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IES "Diego Torrente Pérez". San Clemente (Cuenca) 2º ESO. Sección Bilingüe en inglés.
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HUMANISM
DEFINITION• Humanism was a cultural movement that
began in Italy in the 15th century.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
• Importance of the human being. Human being will be the new centre of the Universe.
• Interest in scientific and and technological progress, based in observation and experimentation.
• Interest in Greek and Latin classical cultures.
• Use of the languages of each country.
The ambassadors by Hans Holbein.
Which objects are associated with the two men?
THE SPREAD OF HUMANISM• Schools and Universities were the driving
force behing humanist thought.
• Schools were supported by patrons, who offered economic support.
• The invention of the printing press by Juan Gutemberg (1450) was the most important contribution to the spread of humanist ideas.
• The first printed book was the Bible, printed in Mainz in 1455.
The Spread of the Printing PressThe Spread of the Printing Press
LET’S REMEMBER THE WAY OF THINGKING
• The human being is, after God, in a privileged place in the Universe.
• Human being are free and they can decide their own destination.
• God created man in his image and likeness. Man must aspire to the highest.
¿QUÉ ES EL HUMANISMO?
• FUE UN MOVIMIENTO INTELECTUAL QUE SE DIFUNDIÓ DESDE ITALIA AL RESTO DE EUROPA
• LOS PILARES DE ESTE MOVIMIENTO FUERON LA REVALORIZACIÓN DEL ANTIGUO MUNDO CLÁSICO Y LA EXALTACIÓN DEL SER HUMANO.
MUNDO MEDIEVAL TEOCÉNTRICO
MUNDO MODERNO ANTROPOCÉNTRICO
PENSAMIENTO Y CREACIÓN ARTÍSTICA CENTRADA EN DIOS Y EN LA RELIGIOSIDAD.
MENTALIDAD EUROPEA LAS IDEAS, EL PENSAMIENTO, EL ARTE Y EL CONOCIMIENTO SE FOCALIZAN MÁS EN EL SER HUMANO Y SUS CAPACIDADES QUE EN DIOS, SIN ABANDONARLO.
ESTAMENTAL: NOBLEZA, CLERO, CAMPESINOS. RELACIONES DE VASALLAJE.
SOCIEDAD ESTAMENTAL. LA BURGUESÍA ADQUIERE MAYOR IMPORTANCIA.
ECONOMÍA CERRADA. BASE AGRARIA Y FEUDAL: AUTARQUÍA O AUTOCONSUMO.
ECONOMÍA ECONOMÍA ABIERTA. DESARROLLO COMERCIAL Y PREDOMINIO DEL CAPITALISMO.
REINOS PATRIMONIALES FUERTE UNIÓN DEL PODER POLÍTICO Y DEL ECLESIÁSTICO
ORGANIZACIÓN POLÍTICA
CONFORMACIÓN DE ESTADOS NACIONALES
CERRADO, POCOS DESPLAZAMIENTOS DE POBLACIÓN
ESPACIO TERRITORIAL ABIERTO, AUMENTO DE LAS MIGRACIONES Y DE LAS EXPLORACIONES GEOGRÁFICAS FUERA DE EUROPA
SEVERAL EVENTS• 1492 : Columbus discovered América• 1503-1507 : La Gioconda, de Da Vinci• 1515-1547 : reign of François 1er
• 1519 : Cortés conquered México – first world tour by Magallanes and Elcano.
• 1532 : Pizarro conquered Peru. Pantagruel, by Rabelais• 1538 : Mercator prepared the first world map. • 1543 : Copérnico did his theory heliocentric of the
Universe. • 1547 : Miguel Ángel built the dome of San Pedro in The
Vatican.
MAIN HUMANISTS
• ERASMO DE ROTTERDAM (1466-1536)
• “ELOGIO DE LA LOCURA”
• CHRISTIAN HUMANISM
MAIN HUMANISM
• DANTE ALIGHIERI (1265-1321)
• HE WAS THE FIRST HUMANIST.
• HIS MAIN WORK IS TITLED “LA DIVINA COMEDIA”
MAIN HUMANISTS
• FRANCISCO PETRARCA (1304-1374). POET.
• WITH DANTE ALIGHERI, HE IS CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF HUMANISM.
MAIN HUMANISTS
• NICOLÁS MAQUIAVELO (1469-1527)
• IN HIS MOST IMPORTANT WORK “EL PRÍNCIPE”, HE DESCRIBED THE PERFECT GOVERNOR.
MAIN HUMANISTS
• TOMAS MORO (1478-1535)
• IN HIS WORK “LA UTOPÍA”, HE DESCRIBED AN IDEAL CITY.
DOMAINS: L’UNIVERSE
Aristote, Ptolémée et Copernic
Experimientation
Carte du monde par Mercator
Christopher Columbus in the Royal Court of Spain, in Barcelona
Science: research to cure a luxation in the back
THE REFORMATI
ON
What was the Reformation?• The reformation was a split in the Christian
church. It happened because people were
unhappy about the Church.
What was the Reformation?• They are called
Protestants because they protested and started a new religion.
• It is called the Reformation because they set out to reform the Church.
CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION
• Attitudes of the high clergy: luxurious lifestyles, lack of chastity.
• Lack of preparation of clergy.
• The sale of ecclesiastical charges.
• The sale of indulgences: payments received for pardoning sins.
• The sale of bulas: documents that allowed to do things that were prohibited by the Church.
30
Why Reform?
• Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual leadership
• People wanted to know how to save souls• Indulgences –a release
of a soul from purgatory For monetary donation –
a HUGE abuse of Church power!
31
The Pope’s Corruption• The Pope spent too much money on the
arts
• Spent on personal pleasure
• Fought Wars
• Pope Alexander VI fathered several children
• Priests were uneducated, drank, and gambled
31
http://www.history.com/videos/martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution#martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution
Pope Alejandro VI, his daughter Lucrecia and his son César.
Abuses in the Church:
a. Ignorant priests who didn’t even understand the mass
b. Wealthy bishops who had more interest in money than religion
c. Immoral popes like Alexander VI who had mistresses and 7 children and Sixtus who planned to assassinate Lorenzo de Medici
d. Also, simony, nepotism and absenteesim
Simony To bribe people to elect you to high position in the church
Nepotism To give important jobs in the church to your relatives
Absenteeism To neglect your parish or dioceses because you don’t live there
35
MARTIN LUTHER
• He was a German Priest• Saw problems in the Church• All he wanted was to be a good Christian• Church believed salvation gained • from faith + good work
– Luther thought faith alone gained salvation
• Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses
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95 Thesis
• Attacked the “Pardon Merchants”
• Lead to the Founding of Christian Churches that did not accept the Pope’s authority
• Posted on church door in Wittenburg, Germany
• Thousands of copies distributed throughout Germany
36
95 Theses:
Luther posted them to the
door
39
• Luther’s 95 Theses was a description of the 95 problems that he had with the Catholic Church and the way they were acting.
39
““I do not accept the authority of popes and councils… my I do not accept the authority of popes and councils… my conscience is captive to the word of God. …Here I stand conscience is captive to the word of God. …Here I stand and I can not do otherwise. God help me. Amen.and I can not do otherwise. God help me. Amen.””
– – Martin Luther April 18Martin Luther April 18thth, 1521, 1521
The Pope & Luther
• The Pope issued a papal bull or bula (a papal bull is an official document from the pope)
• He warned Luther to give up his ideas
• Luther burned the bull in public
• The Pope responded by excommunicating Luther and declaring him a heretic
Spread of Lutheranism
• Some German princes liked Luther’s ideas.
• German states were run by princes but were part of the
Holy Roman Empire
• Emperor Charles V called a meeting of the princes
called the Diet of Worms. Luther refused to give up his
ideas.
• Charles V issued the Edict of Worms which said Luther
was an outlaw.
PRINCIPLES OF LUTHERANISM
• Lutheranism was based on three
fundamental principles:
Salvation through faith alone.
Universal priesthood.
The authority and free interpretation of the
Bible.
CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL LUTERANISMO
• Las personas se salvaban por la fe, no por las obras.
• La fuente de verdad eran los libros sagrados.
• Sólo hay dos sacramentos: el bautismo y la eucaristía.
• El culto a la Virgen y los santos debe prohibirse.
• Negaba la autoridad del Papa.
DIFFERENCESLutheran• Only faith in Jesus saves
your soul (Justification by faith alone)
• Religious truth is in the Bible
• 2 sacraments exist: baptism and communion
• The local prince rules the church
• Priests can marry
Catholic• Faith in God and good
works saves your soul• Religious truth is in
the Bible and church teaching
• 7 sacraments exist• The head of the church is
the Pope in Rome• Priests must not marry
The Differences: Churches
Protestant• Protestant churches
were plain and simple• No statues or art• Priests wore plain
garments • The service was in
the vernacular language, not Latin
Catholic• Catholic Churches
were richly decorated• Lots of statues and
art work• Priests wore rich
garments• They said mass in
Latin
The Spread of LutheranismThe Spread of Lutheranism
King Henry VIII
• Famous King of England.
• He wanted to divorce his first wife
(Catalina de Aragón, daughter of the
Catholic Monarchas), because she
could not produce a male heir, but
Catholic Church would not allow it.
King Henry VIII
• He broke away from the Catholic
Church of England with the Pope in
Rome
• And created a new religion: the
Anglicanism, in which he was the
Head.
• He remarried six times
John Calvin
• He was one of the new leaders of
Protestantism
• Being close to Luther, also believed in
the doctrine of justification by faith alone
to explain how humans achieved
salvation
• Believed in predestination, which
meant that God determined in advance
who would be saved and who would be
damned
Calvinism:
• belief in predestination gave firm conviction
they were doing God’s work on Earth
• conviction made them determined to spread
faith to other people
• became dynamic and activist faith
• replaced Lutheranism as most important,
dynamic form of Protestantism.
• Calvinism spread throughout Switzerland and
France.
THE COUNTER-
REFORMATION
• The spread of Reformation in Europe led the Catholic authorities in Rome to persecute Protestants and begin a reform of their own Church.
• The reform of the Catholic Church, known as the Counter-Reformation began with the Council of Trent (Concilio de Trento), between 1545 and 1563, convened (convocado) by the Pope Pablo III (later presided by Julio III and Pío IV).
• The Council of Trent was a meeting of the most important members of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and certain kings.
• The Council reaffirmed the main dogmas of Catholicism: Faith and validity of good deeds (buenas
obras) to get salvation. The santity of Mass. The seven sacraments. The worship of the Virgin Mary and the
saints. Reaffirmed the authority of the Pope. The only admitted version of the Bible will be
the Vulgata by San Jerónimo.
Inmaculada Concepción
(Murillo), de acuerdo a los
preceptos del Concilio de
Trento.
• The Council also did several reforms in the Catholic Church: It prohibited the sale of indulgences. It created seminaries to prepare and train
priests. It insisted on celibacy among the clergy.
• These reforms were carried out in many
Catholic religious orders, such us the
Carmelites (reformed by Saint Teresa de
Jesús).
• New orders were created, such as la
Compañía de Jesús or los Jesuitas (the
Society of Jesus or the Jesuits), founded by
Saint Ignacio de Loyola.
• The Churh encouraged the role of the
Court of the Inquisition, to judge the cases
of heresy (acts against the faith, for
example, to become protestant).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=qd_nTF3Lrpo