Fish Protein Hydrolysate (FPH)Fish Protein Hydrolysate (FPH)

as a source of Bioactive as a source of Bioactive PeptidesPeptides

Kashmeera N.A.Kashmeera N.A.IV Sem MSc ZoologyIV Sem MSc ZoologyRoll no: 37Roll no: 37Christ collegeChrist college

Acute protein deficiency in diet of females primary issue in

Attappady

• Source: Keralanext, May 29 2013, 6:15am

• The high infant and neonatal mortality in Attappady is primarily due to acute protein malnourishment or Kwashiorkor disease while general malnutrition or anaemia is only a contributing factor.

1 in 3 of the world's malnourished children

lives in India

BIOACTIVE PEPTIDESBIOACTIVE PEPTIDES

• Food proteins have long been recognized for their nutritional and functional properties.

• In recent years, a considerable amount of research has also focused on the liberation of bioactive peptidesbioactive peptides which are encrypted within food proteins, with a view to utilizing such peptides as functional food ingredients aimed at health maintenance.

• Bioactive peptides have been defined as “food derived components that, in addition to their nutritional value exert a physiological effect in the body”.

• Within the parent protein sequence, the peptides are inactive and must be released to exert an effect.

• These bioactive peptides are usually 2–20 amino acid residues in length, although, some have been reported to be >20 amino acid residues.

• Bioactive peptides may be absorbed through the intestine where they subsequently enter the circulatory system intact to exert various physiological effects, or they may produce local effects in the digestive tract.

• Food derived bioactive peptides have been shown to display a wide range of physiological functions including

• antihypertensive,

• antioxidative,

• appetite-suppressive &

• Immunity strengthening effects.

PRODUCTION OF BAPPRODUCTION OF BAP

Important source – Fish Protein Important source – Fish Protein HydrolysateHydrolysate

• Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins produces peptides with special physicochemical,functional and biological activities based on the sequence and aminoacid composition.

• This is the most common way to produce bioactive peptides from whole protein molecules/parent proteins.

Fish Protein HydrolysateFish Protein Hydrolysate(FPH)(FPH)

• Proteins that are chemically / enzymatically broken down Proteins that are chemically / enzymatically broken down into peptides of varying sizes.into peptides of varying sizes.

• Prepared from whole fish/fish muscle/fishery by-products Prepared from whole fish/fish muscle/fishery by-products of low value fishes/seafood industry waste.of low value fishes/seafood industry waste.

• Good source of bioactive peptides.Good source of bioactive peptides.

• Biological activities of FPH may vary based on enzyme Biological activities of FPH may vary based on enzyme used for hydrolysis,degree of hydrolysis, size of used for hydrolysis,degree of hydrolysis, size of peptides,sequence & composition of amino acid peptides,sequence & composition of amino acid residues.residues.

• Hydrolysis of the protein substrate.Hydrolysis of the protein substrate.

• Hydrolysates are assayed for various bioactivities. Hydrolysates are assayed for various bioactivities.

• Crude protein hydrolysates are then fractionated based on Crude protein hydrolysates are then fractionated based on peptide size (using Ultrafiltration). peptide size (using Ultrafiltration).

• The hydrolysate fraction displaying the highest bioactivity is The hydrolysate fraction displaying the highest bioactivity is then further purified to separate individual peptides (using then further purified to separate individual peptides (using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gel high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gel permeation chromatography).permeation chromatography).

• Individual peptide fractions are identified using the combined Individual peptide fractions are identified using the combined techniques of mass spectrometry and protein sequencing. techniques of mass spectrometry and protein sequencing.

• Lastly, a synthetic version of the peptide is synthesized and Lastly, a synthetic version of the peptide is synthesized and the assay is repeated to verify bioactivity.the assay is repeated to verify bioactivity.

BIOACTIVE PEPTIDESBIOACTIVE PEPTIDES

• Antihypertensive / Angiotensin – I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides.

• Antioxidant activity of bioactive peptides.

• Antibacterial peptides.

• Immunomodulatory peptides.

• Anti-appetising peptides.

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE / ANGIOTENSIN –I ANTIHYPERTENSIVE / ANGIOTENSIN –I CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORY PEPTIDESCONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORY PEPTIDES

• Hypertension is one of the major risk factors in the development of cardio-vascular diseases,stroke & end stage of renal disease.

• Renin – angiotensin system plays a key role in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis as well as fluid & salt balance in mammals.

• Angiotensin I converting enzyme[ACE] belongs to class zinc protease that needs Zn & Cl- for activation.

• ACE plays important role in blood pressure ACE plays important role in blood pressure regulation by virtue of renin- angiotensin system.regulation by virtue of renin- angiotensin system.

• ACE converts inactive form of angiotensin I to ACE converts inactive form of angiotensin I to potent angiotensin II.potent angiotensin II.

• Therefore inhibition of ACE is important Therefore inhibition of ACE is important therapeutic approach for treatment of therapeutic approach for treatment of hypertension.hypertension.

• Many ACE inhibitors have been isolated from Many ACE inhibitors have been isolated from FPH.FPH.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BIOACTIVE PEPTIDESBIOACTIVE PEPTIDES

• Many diseases like stroke, cancer, diabetes, cataract,arthritis & neuro-degenerative disorders were linked to damage caused by highly reactive free radicals.

• Free radicals are compounds with unpaired electrons that stabilise themselves by oxidising other molecules,including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids & DNA.

• In this process they create more free radicals, sparking off a chain of destruction,leading to oxidative damages responsible for most diseases.

• BAPs have capacity to prevent oxidative damage & to reduce risk of diseases & aging.

• Many peptides including those from marine fishes have anti-oxidant activities against peroxidation of lipids.

• Peptides from FPH have free radical scavenging activity, reducing power & autooxidation inhibition.

• Presence of electron donating molecules in the hydrolysate provides the ability to prevent oxidation process.

ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDESANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDES

• Inhibit growth of gram positive& negative bacteria.

• Gram negative more resistant – due to cell wall nature.

• Antagonistic activity of bioactive peptides is exerted by different mechanisms.

• Most common – pore formation in cell wall.• Pore → lose ions & ATP.• Loss of ions → dissipation of proton motive force

→ loss of viability of organisms.

IMMUNOMODULATORY IMMUNOMODULATORY PEPTIDESPEPTIDES

• Peptide from salmon hydrolysate showed immunomodulatory effect on mice.

• Enhanced capacity of lymphocyte proliferation,NK cell activity,% of T- helper cells in spleen & secretion of interferon & cytokines.

ANTI-APPETISING PEPTIDESANTI-APPETISING PEPTIDES

• Cholecystokinin – produced by intestinal endocrine cells – in response to meal stimulation.

• Peptides from crustacean by products hydrolysate stimulate cholecystokinin release.

• Such peptides incorporated into formulated foods control excess intake of food & thereby obesity.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

• Optimal exploitation of BAPs for human nutrition & health possesses an exciting scientific & technological challenge,while at the same time offering potential for commercially successful applications.

• BAPs can be incorporated in the form of ingredients in functional and novel foods, dietary supplements & even pharmaceuticals with the purpose of delivering specific health benefits.

REFERENCES

• Fishing chimes Vol.32 No.7/October 2012

Authors : Elavarasan K.,Manjunatha Reddy A.,Naveen Kumar,R.N.Prabhu.

• www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients