UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL “PEDRO RUIZ GALLO“PEDRO RUIZ GALLO” ”

FACULTAD DE ENFERMERIAFACULTAD DE ENFERMERIA

Segunda Especialidad “ Enfermería en Segunda Especialidad “ Enfermería en Cuidados Críticos y Emergencia”Cuidados Críticos y Emergencia”

CURSO : INGLES TECNICOCURSO : INGLES TECNICOI UNIDAD : THE HUMAN BODYI UNIDAD : THE HUMAN BODY

Docente : Magister Lupe Rivera GonzalesDocente : Magister Lupe Rivera Gonzales

ACTIVIDAD PARA EVALUAR SABERES ACTIVIDAD PARA EVALUAR SABERES PREVIOS PREVIOS

LITTLE RED

RIDING HOOD

SUN

BASKETHOUSE GRAND

MOTHER

FORESTWOLF

BED

SHELF

EYES EAR MOUTH HUNTERDOG

PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION

SPEAKER SPEAKER Mg. LUPE RIVERA studied Infirmary in Mg. LUPE RIVERA studied Infirmary in the National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo the National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo and Second Specialty in the Social and Second Specialty in the Social Historical Faculty of Sciences and Historical Faculty of Sciences and Education. After receiving their title of Education. After receiving their title of specialist she worked in the Section of specialist she worked in the Section of Post Degree UNPRG Faculty of Infirmary Post Degree UNPRG Faculty of Infirmary She has many years of experience like She has many years of experience like nurse and also in the teaching of foreign nurse and also in the teaching of foreign languages as teacher of French, Quechua languages as teacher of French, Quechua and English in the levels of primary and and English in the levels of primary and university student. university student. Presently time she has developed Presently time she has developed Courses in Trujillo,Cajamarca, Courses in Trujillo,Cajamarca, Jaén,Tumbes, Piura and Lambayeque in Jaén,Tumbes, Piura and Lambayeque in English's area applied to the Sciences of English's area applied to the Sciences of the Health.the Health. Mss .L.Rivera

The purpose of English's course is to teach the The purpose of English's course is to teach the elements of the necessary English language to elements of the necessary English language to understand and to express the different classes of understand and to express the different classes of functions that they are usually exercised in the diverse functions that they are usually exercised in the diverse situations or activities of the human life. situations or activities of the human life.

Obtain to the students of second specialty to Obtain to the students of second specialty to communicate in an efficient and effective way and communicate in an efficient and effective way and considering the English language as an interaction considering the English language as an interaction instrument. It is very important than the nursing instrument. It is very important than the nursing personnel knows the right of the persons to be personnel knows the right of the persons to be respected or to respect the persons' dignity, mainly in respected or to respect the persons' dignity, mainly in the daily attention of the patient. This paper is aimed at the daily attention of the patient. This paper is aimed at reflecting on and analyzing the concepts of person and reflecting on and analyzing the concepts of person and dignity and relating them to the ethics of care and to dignity and relating them to the ethics of care and to the nursing models to emphasize the interrelation the nursing models to emphasize the interrelation existing among them. lurig6r@hotmail.comexisting among them. lurig6r@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT

THE COMPONENTS OF MEDICAL THE COMPONENTS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYTERMINOLOGY

CONTENS :CONTENS : Components of Medical Words Components of Medical Words Root WordsRoot Words SuffixesSuffixes PrefixesPrefixes

COMPONENTS OF MEDICAL WORDSCOMPONENTS OF MEDICAL WORDS Most medical terms are compound words made Most medical terms are compound words made

up of root words which are combined with up of root words which are combined with prefixes (at the start of a word ) and suffixes ( at prefixes (at the start of a word ) and suffixes ( at the end of a word ) .This medical terms that may the end of a word ) .This medical terms that may at first seem very complex can be broken down at first seem very complex can be broken down into their component parts to give you a basic into their component parts to give you a basic idea of their meaning . For example the word idea of their meaning . For example the word neuroblastoma .neuroblastoma .

Neuro-means nerveNeuro-means nerve Blast-relates to immature cells.Blast-relates to immature cells. Oma-means tumour.Oma-means tumour. Therefore by breaking down a complex word we Therefore by breaking down a complex word we

can see that neuroblastoma literally means a can see that neuroblastoma literally means a tumour made up immature nerve cells.tumour made up immature nerve cells.

To take another type of tumour :To take another type of tumour :

osteogenic sarcoma.osteogenic sarcoma. Osteo-means boneOsteo-means bone Genic means creating / causing.Genic means creating / causing. Thus we can see that this is a bone forming Thus we can see that this is a bone forming

tumour.tumour. All medical terms have a root word .They All medical terms have a root word .They

may also have a prefix ,a suffix , or both a may also have a prefix ,a suffix , or both a prefix and suffix.prefix and suffix.

ROOT WORDSROOT WORDSCOMPONENTCOMPONENT MEANINGMEANING EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

Blast-Blast- Germ Germ inmature cellsinmature cells

Blastoma= a cancer made of Blastoma= a cancer made of immature cellsimmature cells

Carcin-Carcin- CancerCancer Carcinogenic=cancer causingCarcinogenic=cancer causing

Cardio-Cardio- HeartHeart Cardiotoxicity=toxicity to heartCardiotoxicity=toxicity to heart

Cyto-Cyto- CellCell Cytotoxicy= toxic to the cellCytotoxicy= toxic to the cell

Derma-Derma- SkinSkin Dermatitis= inflammation of the Dermatitis= inflammation of the skin.skin.

Histio-Histio- TissueTissue Histology= study of tissueHistology= study of tissue

Hepati-Hepati- LiverLiver Hepatoblastoma = liver cancerHepatoblastoma = liver cancer

Malign-Malign- Bad/harmfulBad/harmful Malignant=growing,spreadingMalignant=growing,spreading

ROOTS WORDSROOTS WORDSCOMPONENTCOMPONENT MEANINGMEANING EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

NEPHRO-NEPHRO- KidneyKidney Nephrotoxic=harmful to theNephrotoxic=harmful to the kidneyskidneys

NEURO-NEURO-

ONCO-ONCO-

OSTEO-OSTEO-

PAED-PAED-

SARCO-SARCO-

TOXO-TOXO-

NervesNerves

Mass/tumourMass/tumour

Bone/bony Bone/bony tissuetissue

ChildChild

TissueTissue

poisonpoison

Neuroblast= an immature Neuroblast= an immature nerve cell.nerve cell.

Oncology= the study of cancer.Oncology= the study of cancer.

Osteosarcoma = bone cancer.Osteosarcoma = bone cancer.

Paediatric oncology=study of Paediatric oncology=study of childhood cancerchildhood cancer

Sarcoma = tumour of bone ,Sarcoma = tumour of bone , muscle,or connective tissue .muscle,or connective tissue .

Toxicology= study of poisonsToxicology= study of poisons

SUFFIXESSUFFIXES

ComponentComponent MeaningMeaning ExampleExample

-AEMIA-AEMIA Condition of bloodCondition of blood Leukaemia=cancer of Leukaemia=cancer of blood cellblood cell

-ECTOMY-ECTOMY Excision/removalExcision/removal Nephrectomy=excision Nephrectomy=excision

of a kidneyof a kidney

-IT IS-IT IS InflammationInflammation Hepatitis=inflammation Hepatitis=inflammation

of theof the liverliver

-OLOGY-OLOGY Study/science ofStudy/science of Cytology=the study of cellsCytology=the study of cells

-OMA-OMA TumourTumour Retinoblastoma:tumour Retinoblastoma:tumour of eyesof eyes

-PATY-PATY DiseaseDisease Neuropathy=disease of Neuropathy=disease of the nervous systemthe nervous system

-OSIS-OSIS Disease/conditionDisease/condition Necrosis = dying cellsNecrosis = dying cells

PREFIXESPREFIXES

ComponentComponent MeaningMeaning ExampleExample

AN-,A-AN-,A- Without /lack ofWithout /lack of Anaemia= lack of red blood cellsAnaemia= lack of red blood cells

AB-AB- Away fromAway from Abnormal=away from the normalAbnormal=away from the normal

AD-AD- Near / towardNear / toward Adrenal gland=gland near to the Adrenal gland=gland near to the

kidneykidney

BI-BI- Two /bothTwo /both Bilateral Wilm’s_tumour in both Bilateral Wilm’s_tumour in both

kidneyskidneys

DIS-DIS- Difficult / painfulDifficult / painful Dysfunction=not working properlyDysfunction=not working properly

ECTO-ECTO- OutsideOutside Ectopic pregnancy = outside the Ectopic pregnancy = outside the uterine cavityuterine cavity

ENDO-ENDO- insideinside Endoscope= an instrument to look Endoscope= an instrument to look inside the body cavities or organsinside the body cavities or organs

EPY-EPY- UponUpon Epidermis= theEpidermis= the outer layer of outer layer of skinskin

PREFIXESPREFIXES

HYPER-HYPER- Excessive / aboveExcessive / above hyperkalemiahyperkalemia

HYPO-HYPO- Beneath / belowBeneath / below hypotensionhypotension

INTER-INTER- BetweenBetween intercostalintercostal

INTRA-INTRA- Within / InsideWithin / Inside intravenousintravenous

PARA-PARA- Beside,about, nearBeside,about, near Para-sympaticPara-sympatic

PERI-PERI- AroundAround Peri-abdominalPeri-abdominal

PRE-PRE- BeforeBefore Pre-operatoryPre-operatory

POST-POST- AfterAfter Post-surgeryPost-surgery

SUB-SUB- Under / belowUnder / below subclaviasubclavia

SYN- SYN- Together withTogether with Syndrome = group of Syndrome = group of symptoms occurring togethersymptoms occurring together..

THE HUMAN BODYTHE HUMAN BODY

To study the man like the whole alive To study the man like the whole alive organisms it is considered two aspects: first organisms it is considered two aspects: first their form external and internal form their their form external and internal form their MorphologyMorphology and second like work the and second like work the different tissues organs and systems that form different tissues organs and systems that form the man denominated to this aspect the the man denominated to this aspect the Physiology Physiology

We rememberd the following concepts :We rememberd the following concepts :

Human anatomyHuman anatomy: is the science that : is the science that studied the structure of the organs and studied the structure of the organs and systems that integrate the human organism.systems that integrate the human organism.

Morphology:Morphology: called Macroscopic Anatomy, called Macroscopic Anatomy, studied to the body dividing it in regions, studied to the body dividing it in regions, sections or partssections or parts..

PhysiologyPhysiology: studied the functions that carry : studied the functions that carry out the cells, organs and systems. out the cells, organs and systems.

THE PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODYTHE PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY

PRACTICAMOS LO

APRENDIDO !!

THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEMTHE HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

THE SKELETAL SYSTEMTHE SKELETAL SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:FUNCTIONS: SupportSupport Protections:Protections:--The skull protects the brain.The skull protects the brain.

The ribs form a cage which protects the heart The ribs form a cage which protects the heart and lungs. and lungs.

The vertebral column (backbone) protects the spinal The vertebral column (backbone) protects the spinal cord.cord.

MovementMovement

PARTS OF BONESPARTS OF BONES

Diaphysis : Diaphysis : The long shaft of the bone .The long shaft of the bone . Ephifysis: Ephifysis: The knob like end of the bone , often The knob like end of the bone , often

contains red marrow (blood cells )contains red marrow (blood cells ) Metaphysis : Metaphysis : region where the diaphysis joins region where the diaphysis joins

the ephifysis , important in bone growth the ephifysis , important in bone growth Medullary : Medullary : Marrow cavity inside the bone . Marrow cavity inside the bone .

Contains yellow marrow (fat cells ) Contains yellow marrow (fat cells )

Foramina :Foramina : Tiny canals in the bone throught Tiny canals in the bone throught wich blood and lymph vessels connect to the wich blood and lymph vessels connect to the medullary .medullary .

Cartilage :Cartilage : tough connective tissue covering the tough connective tissue covering the ends of the bone . The cartilage reduce friction ends of the bone . The cartilage reduce friction and acts as a shock absorber .and acts as a shock absorber .

Ligament :Ligament : fibrous tissue that connects bones fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilage to strengthen and support joints .or cartilage to strengthen and support joints .

The end of the bone are often refered to by the The end of the bone are often refered to by the proximal end ( towards the main body) or the proximal end ( towards the main body) or the distal end (away from the main body ), e.g. The distal end (away from the main body ), e.g. The proximal femur is the top end of the thigh bone .proximal femur is the top end of the thigh bone .

PARTS OF BONES

TIPS OF BONE TIPS OF BONE

Compact BoneCompact Bone : Compact bone is dense : Compact bone is dense and hard , especially the outer layer of the and hard , especially the outer layer of the bone .bone .

Spongy bone Spongy bone : made up of a latticework : made up of a latticework (enrrejado) of bone , (enrrejado) of bone , with interstices filled with with interstices filled with embryonic connective tissue or bone marrow embryonic connective tissue or bone marrow

Classification of bone by shape Classification of bone by shape

Long Bones :Long Bones : Slightly curved for STRENGHT Slightly curved for STRENGHT with long narrow shafts with knobbly ends with long narrow shafts with knobbly ends (especially found in arms and legs e.g. femur )(especially found in arms and legs e.g. femur )

Short bones :Short bones : tend to be spongy e.g. wrists, tend to be spongy e.g. wrists, fingers, toes and ankles.fingers, toes and ankles.

Flat Bones Flat Bones : Plate like and highly PROTECTIVE: Plate like and highly PROTECTIVE e.g. bones of skull protect the brain .e.g. bones of skull protect the brain .

Irregular bones Irregular bones ; e.g. vertebrae (spine); e.g. vertebrae (spine)

BONES AND GROWTHBONES AND GROWTH Ossification : Ossification : is the gradual CONVERSION OF is the gradual CONVERSION OF

CARTILAGE OR OTHER TISSUE INTO BONE . CARTILAGE OR OTHER TISSUE INTO BONE . At birth ossification is not complete , there are At birth ossification is not complete , there are still may membrane filled spaces in the skull , still may membrane filled spaces in the skull , these are called fontanels or “soft spots “ . these are called fontanels or “soft spots “ . Most bone growths occurs durings childhood , Most bone growths occurs durings childhood , and ossification of most bones is usually and ossification of most bones is usually complete by age 25 . The 5 bones of the complete by age 25 . The 5 bones of the sacrum fuse together from ages 18 to 25 . sacrum fuse together from ages 18 to 25 . When all bone growth is complete the body is When all bone growth is complete the body is said to be skeletally mature .said to be skeletally mature .

ROOTS , SUFFIXES AND PREFIXESROOTS , SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES

COMPONENTCOMPONENT MEANINGMEANING EXAMPLEEXAMPLEARTHR-ARTHR- jointjoint Arthritis inflammation of the boneArthritis inflammation of the bone

CHONDR-CHONDR- cartilagecartilage Chondrocyte: a cartilage cellChondrocyte: a cartilage cell

COST-COST- ribrib Costalgia:pain in the ribsCostalgia:pain in the ribs

OSTE-OSTE- bonebone Osteosarcoma:a type of bone Osteosarcoma:a type of bone tumourtumour

SCOLIO-SCOLIO- Curved/crookedCurved/crooked Scoliosis:curvature of spineScoliosis:curvature of spine

LYTIS-LYTIS- desintegrationdesintegration Osteomielytis:inflammation of the Osteomielytis:inflammation of the bonebone

OSIS-OSIS- diseasedisease Osteoporosis:reduced bone Osteoporosis:reduced bone mass fracture pronemass fracture prone

TOMY-TOMY- Incision intoIncision into Thoracotomy:incision into Thoracotomy:incision into chest/thoraxchest/thorax

CANCER FOCUSCANCER FOCUS

Osteogenic sarcoma Osteogenic sarcoma Ewing’s SarcomaEwing’s Sarcoma ChondrosarcomaChondrosarcoma Other Primary Bone TumoursOther Primary Bone Tumours Bone Sarcomas associated with Paget’s Bone Sarcomas associated with Paget’s

diseasedisease Pathologic FracturePathologic Fracture

The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

Functions of muscles Functions of muscles The main function of muscles is for motion, for The main function of muscles is for motion, for

example in conjunction with bones for walking. example in conjunction with bones for walking. Muscles may work alone e.g. the diaphragm Muscles may work alone e.g. the diaphragm for breathing, and the heart for circulating for breathing, and the heart for circulating blood. blood.

Muscular systemMuscular system

Characteristics of muscle tissueCharacteristics of muscle tissue

Irritability Irritability (excitability) muscles receive and (excitability) muscles receive and respond to stimulation. respond to stimulation.

Contractability Contractability allows muscles to change shape allows muscles to change shape to become shorter and thicker. to become shorter and thicker.

Extendibility Extendibility living muscle cells can be stretched living muscle cells can be stretched and extended; longer and thinner. and extended; longer and thinner.

Elasticity Elasticity once the stretching force is removed a once the stretching force is removed a living muscle cell retains it's original shape. living muscle cell retains it's original shape.

Types of muscles Types of muscles Different types of muscle respond, contract, Different types of muscle respond, contract,

and relax at different rates. and relax at different rates. Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles are are striatedstriated (have distinct (have distinct

bands) made up of fibres (long cells). The bands) made up of fibres (long cells). The cells are multinucleated (many cell nuclei) cells are multinucleated (many cell nuclei) and contract and relax quickly. These are and contract and relax quickly. These are voluntary voluntary muscles attached to the skeleton muscles attached to the skeleton that help to move the bones. There are nearly that help to move the bones. There are nearly 700 skeletal muscles spread all over the 700 skeletal muscles spread all over the body. body.

Types of musclesTypes of muscles

Visceral musclesVisceral muscles are smooth and without are smooth and without banding. They have short fibres and single cell banding. They have short fibres and single cell nuclei. These are involuntary muscles e.g. nuclei. These are involuntary muscles e.g. found in walls of blood vessels and viscera found in walls of blood vessels and viscera (organs in the abdominal cavity). (organs in the abdominal cavity).

Cardiac muscles Cardiac muscles are are striated striated (but less distinct (but less distinct than skeletal muscles), and are than skeletal muscles), and are involuntary involuntary . .

Examples of musclesExamples of muscles

The The diaphram diaphram is the major muscle for breathing is the major muscle for breathing (respiration). The diaphragm is located in the rib (respiration). The diaphragm is located in the rib cage below the lungs. It is a dome shaped muscle cage below the lungs. It is a dome shaped muscle that pulls / pushes air in and out of the lungs. that pulls / pushes air in and out of the lungs. 'Hiccups' are a spasm of the diaphragm. 'Hiccups' are a spasm of the diaphragm.

Intercostals Intercostals also aid respiration Inter- (between) also aid respiration Inter- (between) Costals (ribs). Costals (ribs). Internal Internal intercostals lift the ribs intercostals lift the ribs during respiration, whilst during respiration, whilst external external intercostals draw intercostals draw the ribs together during expiration to lessen the the ribs together during expiration to lessen the volume of the rib cage and thoracic cavity to push volume of the rib cage and thoracic cavity to push air out of the lungs. air out of the lungs.

Examples of musclesExamples of muscles

Biceps Biceps and and triceps triceps are are antagonist antagonist (have the (have the opposite functions). Triceps (with three 'heads') opposite functions). Triceps (with three 'heads') extend the forearm so it can be held straight, while extend the forearm so it can be held straight, while biceps (two 'heads') flex the forearm and draw it up. biceps (two 'heads') flex the forearm and draw it up.

Tendons Tendons connect muscles to the bone, these are connect muscles to the bone, these are formed from the connective tissue that cover the formed from the connective tissue that cover the muscle. They are dense white cords of tissue which muscle. They are dense white cords of tissue which are strong and flexible, they serve to anchor are strong and flexible, they serve to anchor muscles to the bone. muscles to the bone. Types of muscles and Types of muscles and movement movement

Muscle movementsMuscle movementsMost movements involve several skeletal Most movements involve several skeletal

muscles working together. Most skeletal muscles working together. Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing pairs at muscles are arranged in opposing pairs at joints, for example one muscle tightens up joints, for example one muscle tightens up while the other extends. while the other extends.

Flexors Flexors tighten to decrease the angle of a tighten to decrease the angle of a joint joint Extensors Extensors relax to increase the angle of a relax to increase the angle of a joint .joint .

Muscle movementsMuscle movements

Abductors Abductors move a bone away from the move a bone away from the midline midline Adductors Adductors move a bone toward the move a bone toward the midline midline

Muscle movementsMuscle movements

Levators Levators make an upward movement make an upward movement Depressors Depressors make a downward movement make a downward movement

Supinators Supinators turn the palm upwards or inwards turn the palm upwards or inwards Pronators Pronators turn the palm downwards or turn the palm downwards or outwards outwards

Sphincters Sphincters decrease the size of an opening decrease the size of an opening Tensors Tensors makes part of the body more rigid makes part of the body more rigid Rotators Rotators moves a bone around moves a bone around

Roots, suffixes, and prefixesRoots, suffixes, and prefixes

ComponentComponent MeaningMeaning ExamplesExamples

SARC-SARC- tissuetissue sarcoma = tumour of supportive tissues sarcoma = tumour of supportive tissues (muscle, bone etc(muscle, bone etc

INTRA-INTRA- intointo intramuscular injection = injection intramuscular injection = injection into a muscle into a muscle

MYO-MYO- muscle muscle Myocardium: heart muscleMyocardium: heart muscle

BI-BI- twotwo biceps = muscles with two headsbiceps = muscles with two heads

TRI-TRI- threethree triceps = muscles with three triceps = muscles with three heads heads

CANCER FOCUSCANCER FOCUS

RhabdomyosarcomaRhabdomyosarcoma Other types of soft tissue sarcomaOther types of soft tissue sarcoma Potential Side effects of Radioterapy of Potential Side effects of Radioterapy of

muscles.muscles.

WE PRACTICE NOW!!!!