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Improved Cooking Stove
Programme in Nepal
Prof. Dr. Krishna Raj Shrestha
Research Centre for Applied Science and
Technology (RECAST)
Tribhuvan University
Kathmandu, Nepal
Improved Cook StoveA cooking stove is a device in which fuel is burnt to cook food.
Improved cooking stove is a device that is designed to consume less fuel and save cooking time, convenient in cooking process and creates smokeless environment in the kitchen
Total Energy Consumption 9.344 Million TOE (Economic survey, 2009)
Per Capita energy consumption 15 GJ
Traditional Energy Sources(8.204m toe) 87.8 %
Fuel Wood 89.2 %
Agri-residues 4.2 %
Animal Dung 6.6%
Commercial (1.074 mtoe) 11.5 %
Petroleum 63.7 %
Coal 17.5 %
Electricity 18.8 %
Renewable 0.70 %
Average Per capita Energy Consumption 15 GJ
Average Per capita Fuel wood consumption 559.5kg
Overall energy Demand is increasing by 3 percent per annum
4
By Fuel Type
Trad
itio
nal
(8
7.1
%)
By Sector
Source: WECS, 2010
Nepal’s Energy Consumption Pattern
3,470,224
55,610
1,140,662
563,126
131,5964,523 22,583 34,973
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
Data source: CBS, 2012
Ecological Belt Firewood Cow Dung
Mountain (8.6%) 344,843 1,517
Hill (42.1%) 1,696,376 2,810
Terai (49.3%) 1,429,005 558,799
Total(100%) 3,470,224 563,126
Grand Total 4,033,350
Number of Households by Usual Type of Cooking
Fuel
Energy Ladder for Cook Stoves
About 86 percent of the total energy is used in domestic sector in
which more than 90 percent is used for cooking purposes,
4.6 percent in industrial sector,
1.1 percent in trade sector,
3.9 in transport sector
and agriculture sector accounts for 0.9 percent (Economic Survey, 2002).
Annually about 11 million tons of fuel wood are burnt for cooking alone and
even with the low performance (11 percent fuel savings) estimates indicates
that
one ICS can save on average one metric ton of fuel wood annually
(WECS, 1996).
During last five years, about 52,300 ICS have been installed
In various parts of the country and the percentage of the rural households using
ICS is still less than 10 percent according to NLSS data.
Indoor air Pollution
1.8 million people die each year because of indoor air pollution
( The World Health Report, WHO 2008)
11 Title
People Need Many Things, including Better Stoves ….
Efficiency (Cont.)
• Energy Input = Weight of fuel used x Heating
Value of fuel
• Energy Output = Heat gained by water in low
power phase + Heat gained by water in high
power phase + Heat gained by the vessel
• Efficiency = (Output/Input) x 100 %
Water Boiling Test
The heat utilization efficiency is calculated by the equation:
[ Sw x Wm (Tf - Ti) + (L x We) ]
PHU = ----------------------------------------------------- x 100
[ (Efm x Wf) + ( Ekm x Wk)]-(WC xHC)Where,
Sw = Specific heat of water, 4.18 kj/kg.
Wm = Weight of water in pot at start of test, kg.
Tf = Temperature of water at boiling point, 0 C
Ti = Temperature of water at start of test, o C
L = Latent heat of water at boiling, 2256 kj/kg
We = Wt of water evaporated at end of each test, kg
Efm = heat value of fuel, kj/kg.
Wf = Weight of fuel used, kg.
Ekm = Heat value of kindling, kg.
Wk = Weight of kindling, kg.
The power input of the fire was calculated by the equation:
(Efm x Wf) + ( Ekm x Wk)
P = --------------------------------------
tWhere,
P = Power Input (Kw)
t = time taken to complete the task (sec)
The burning rate of the stove was calculated by the
equation:
Efm + Ekm
BR = ------------------------------- X 1000
tWhere,
BR = Burning Rate (g per minute)
Efm = Weight of fuel used (equivalent dry weight)
Ekm = Wt of kindling used (equivalent dry weight)
t = time taken to complete the task (min)
History of ICS in Nepal• 1950s with the introduction of Indian models
'Hyderabad and Magan stoves.
• In 1960s an Agricultural Engineering workshop of the
Department of Agriculture developed mould based stove .
• In late 1970s a no. of NGOs, Peace Corps, Women Training Centre,
RECAST and UNICEF were involved in
ICS research and dissemination of Lorena Stove
• In the 1980s, HMG/ The National Planning Commission,
addressed the fuel wood consumption
issues in its 6th 5-year Plan, together with the introduction of
Community Forestry ,
HMG initiated dissemination ceramic pre fabricated stoves,
supported by FAO and UNDP.
Nepal: Country Background - 1
18
• Area: 147,181 sq. km
• Population: 26.494 million (CBS, 2012)
• Households: 5.427 million (including 5.423 million
individual HHs & 4 thousand institutional HHs) (CBS, 2012)
• Rural/urban population ratio: 83/17 (CBS, 2012)
• Energy Sector:
Energy consumption: 401 million GJ/Year (WECS, 2010)
Electricity access: 67% HHs (CBS, 2012)
Inadequate power supply (scheduled power cuts)
Petroleum: 100% imported
Heavy reliance on traditional biomass energy
Alternative Energy Promotion Centre
Established on November 3, 1996
Currently under the Ministry of Science, Technology and
Environment
Semi autonomous status; Board represented by public sector,
private sector & financial sector
Working as a national focal agency for alternative/ renewable energy
in Nepal.
Mandate: policy and plan formulation, resource mobilization,
technical support, M&E, standardization, quality assurance &
coordination
Subsidy and financial Assistance
Institutional and organizational strengthening of stakeholders in the
renewable energy sector
Centre for excellence: micro hydro, biogas
20
Traditional Cooking Stoves
21
Household Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS): Mud type
1 pot hole 2 pot hole plane2 pot hole raised
3 pot hole plane 3 pot hole raised Multipurpose
Rocket
22
3 pot hole with water tank
3 pot hole with ash tray
2 pot hole with ash tray
3 pot hole without water tank 2 pot hole without water tank
Household ICS: Metallic type
AEPC/ESAP Promoted
Model III
AEPC/ESAP Promoted
Model II
AEPC/ESAP Promoted
Model I
23
Institutional ICS
Improved Cooking Stove (ICS) Initiatives in Nepal
• Introduced since 1950s
• Community Forestry Development Program
(1980-91): distribution of prefabricated ICS
free of cost; no skill transfer at local level; lack
of ownership
• In govt. plan since 7th Plan (1985-90); Current
3-Year Plan (2010-13) target – 300,000 ICS
• Built-on-site ICS design by RECAST/TU in
1990s
• AEPC-executed Energy Sector Assistance
Program, ESAP (1999-2012)24
Key achievements
• Strong local network of service providers
16+ RSCs, 250+ LPOs+DSCs; 32 MICS
manufacturers
• 10,000+ trained ICS technicians (Stove
Masters);
~50% women; ~40% certified promoters (quality stove
builders active in business)
• 720,000+ HHs benefitted through ICS, MICS &
IICS
• Standardized guidelines & implementation
framework
• Institutional partnership from national to local
25
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Dec-04 Dec-05 Dec-06 Dec-07 Dec-08 Dec-09 Dec-10 Dec-11 Dec-12 May-13
Mid Hills 476 10,455 21,180 26,213 48,461 59,367 41,203 23,831 39,893 60,931 88,437 89,182 96,520 33,334
Terai 282 11,384 39,815 23,902
High Hills 829 2,241 2,710 2,695 1,836
ICS
Nu
mb
er
YEAR WISE ICS INSTALLATION AS OF MAY 2013
Total cumulative ICS installation: 725,177
Mid Hills: 639,483
Terai: 75,383
High Hills: 10,311
Clean Cooking Solutions for all by 2017
20-27 Jan 2013 (07-13 Magh 2069)
Technology Options for CCS4ALL
1. Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS): mud &
metallicEfficient burning of solid biomass & reduction in
IAP; progress so far (May 2013): 725,000+
2. BiogasReplacing the solid biomass fuel; complements
with ICS (e.g., biogas is for cooking food & ICS
for animal feed); Progress so far (May 2013): ~
300,000
3. Solar cookersAlternative cooking technology option in specific
regions (e.g., trekking routes); Progress so far
(May 2013): 600+
4. Briquettes, gasifiers & electricity based
29“ICS is 1st choice to reach another 3 million HHs !”
Scenario for 100% coverage
30
-
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
1,100,000
Achievemnet Trend
Business as usual scenario Target
Ambitious Target
National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme,
NRREP(2012-17)
1. Central Renewable Energy Fund (CREF) Component
2. Technical Supports (TS) Component2.1 Biogas Subcomponent (Biogas)2.2 Biomass Energy Subcomponent (ICS, briquettes, gasifiers)2.3 Solar Energy Subcomponent (Solar cookers)2.4 Community Electrification Subcomponent (Electricity-based
cooking)2.5 Institutional Development Subcomponent
2.5.1 Institutional Support 2.5.2 Monitoring 2.5.3 Gender and Social Inclusion
2.6 Climate and Carbon Subcomponent
3. Business Development for RE and Productive Energy Use (PEU) Component
31
•National Framework Programme of GoN implemented by AEPC
and supported by a number of development partners
•Components/Subcomponents:
Policy Environment
• Rural Energy Policy, 2006 => Renewable Energy
Policy, 2013
• Renewable Energy Subsidy Policy, 2013
• Renewable Energy Subsidy Delivery Mechanism,
2013
• Provision of indirect incentive through Value Added
Tax and Customs Duty Exemption
32
Approaches
• Joint muti-stakeholder coordination platform
• Dedicated unit within AEPC
• Monitoring against national baseline
• Targeted capacity building for service delivery
• Active engagement of local bodies, private
sector, development partners & stakeholders
• National coordinated localized campaign
• Clustered approach
• Commitment of partners (for
conceptualization & implementation)
• Multiple partnership modalities to cooperate
33
Progress so far
• Interest from private sector and investors
• Stimulating response from Development
Partners
• Positive initiatives from carbon project
developers
• National ICS Forum (NIF) => National
Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (NACC)
• Successful organization of Clean Cookstoves
Market Place 2013, an important platform for
sharing of experiences & for coming up with 34
The strategic intent of NACC is to coordinate efforts
and create synergies for providing Clean Cooking
Solutions for All by 2017
Coordinating Sector Knowledge
Collaboration Platform
Creating Enabling Environment
For more information visit http://nepalcookstoves.org/
Nepal Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
(NACC)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
SNV
Nepal Services
1
2
3
45
67
Practical Action
1
2
3
4
IUCN
1 23
45
6
WINROCK
1
2
3
ECCA
1
2
Exciting response form various National and
International NGOs and Carbon Financing
Programmes
National Key issues• Biomass is the primary source fuel of the country.
• Traditional biomass (fuel wood, agri-residues & cattle dung)
has large share in relation to any other sources resulting in
87.1 % of the total energy consumption (WECS, 2010).
• 83% of the population lives in the rural areas (CBS 2011) and
about 2/3 of the total household (3.47 million) use fire wood for
cooking in the country ; additional 0.57 million households use
dried cattle dung (guitha).
• National ICS database shows the record of only around 0.6
million of these rural household using ICS.
• By implementing National Rural and Renewable energy
Programme (NRREP), AEPC intends to address this issue
through the dissemination of Clean and energy efficient Solid
biomass technologies for household and institutional cooking
as well as for thermal applications in the SMEs.
National Energy Context from Cooking Energy
Perspective
38
637,000 mud ICS & 7,000 metal ICS
Problem: Opportunity for High Impact
26.62 M National Population
= 5.66 M Households
1.02 M HHs potential for biogas Potential
270 K HHs got biogas
Around 3.80 M rural HHs do not have access to clean cooking fuels.
And 3 M rural HHs households qualify only for
ICS.
Around 800,000 rural HHs qualify for
Biogas
Existing Scenario (Dec 2012)
From investment perspective: ICS has many times higher
carbon revenue potential compared to biogas
1 M HHs have LPG
Nepal’s RE Sector
• Single National Framework under Alternative Energy
Promotion Centre (AEPC), Ministry of Science,
Technology & Environment (MoSTE):
– National Rural & Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP)
started from July 2012 for 5 years.
– National ICS Forum created under AEPC chairmanship for
sector coordination and dialogue.
– A new national campaign or call for “Clean Cooking
Solutions for All by 2017” by the government.
Implementation- Benefits
Reduction in biomass consumption for cooking
purpose
- potential for 20-40% reduction in fuel wood
consumption.
Improvement of Indoor environment and Health
- reduction of smoke in the kitchen/ house
- reduction in eye, skin and respiratory diseases
increased safety for small children
increased hygiene in the kitchen
environment/less soot on walls
decrease damage to tin roofs due to smoke.
Implementation- Benefits
Reduction in Women's work Loads
- reduction in workload for collecting fuel wood/time saving
- reduction in cooking time
- reduction in time in cleaning utensils , pots and pan
- reduction in cleaning the kitchen
- possibility of cooking in more than one pot at a time –saves time
- reduction in soot and smoke damage to clothes
Implementation- BenefitsImprovement of food and nutrition
control of fire and food tastes better
no need to eat left over food or under cooked food
Employment Opportunities
- Providing opportunities for skill development, self
employment and income generating activities -
empowerment of women and rural poor and building
self reliance
- women and disadvantaged group's participation in
decision making in rural development
Implementation- BenefitsWin-win benefits
-a win-win benefit is one in which a benefit in one way also gives a benefit in another way.
-both the environment and the communities involved benefit.
-improved forest covers improves water retention and nutrition in the soil
-properly managed forest improves biodiversity-both plant and animal
Impact on Environment
Fuel wood consumption reduced by about
half
•30 to 90 percent reduction in indoor air
pollution (IAP)
•Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by
about 2.5 ton carbon dioxide per year per
stove
Impact on Health
• Fewer respiratory disease, particularly
lower respiratory infections such as
pneumonia among children and Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
among women
• Fewer eye problems as well as other
health problems such as headache
• Reduced fire hazard in the kitchen
Impact on Gender
• Reduced drudgery of women as they spend
less time collecting firewood, cooking and
washing dishes
• Improved health of women due to reduced
exposure to smoke
• Increased participation by men in kitchen
work because of clean environment
Induced air ICS (Big) - FoST
Induced air ICS (Big) - FoST
Type of fuel used Efficiency (%)
Wood 26.8
Wood 33.4
Avg. Efficiency 30.1
Induced air ICS (Big) - FoST
Temp Profile of Water Boiling Test
0
20
40
60
80
100
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time Interval (min)
Tem
pera
ture
(oc)
Wood
Rocket Stove – FoST
Rocket Stove
Developed by: Dr. Larry Winiarsky
Approvecho Research Centre, Oregon, USA
Rocket Stove – FoST
Type of fuel used Efficiency (%)
Wood 25.9
Wood 21.3
Avg. Efficiency 23.6
Construction of HH RS
60 Title
Stove Designs to start with …. 1/4
• New ICS Design with rocket principle – no chimney, modular
• The metallic combustion chamber is the heart of the new product
Rocket Stove
63 Title
Stove Designs to start with …. 2/4
• New ICS Design with rocket principle – no chimney, modular
• The metallic combustion chamber is the heart of the new product
Metallic combustion chamber without top plate to reduce cost
First demo ICS with the new rocket design in Dadeldhura
64 Title
Stove Designs to start with …. 3/4
• Lab test shows 34 to 36% efficiency
• Field test around 28% efficiency, expected to improve further.
65 Title
Stove Designs to start with …. 4/4
• New ICS designs with/without chimney, metallic heating plate, etc.
• The combustion chamber will be of metal or ceramics
• 3 such designs with metallic or ceramic c/chamber are currently being tested in the field for efficiency, user acceptability, etc.
With this, a technological road map is being finalised for further design and development focusing on 2-3 designs.
Rocket Stove – FoST
Rocket Stove – FoSTTemp Profile of Water Boiling Test
0
20
40
60
80
100
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time Interval (min)
Tem
pera
ture
(oC
)
Wood
Types of stoves Efficiency/ Fuel use PM 2.5
Emissions
CO
Emissions
Indoor emissions*
High
Power
Thermal
Efficiency
(%)
Specific
Fuel
Consump
tion
(MJ/min/
L)
High Power
(mg/MJd)
Low
Power
(g/min/l)
High
Power
(g/MJd)
Low Power
(g/min/L)
CO
(g/min)
PM2.5
(mg/min)
Chimney Stove
(Natural Draft)
≥20 ≤0.045 ≤979 ≤8 ≤16 ≤0.20 ≤0.42* ≤2
Chimney Less
(Natural Draft)
≥25 ≤ 0.039 ≤386 ≤4 ≤11 ≤0.13 ≤0.62 ≤17
Forced Draft for
all stoves
≥35 ≤0.028 ≤168 ≤ 2 ≤9 ≤ 0.10 ≤0.49 ≤8
Nepal Benchmark (Interim) on Solid Biomass
Cookstoves
Testing Facilities Available in Nepal
Renewable Energy Test Station
(RETS)Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST)
Khumaltar, Lalitpur
Testing and
certification
Testing Facilities Available in Nepal
Regional Cookstoves Testing and
Knowledge Centre, Nepal (RTKC), Centre for Rural Technology, Nepal (CRT/N)
Testing
;+:yfut÷Aoj;flos ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]
Prepared By: Rajeev M Shrestha 71
w]/} dfqfdf vfgf ksfpg' kg]{7fpFx? h:t}Ù 7'N7'nf xf]6]n,Aof/]s, :s'n, dlGb/, c:ktfncflbdf k|of]u ug]{ r'nf .
b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L k|sf/sfvfgf Pp6} r'nf]df ksfpg x'g] .
bfp/f sd vkt x'g] .
w'jfF /lxt .
tLg d'v] r'nf] -Aoj;flos r'nf]_
7'nf ;fOhsf ef8f a;fNg .
;fdfGo eGbf km/s cfsf/sf]O+{§faf6 agfOg] .
bIftf !%–#) k|ltzt .
tfk lat/0f klxnf] ef8fFdf *)k|ltzt / bf];|f] @) k|ltzt .
Prepared By: Rajeev M Shrestha 72
;+:yfut ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]
ESAP åf/f tof/ kf/]sf] b'O{ d'v] l8hfOg
;+:yfut ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]
;fO{h @–# lkm6 ;Ddsf]ef8fF /fVg] Kjfn / @@–#)OGr cUnf] .
u]6 l/Ë / bfp/f xfNg] u]6wft'sf] – -ls6_ x'g] .
lrDgLsf] prfO{ & – * lkm6eGbf al9 .
Prepared By: Rajeev M Shrestha 73
Aoj;flos r'nf]
;fwf/0f lrof gf:tf k;nx?dfk|of]u ug{] r'nf .
b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L k|sf/sfvfgf Pp6} r'nf]df ksfpg x'g] .
;fdfGo k|sf/s} O{+§faf6 agfO{g] .
bIftf !%–#) k|ltzt .
tfk lat/0f klxnf] ef8fFdf *)k|ltzt / bf];|f] @) k|ltzt .
Prepared By: Rajeev M Shrestha 74
Aoj;flos r'nf]
#@”— #^” nDafO{, @&”—#!” rf}8fO{ / !@” cUnf] .
lrDgLsf] prfO{ % lkm6 ;Dd x'g].
Prepared By: Rajeev M Shrestha 75
Key achievements• 637,101 ICS disseminated till Nov. 2012
• 8,730 metallic ICS installed in high hill region of the
country
• More than 1500 Institutional/ commercial ICS installed
• 4 institutional gasifiers disseminated for drying agro-
products.
• 2,372 VDCs, 33 Municipalities and 63 district received
mud ICS installations.
• 285 local partner Organizations (LPO) and district
Service centres (DSC).
• More than 8,000 promoters/stove masters trained to
build ICS
• Installation capacity in place for the installation of
100,000ICS per year
kl/ro:
Large cardamom locally called
“Alainchi”
Jofkfl/s v]tL - ;d'b|L ;tx af6 #))) b]lv %))) kmL6 sf] pmrfO{df, ;DefJo If]q Onfd lhNnf
g]kfn, ;+;f/sf] bf];|f] 7"nf] pTkfbs b]z
kl/ro : contd.
! lsnf] tfhf cn}+rL ;'sfpg ! b]lv # lsnf] bfp/f vkt
x'G5
;g\ !((& df
– cn}+rL ;'sfpg (,&^# d]l6|s tg sf] vkt eof]
– lrof ;sfpg $,@!# d]l6|s tg sf] vkt eof]
cn}+rL v]tL (agroforesty)
k/Dk/fut cn}+rL ;'sfpg] tl/sf :
k/Dk/fut cn}+rL ;'sfpg] tl/sf :
k/Dk/fut cn}+rL ;'sfpg] tl/sf :
Rocket Stove Cardamom Dryer
Major components of IGS-2
Fuel chamber
Water seal
Combustion chamber
Reaction chamber
Primary air supply
Secondary air supply
Ash chamber system
Stand for cooking pots
Institutional Gasifier Stove (IGS)
Rice Husk Gasifier Stove
Institutional Gasifier Stove (IGS)
• Efficiency 24 – 28 % depending upon the types of fuel used.
• Uses wide variety of fuels - briquettes, coallumps/briquettes, biocoal, waste biomass –woodchips, twigs, corncobs, pine cones, etc
• IGS may be used for community cooking inschools, hospitals, hostels, canteens, road siderestaurants, etc
Conclusive Remarks (Cont)
Types of cook stoves Average
Efficiency
Induced air small ICS (FoST) 23.4
Induced air big ICS (FoST) 30.2
Natural draft Rocket Stove (FoST) 23.6
Induced air ICS (CRT) 27.1
Bio-briquette stove (CRT) 10.2
Induced air ICS (Sindhu Urja) 22.2
Testing of Gasifier Stove
Economic Evaluation of Gasifier
Stove
Details GS TCS ICS Kerosen
e
LPG
Investment 12925 100 242 500 3500
Fuel consumption per
meal per family (kg or
liter)
2.13 5.5 3.25 0.3516 -
Fuel consumption per
day per family (kg/liter)
4.26 11 6.5 0.7032
Economic Evaluation of Gasifier
Stove (Contd…)
Details GS TCS ICS Kerosene LPG
Fuel consumption
per year per family
(kg/liter/cylinder)
1554.9 4015 2372.
5
256.668 8
Cost of fuel wood
(Rs/kg/liter/cylinder)
4 4 4 34 800
Total cost of fuel/year
(Rs )
6219.6 16060 9490 8726.7 6400
Total cost of
power/year (Rs )
221.92 0 0 0 -