Chapter 24: Land Chapter 24: Land Empires in Empires in ImperialismImperialism

Warm UpWarm Up

compare and contrast the French, compare and contrast the French, American, and Latin RevolutionsAmerican, and Latin Revolutions– Successes, failure, common, differentSuccesses, failure, common, different

Chart, essay, bullet points, diagram Chart, essay, bullet points, diagram (whatever)(whatever)

I. Ottoman EmpireI. Ottoman Empire– A. Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, A. Egypt and the Napoleonic Example,

1798-18401798-1840– Napoleon invades Egypt with 36k men and Napoleon invades Egypt with 36k men and

defeats the Mamluk forcesdefeats the Mamluk forces– Napoleon loses power in France and officers Napoleon loses power in France and officers

in Egypt are forced to withdrawin Egypt are forced to withdraw– In 1801 France withdrew and Muhammad In 1801 France withdrew and Muhammad

Ali, an officer in the Ottoman army, seizes Ali, an officer in the Ottoman army, seizes power and establishes an independent power and establishes an independent Egyptian stateEgyptian state

– Muhammad Ali impact: establishes schools, Muhammad Ali impact: establishes schools, trained military, and built factoriestrained military, and built factories

– Ali established schools and begins to Ali established schools and begins to westernized Egyptwesternized Egypt

– Britain does not like the westernization Britain does not like the westernization and takes Ali out of power but his family and takes Ali out of power but his family stays in power until 1952stays in power until 1952

– B. Ottoman Reform and the European B. Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807-1853Model, 1807-1853

– Selim III brings reforms to strengthen Selim III brings reforms to strengthen government and standardized taxesgovernment and standardized taxes

– Impact of reforms: Janissaries revolt and Impact of reforms: Janissaries revolt and are put down by the government with are put down by the government with the help of Serbiathe help of Serbia

– Selim III was captured and executed in Selim III was captured and executed in IstanbulIstanbul

– Impact of Greek independence: Mahmud Impact of Greek independence: Mahmud sets a series of reforms (fears Ottoman sets a series of reforms (fears Ottoman empire is weak) creates a new army empire is weak) creates a new army corps new artillery unit that was more corps new artillery unit that was more important to the military important to the military

– Ottomans now have less dominance in Ottomans now have less dominance in the Mediterranean Seathe Mediterranean Sea

– Mahmud II eliminated the Janissaries Mahmud II eliminated the Janissaries and reduced political power of the eliteand reduced political power of the elite

– Military cadets were sent to France and Military cadets were sent to France and Germany to trainGermany to train

Mahmud II dies Mahmud II dies and leaves the and leaves the Ottoman Ottoman Empire Empire completely completely dependent on dependent on European European powers for powers for survivalsurvival

Pg. 683 Pg. 683 dissolving dissolving Ottoman Ottoman EmpireEmpire

Pg. 685 New Pg. 685 New Ottoman troopsOttoman troops

– C. Crimean War, 1853-1877C. Crimean War, 1853-1877– Russia wants to continually expand Russia wants to continually expand

empire and continually westernizeempire and continually westernize– Russia expands south and is met by Russia expands south and is met by

British, French, and the OttomansBritish, French, and the Ottomans– Britain and France trapped the Russian Britain and France trapped the Russian

fleet in the Black Sea and sank its shipsfleet in the Black Sea and sank its ships– Russians could not communicate quickly Russians could not communicate quickly

enough to supply military forcesenough to supply military forces

– Crimean War technology included: Crimean War technology included: artillery, breech loading firearms, and artillery, breech loading firearms, and light cavalrylight cavalry

– Cavalry would attack in between volleys Cavalry would attack in between volleys and attempt to penetrate artillery and attempt to penetrate artillery barragesbarrages

– Guns could be fired more rapidly Guns could be fired more rapidly because they now loaded at the breech because they now loaded at the breech instead of the barrelinstead of the barrel

– Problems in Ottoman Empire: Foreign Problems in Ottoman Empire: Foreign loans, trade deficit, and inflationloans, trade deficit, and inflation

– Declining revenue from agricultural Declining revenue from agricultural yields and corruption in the yields and corruption in the governmentgovernment

– Crimean War forced Ottomans to rely Crimean War forced Ottomans to rely heavily on foreign money bringing heavily on foreign money bringing foreign debtforeign debt

– Ottomans had to lower tariffs and favor Ottomans had to lower tariffs and favor European importsEuropean imports

– The Ottoman Empire continued in a The Ottoman Empire continued in a weakened existence until 1922weakened existence until 1922

II. Russian EmpireII. Russian Empire– A. Russia and EuropeA. Russia and Europe– Only 3% of Russian people live in citiesOnly 3% of Russian people live in cities– Russia is slow to modernize because of Russia is slow to modernize because of

resources and oppositionresources and opposition– People in Russia are fearful of People in Russia are fearful of

westernization but want to modernizewesternization but want to modernize– B. Russia and AsiaB. Russia and Asia– End of the 18End of the 18thth century Russia had century Russia had

expanded to Pacific Oceanexpanded to Pacific Ocean

– Russia fought with: China, Japan, Iran, Russia fought with: China, Japan, Iran, and the Ottoman Empireand the Ottoman Empire

– Britain took steps to end Russian Britain took steps to end Russian expansion of Central Asiaexpansion of Central Asia

– C. Cultural TrendsC. Cultural Trends– Wealthy families feared reform and Wealthy families feared reform and

opposed opposed – Alexander I tried to bring reforms to Alexander I tried to bring reforms to

Russia but was unsuccessfulRussia but was unsuccessful

– Decembrist Revolts:Decembrist Revolts:– Czar Alexander dies and Constantine, Czar Alexander dies and Constantine,

the oldest son, refuses the thronethe oldest son, refuses the throne– His younger brother becomes Czar His younger brother becomes Czar

Nicholas INicholas I– Group of revolutionaries, includes many Group of revolutionaries, includes many

military officers, revolt – they want more military officers, revolt – they want more reformreform

– They also believe Nicholas stole the They also believe Nicholas stole the throne from Constantinethrone from Constantine

– Nicholas brutally crushes the revolt and Nicholas brutally crushes the revolt and will rule Russia with an iron fist for the will rule Russia with an iron fist for the rest of his reignrest of his reign

Czar Nicolas IICzar Nicolas II

On the morning of 14 December, a On the morning of 14 December, a group of officers commanding about group of officers commanding about 3,000 men assembled in Senate 3,000 men assembled in Senate Square, where they refused to swear Square, where they refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I, allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I, proclaiming instead their loyalty to proclaiming instead their loyalty to Constantine and the Constitution. Constantine and the Constitution.

III. Qing EmpireIII. Qing Empire– A. Economic and Social DisorderA. Economic and Social Disorder– Qing dynasty first brought peace and Qing dynasty first brought peace and

stability in China and promoted stability in China and promoted agricultureagriculture

– This agriculture doubled the Chinese This agriculture doubled the Chinese populationpopulation

– Increase in population lead to instability Increase in population lead to instability and tensionand tension

– farmers being driven off their landfarmers being driven off their land– Many people regarded their government Many people regarded their government

as corrupt and weakas corrupt and weak– Internal rebellions were led by Internal rebellions were led by

discontent farmers and religious leadersdiscontent farmers and religious leaders

– White Lotus Rebellion:White Lotus Rebellion:– Group of Chinese attempting to restore Group of Chinese attempting to restore

the Ming dynasty the Ming dynasty – B. The Opium War, 1839-1850B. The Opium War, 1839-1850– Opium trade in China: England has an Opium trade in China: England has an

unfavorable balance of trade with China, unfavorable balance of trade with China, turn to selling opium to make up turn to selling opium to make up difference, China bans selling of opium difference, China bans selling of opium

– Opium War: British navy forced China to Opium War: British navy forced China to trade through naval conquesttrade through naval conquest

– British navy forced the Treaty of NanjingBritish navy forced the Treaty of Nanjing

– Impact of treaty:Impact of treaty:– Treaty of Nanjing Open up five more Treaty of Nanjing Open up five more

ports for trade, Limit tariffs on British ports for trade, Limit tariffs on British goods, Pay for cost of war, Give island of goods, Pay for cost of war, Give island of Hong Kong to BritainHong Kong to Britain

– Agree to extraterritoriality = Europeans Agree to extraterritoriality = Europeans who are accused of crimes have the who are accused of crimes have the right to be tried in their own courts, not right to be tried in their own courts, not Chinese courts and are not subject to Chinese courts and are not subject to Chinese lawsChinese laws

– Marks the beginning of the Marks the beginning of the establishment of Western influence in establishment of Western influence in ChinaChina

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzsQjQatvL0v=DzsQjQatvL0

– C. Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864C. Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864– Factor of the rebellion: poor farmland, Factor of the rebellion: poor farmland,

endemic poverty, and economic distressendemic poverty, and economic distress– Hong Xiuquan declared himself brother of Hong Xiuquan declared himself brother of

JesusJesus– No one would be poor – all lands and food No one would be poor – all lands and food

should be held in commonshould be held in common– Taiping forces defeated villages and Taiping forces defeated villages and

capture Nanjing making it their Heavenly capture Nanjing making it their Heavenly capitalcapital

– Taiping Rebellion was one of the bloodiest Taiping Rebellion was one of the bloodiest civil wars included 20 million deathscivil wars included 20 million deaths

– European countries who were called to European countries who were called to intervene: France, Britainintervene: France, Britain

Hong XiuquanHong Xiuquan

– D. Decentralization and End of Qing Empire, D. Decentralization and End of Qing Empire, 1864-18751864-1875

– Qing debt: expenses of war, burden of Qing debt: expenses of war, burden of treaties signed, extraterritoriality treaties signed, extraterritoriality

– Recovery was a failure and Qing dynasty Recovery was a failure and Qing dynasty regionalizedregionalized

– Reform and recovery were attempted and Reform and recovery were attempted and modeled after the USmodeled after the US

– Too little too late; Qing empire falls and Too little too late; Qing empire falls and decentralizes decentralizes