1

Shared EnVision : South Asia

Dr. Avanish Kumar, IndiaEmail: avanish@mdi.ac.in

Alternative EnVision Framework

2

Progress on MDGs Asia

Least Progress

Most Progress

1. Maternal Mortality

2. CO2 Emissions3. Water Supply Rural4. Infant Mortality5. Malnutrition6. Sanitation Rural7. Primary Enrollment8. Forest Cover9. $ 1Poverty10. HIV Prevalence11. Gender Primary12. Gender Secondary

Source: UNESCAP

3

Development Context South Asia 2007

Human Development Index

Maldives (95), Sri Lanka (102), Bhutan (132), India (134), Pakistan (141), Nepal (144), Bangladesh (146) and Afghanistan (181) + trend : 4 out of 8 South Asian nations made positive gains moving up the rungs, while the others remained stable.

The highest gains :Countries moving up by 2 rungs- Maldives and BangladeshCountries moving up by 1 rungs- Bhutan and Pakistan

Life Expectancy

Countries Above India - Bhutan and Bangladesh (65.7 years each), Pakistan (66.2 years), Nepal (66.3 years), Maldives (71.1 years) and Sri Lanka (74 years) India’s record on life expectancy is made worse by the low rates of survival of young persons.

The probability of dying before the age of 40 is among the highest in India, with 15.5% of the cohort loosing their lives.

3 times the level of mortality in Sri Lanka where only 5.5% of the population fail to cross the 40-age mark.

Afghanistan fared the worst where the chances of survival over 40 was worst—with almost 40% of the persons dying before attaining this age.

Underweight Children

India’s record was among the worst, with 46% of the children underweight, next to that of Bangladesh where the share of underweight children was a notch higher at 48%.Bhutan have been able to reduce its share of under-weight children to less than half the levels of India.

PPP per capita Income

India’s PPP per capita income of $2,753 was sizably lower than Sri Lanka ($4,243), Bhutan ($4,837) and Maldives ($5,196). Nepal ranked lowest in this category with its PPP per capita income of $1,049,being lower than that of Afghanistan ($1,054).

Disparity in the earnings between male and female workers. The ratio of female to male incomes in India was 32%, which was lower than Nepal (61%), Sri Lanka (56%), Maldives (54%), Bangladesh (51%) and Bhutan (39%). The only nations that had a worse ratio were Afghanistan (24%) and Pakistan (18%).

Adult literacy

India’s 66% adult literacy was relatively better with the country ranking third in South Asia, but much below Maldives (97%) and Sri Lanka (90.8%). Bhutan, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh had a literacy rate in the 50%-plus range.

Long-term prospects of moving up the rungs on this indicator are not very bright given the low gross enrolment rate. As in the case of other indicators, India’s gross enrolment rate of 61% fell short to that of Sri Lanka ( 68.7%) and Maldives (68.7%).

?

How to create complimentary, cohesive and cumulative

impact towards promoting development

…that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

5

Heterogeneous South Asia CSOs

Advocacy/Social Movements

NGOs Social Organization

National/Religious Groups

Sum Total

Mission Emancipation of the poor & marginalized

Climate Change, Development & Humanitarian Relief

Protection & Promotion of members Interests

Empowerment of national /religious groups

Activities Protests, demonstration events

Service provision, advocacy, research

Service provision, lobbying

Mobilization through media, religious organizations/violence

Social Composition

Activists, committed individuals (displaced persons)

Professional staff Workers, farmers, employers

Middle class –national movement, religious community

Forms Organization

Loose horizontal coalition

Ranges from bureaucratic and corporate to small groups

Ranges form vertical & hierarchal to informal network

Vertical & hierarchical /network of tightly organized cells/charismatic leaders

Source of Funds/support

Individual donations, fundraising events,concerts

Foundations, donors, government, as well as individual

Membership Diaspora/specific interest groups

Sum Total

Civil society vary widely according to Size and scale of operation Sector of activity and approach Religious orientation, their

function (service providers social movements, networks, or apex organizations)

Relationships to donors Organizational sophistication, Documentation Skills

6

Contextualizing South Asia CSOs Partnership

Key Activities Low Medium High

Reciprocity - extent to which resource/support are both given and received

Multiple Function - extent to which social relationships serve economic and emotions

Homogeneity - extent to which overlaps in knowledge, interest, status

Dispersion - extent to which members live in geographic (political) proximity to one anotherAdopted form Ostrom

7

Contextualizing Mutli-stakeholder Incentives

Key Incentives (Two CSOs working on different Theme)

Equity Environment

Material incentives -Rewards of money, products, jobs, collective platform

Solidarity incentives - Intangible rewards available only to coalition members

Purposive incentives - Accomplishment of a significant goal for the common good

Adopted from Olson

8

…why incur costs when the benefit is provided to all regardless of who participates/contributes?

Costs of participation with respect to time

Benefits

CLess cost high benefits

A ?High cost, equal benefits

B

End

SustainableParticipation

9

Policy Assumptions

Stakeholders Assumptions

Government“Regulator to Implementer”

Homogeneous Supply of public facilities/Services

Community “Stomach of Poor”

Homogeneous demands of products/services

CSOs“Whose Brain & Brawn”

Homogeneous Management Capability

10

Alternate Framework EnVision

11

Existing Policy Framework

Countries National Development Plan

Agenda 21 PRSPs* National Conservation Strategy

Vision 2020

Afghanistan

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Maldives

Nepal

Pakistan

Sir Lanka

*PRSP : Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers

Target Common issues at S

outh Asia

Step One

12

Strategy to Evolve Common Framework

In Yoga Sutras, Patanjali lists the processes of Chitta Vrtti (modification of the mind/vision)

3 Pramana : evidences or values required to envision

i. Pratrayaksa : Direct Evidence ii. Anumana : Inference iii. Agama : :Testimony or reliable source of

knowledge

Step Two

Comprehensive Reflection Framework Personnel, Politics, Provinces

EnVisionConvergence of short term

Objectives

Long-term Goal

Creation of Scientific Realities

Strength &Weakness of stakeholders (partners)

Current Challenges of the Area/People

Consensus on Ethical Principles

Par

ticip

atin

g S

take

hold

ers

Step Three

14

Proposed (Activity/Output) Framework

What Common Issues/Theme

(How it affects)

- Predict

Common Strategies

(How are our Principles, Projects, Personnel in place)

-Personalize

Common Outcomes

(How it will affect future)

- Prevent

Policies (Government)

People(Community)

Profit(Corporate Green House)

How

Step Four

15

Emerging Organizational Convergence Framework

Institutional Arrangements of Partners

Affirmative Action

Level One

Level Two

Level Three

Growth

Environment

TechnologyOtpion

Public Policies

Step Five

16

EnVision* South AsiaCountries Social Objectives

I. EquityII. Social CohesionIII. Social MobilityIV. ParticipatoryV. Cross-Cultural Identify

Economic Objectives

• Growth• Efficiency• Stability• Regional

Developmental Balance

Environment Objectives

I. Healthy Environment for Humans

II. Rational use of renewable natural resources

III. Conservation of non-renewable natural resource

Afghanistan

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Maldives

Nepal

Pakistan

Sir LankaCross Cuttin

g: Good Governance fo

r Inclusive

(social/spatial) Growth

* EnVision : Environment lead Vision

Step Six

17

“You may say that I'm a dreamer But I'm not the

only one I hope someday

you'll join us And the world will

be as one”

- John Lennon

Envision South Asia