The quest for political stability 1625-88The monarchical government failed because (1625-1646) – - Of Charles’s relationship with Buckingham who failed foreign expeditions on 2 occasions but still remained his advisor.

- His Marriage to Henrietta Maria contributed to the protestant nightmare.

- His way of collecting finance as he felt Parliament did not fund him enough, such as tonnage and poundage, a tax on imports and exports.

- Impeachment, Parliament introduced a bill to give Charles four subsidies which he would lose if he dissolved Parliament. Charles then dissolved Parliament to protect Buckingham.

Personal rule and its failure (1629-40)How Charles attempted to finance (Illegal methods) • Ship money – tax imposed on costal

counties and ports to build ships and to protect trade from piracy

• Enclosure Fines – fines imposed on landowners for fencing off open fields

• Revival of forest laws – Some forest used to belong to royalty in medieval times and they found who was on this land and taxed me

• Distraint of Knighthood – Men owning £40 estates or higher a year must be knighted or they will be fined

Problems with this• Was later implemented on inland counties

and permanently sparking outrage

• Seen by landowners as a penalty for improving their estates- not good

• Many landowners could not produce title deeds for the land held by their families and their land could be taken

• This was an old law from Tudor times, it also took away from the honour of being knighted

How Charles wasn’t popular with Parliament• Charles accused parliament of not supporting him through the first civil war• Buckingham was not popular with the people and parliament "Who rules the Kingdom? The King. Who rules the King? The Duke. Who the Duke? The Devil.“• In 1626 Charles recalled Parliament in desperate need of money, he needed them to be on his

side. Already alienated by the collection of tonnage and poundage and by the humiliation at Cadiz, the Members of Parliament were further annoyed by Charles I's underhand attempt to keep his and Buckingham’s opponents out of parliament. (He named them as sheriffs, so as legally to oblige them to remain in their counties).• After Buckingham’s death 1629, Charles recalled Parliament once again hoping they would at

last co-operate with him now that Buckinghams was gone. Although, Charles’ stubbornness and unwillingness to compromise meant that Charles arrested those who spoke against him and immediately dissolved Parliament. Personal rule would now begin 1629-40.

2. Religion conflict and dissent 1625-88• Laud’s policies, Opponents of personal rule thoughts – • Imposing uniformity – Emphasis on ritual, Altair Rails and separate altar, book of

common prayer and non confirming clergy suspended. Very Catholic and being forced into change by a single man, a centralised power.• Destroying puritanism – Laud used the courts of high commission to prosecute

puritan critics of the church. Leighton spoke badly of Laud’s policies and had his nose slight, ears cut off and cheeks branded. Reinforces protestant nightmare.• Restoring the fabric of the church – Bishops and priests were instructed to live in

their sees and beneficies (were they practice their religion) Bishop of exeter should live in Exeter.• The divine right of kings – Laud encouraged the clergy to preach sermons

supporting the divine nature of royal authority, if you support DROK you get a promotion. You should preach holy things not about the king and his right.