice.
Thus, they limit the development of the ice
front to points between the adsorbed
protein particles. These districts develop
with a local curvature and flow that makes
it thermodynamically unfavorable for
water particles to add to the ice cross
section.[4]
This outcomes in non-colligative,
non-balance bringing down the point of
solidification. In the presence of AFPs, ice
crystals continue to remain the same size
for a considerable length of time or days at
temperatures between the colligative
freezing point (melting point) and the
lower non-equilibrium freezing point. The
contrast between these two temperatures is
alluded to as thermal hysteresis and is a
component of the AFP focus.[2,5]
IJBB (2016) 12–14 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12
International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Metabolome
Chetan Shah*, Suraj Sharma Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Telegana, India
Abstract Metabolome is defined as a complete collection of small molecule chemicals found inside a
biological sample. The biological specimen can be a cell, a cell organelle, an organ, a tissue,
a tissue concentrate, a biofluid or a whole life form. Metabolomics is the exploratory
investigation of chemical processes including metabolites. In particular, metabolomics is the
"precise investigation of the unique chemical fingerprints that particular cell forms have",
the investigation of their small molecule metabolite profiles.
Keywords: metabolome, metabolomics, chemical processes
INTRODUCTION
The metabolome refers to a collection of
all metabolites in a biological cell, tissue,
organ or living being, which are the final
results of cell processes.[1]
mRNA gene
expression information and proteomic
analyses uncovers the array of gene
products being created in the cell, that
denotes different aspects of cell function.
On the other hand, metabolic profiling can
give a quick depiction of the physiology of
that cell. One of the difficulties of systems
biology and functional genomics is to
incorporate proteomic, transcriptomic, and
metabolomic data to give a superior
understanding of cell science.[2]
The small molecule chemicals found in a
given metabolome may incorporate both
endogenous metabolites that are actually
created by a living being, (for example,
amino acids, natural acids, nucleic acids,
unsaturated fats, amines, sugars, vitamins,
co-elements, colors, anti-infection agents,
and so forth.) and additionally
exogenous[3]
chemicals, (for example,
drugs, ecological contaminants,
nourishment added substances, poisons
and different xenobiotics) that are not
normally delivered by a living being.
That is, there is both an endogenous
metabolome and an exogenous
metabolome. The endogenous metabolome
can be further subdivided to incorporate a
"primary" and a "secondary"
metabolome.[4]
A primary metabolite is specifically
required in the typical development,
advancement, and generation. A secondary
metabolite is not specifically included in
those procedures, but rather as a rule has
essential natural capacity. Secondary
metabolites may incorporate pigments,
anti-infection agents or waste items got
from partially metabolized xenobiotics. To
qualify as a metabolite, or to be thought to
be a piece of the metabolome, a little atom
should ordinarily have a sub-atomic
weight <1500 Da.[5]
IJBB (2016) 15–18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 15
International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Biosorption: Review
Ketan Mehndiratta* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract The discharge of heavy metals into oceanic biological communities has turned into a matter
of worry in India in the course of the most recent couple of decades. These poisons are
brought into the oceanic frameworks essentially as an aftereffect of different modern
operations. Industrialization in India picked up a force with start of five year formative
arrangement in the mid 50's. The toxins of concern incorporate lead, chromium, mercury,
uranium, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, gold, silver, copper and nickel. These dangerous
materials might be gotten from mining operations, refining minerals, muck transfer, fly ash
from incinerators, the preparing of radioactive materials, metal plating, or the production of
electrical hardware, paints, composites, batteries, pesticides or additives. Substantial metals,
for example, zinc, lead and chromium have various applications in essential building works,
paper and basic commercial enterprises, pulp industries, organochemicals, petrochemicals
fertlisers, and so on. Significant lead contamination is through autos and battery makers. For
zinc and chromium the real application is in fertliser and cowhide tanning separately. Over
the couple of decades, a few strategies have been contrived for the treatment and expulsion of
substantial metals.
Keywords: biosorption, heavy metals
INTRODUCTION
Release of a lot of metal-contaminated
wastewater, commercial enterprises
bearing heavy metals, for example, Cd, Cr,
Cu, Ni, As, Pb, and Zn, are the most
perilous among the synthetic concentrated
businesses. On account of their high
dissolvability in the oceanic situations,
heavy metals can be consumed by living
life forms. When they enter the food chain,
expansive groupings of heavy metals may
aggregate in the human body. On the off
chance that the metals are ingested past the
allowed focus, they can bring about
genuine wellbeing issue.[1]
There are different procedures for treating
industrial wastewater containing heavy
metals frequently include advancements
for lessening of danger keeping in mind
the end goal to meet innovation based
treatment guidelines.
The regularly utilized systems for
expelling metal ions from watery streams
incorporate synthetic precipitation, lime
coagulation, ion exchange, reverse
osmosis and solvent extraction.[2-4]
Reverse Osmosis: It is a procedure in
which heavy metals are isolated by a semi-
penetrable layer at a pressure more
increased than osmotic pressure created by
the disintegrated solids in wastewater. The
impediment of this technique is that it is
costly.
Biochemistry & Biomolecules
International Journal of
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Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning
« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
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Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
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Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
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Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements
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Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
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