HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION

PART I

THE BEGINNING

• Communication begins with humanity• Cave paintings were the first tool• People told with cave paintings;

1. hunts2. enemies3. their cultures

• Storytelling• Fire signals• Drums

were the other tools to communicate

INVENTION OF WRITING

• Writing was invented by Sumerians in 3300

MEDIA IN ANCIENT EMPIRES

• There were two governing space 1. Time-biased media(Duration over-time)2. Space-biased media(Duration over-space)

TIME BIASED MEDIA

• It included heavy-durable materials• i.e. stone

SPACE-BIASED MEDIA

• It consists of short-lived materials • i.e. paper papyrus

PARCHMENT

• It is the skin of animal• Invented in Pergamum Kingdom

PAPYRUS

• Obtained from «Papyrus» plant• Commonly used in Egypt

QUIPU

• Called as talking knots• Made up of cotton cords• Cords had a numeric value• Each cord make sense • Used by Incas

THE ALPHABET

• Invented in 1700s by Phoenicians• Located around Mediterrean Sea• They dealt with trading

• At first;• For long messages bamboo• For short messages wood were used• Then; raw silk replaced wood

GREEK CULTURE

• Oral culture at first• Refused alphabet through 300 years• Poetry transmitted culture

COMMUNICATION IN MIDDLE AGES

• Two factors were important; 1) Literacy 2) Having the ability to communicate over far distances• These made the Church powerful

• The Church controlled the education - monopoly of knowledge –• Word-of-mouth• Oral culture Medieval community

• Economic growth• Need for reliable information increased demand for manuscripts

• Paper was invented by Chinese in 105 AD• Adopted by Arabs in 8th century• Passed to Europeans in 10th century

• Printing press invented by Johann Gutenberg in 14th century

• Contributed to spread of written documents

RESULTS FOR PRINTING PRESS

• More accessible/larger information• Increase in the amount of written documents• Growing up in literacy• Mechanizing of written texts• More standardized style• Development of new intellectual class• Impact on Reformation

RISE OF JOURNALISM

TYPES OF PRE-PRINT COMM. NETWORK

• Network established by Catholic Church• Network established by political authorities of

states• Network born from commercial activities• Networks of merchants travelersstorytellers

• 2 major developments affecting the network

• Establishment of regular postal service• Application of printing press

• In 15th century;

• Leaflets• Posters • Broadsheet began to appear

• Periodical publications 16th century• Origins of modern newspaper17th century• In 1609 publication of weekly journals in German cities• By 1620, Amsterdam the center of news• First newspaper in English in Amsterdam in 1620

• First daily newspaper in Englandin 1702 - Daily Courant -

• After 1830taxes progressively reduced• In 1860s taxes were abolished

• Jeremy Bentham • James Mill • John Stuart Mill

famous advocators of the liberty of the press

THE NEW JOURNALISM

• Jjournalism as entertainment Joseph Pulitzer/New York World

• Joseph Pulitzer(1847-1911): Hungarian-American newspaper publisher

• In 1883,he bought New York World

• He used;

1. Graphics/illustrative elements2. Multi-column headlines3. Advertising4. Pictures

• Also;

1. Increased the size of headlines2. Reduced the size of paper

• Journalism as info. New York Times

1. Attracted wealthy people2. Influenced journalism in 1920s and 1930s3. Caused ideal of objectivity

YELLOWYELLOW JOURNALISM JOURNALISM

• Presents little or no legitimate info.

• Uses eye-catching headlines

• Started in 19th century ( between New York Times and New York World)

REFERENCES

• Special thanks to Irem Ozgören Kınlı

• The slide is going to be continue..

• Created by

Halil Ibrahim ULUHAN