e-Government and e-Governance

Master of Development Management

DM 218 Information Technology Management

ASEAN’s e-Readiness

Are We Ready for the Networked World?

As part of its efforts to prepare the states

of Southeast Asia for the information age and

competitively position them in the global new

economy, the ten-member Association of

Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) launched

the ASEAN e-Readiness Survey

Digital Philippines

www.digitalphilippines.org April 2002

Digital Philippines


Digital Philippines


The initiatives of government agencies and

departments to use ICT tools and

applications, Internet and mobile devices to

support good governance, strengthen

existing relationships and build new

partnerships within civil society, are known as

eGovernment initiatives. As with e-

commerce, eGovernment represents the

introduction of a great wave of technological

innovation as well as government reinvention.

(Graham and Aurigi, 1997).

Valentina (Dardha) Ndou (2004) University of Shkoder, Albania

eGoverrnment represents a tremendous

impetus to move forward in the 21st

century with higher quality, cost effective

government services and a better

relationship between citizens and

government (Fang, 2002).


Many government agencies in

developed countries have taken

progressive steps toward the web and ICT

use, adding coherence to all local activities

on the Internet, widening local access and

skills, opening up interactive services for

local debates, and increasing the

participation of citizens on promotion and

management of the territory (Graham and

Aurigi, 1997).


In recent decades researches are focused on

conceptualization of e-Government and

e-Governance concepts. In the dynamic and

customer-oriented culture, the traditional public

services do not meet the consumers’ demands;

the government institutions are bureaucratic and

therefore often inefficient. The benefits of

technological innovations allow overcoming the

inefficiency, to achieve optimal governance

results, providing new opportunities for NGO,

businesses and public institutions interaction,

governance transparency, clearer decision-

making.

Diana Saparniene (2013) Siauliai University, Lithuania

e-Government and e-governance are the

strategic aims of public governance

modernization clearly reflected in today's

public administration reforms. Information

Communication Technologies (ICT) in

nowadays is of great importance in all facets

of Public administration. e-Government and

e-Governance has become an integral part of

public administration reforms around the

world.


e-GovernmentRestricted Use

Paradigm Shifts in the Public Sector

The advent of the Internet, digital

connectivity, the explosion and use of e-

commerce and ebusiness models in the

private sector are pressuring the public sector

to rethink hierarchical, bureaucratic

organizational models. Customers, citizens

and businesses are faced every day with new

innovative e-business and e-Commerce

models implemented by the private sector and

made possible by ICT tools and applications,

are requiring the same from governmental

organizations.


Osborne and Gaebler (1992) referred to

citizens as customers for governments, since

governments need to empower rather than

serve, to shift from hierarchy to teamwork and

participation, to be mission oriented and

customer focused, and to focus on prevention

rather than cure. Governments worldwide are

faced with the challenge of transformation and

the need to modernize administrative practices

and management systems (Tapscott, 1996).

Recently, the public sector has began to

recognize the potential opportunities offered by

ICTValentina (Dardha) Ndou (2004) University of Shkoder, Albania

What is e-Government?

“The use by the Government of web-based

Internet applications and other information

technologies, combined with processes that

implement these technologies, to:

a) enhance the access to and delivery of

Government information and services to the

public, other agencies, and other

Government entities or

b) bring about improvements in Government

operations that may include effectiveness,

efficiency, service quality, or transformation;”

(US 2002 E-Government Act [U.S. Congress, 2002].)

“e-Government refers to the use by government

agencies of information technologies that have the ability to

transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other

arms of government.

These technologies can serve a variety of different

ends:

a.better delivery of government services to citizens

b.improved interactions with business and industry

c.citizen empowerment through access to information,

or more efficient government management.

The resulting benefits can be less corruption, increased

transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, and/or

cost reductions”

(World Bank, 2004; AOEMA Report)

e-Government emerged as a concept and

practice in the 1990s, in documents – in 1993.

It was US document National Performance

Review by Al Gore under the Clinton

administration (M. Yildiz, 2007). Nowadays

mostly used e-Government conception is

defined by the OECD as “the use of

information and communications technologies,

and particularly the Internet, to achieve better

government” (The e-Government Imperative,

2003).


This definition focuses attention on why countries

are implementing e-government rather than on the

ICT tools themselves. The e-government goes

beyond the simple exercise of putting information and

services online, and can be used as a powerful

instrument to transform the structures, process and

culture of government and make it more efficient and

user-oriented. There are three main domains of e-

Government: a) Improving government processes b)

Connecting citizens c) Orientation to stimulation of

economy E-government’s initiatives are focused on

electronic public services


e-Government

e-Government• e-Government is a narrower discipline dealing with

the development of online government services to the

citizen and businesses such as e-tax, e-

transportation, e-procurement, e-participation

amongst others.

• e-Government is the transformation of internal and

external public sector relationships, through

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in

order to optimize government service delivery and

citizen participation. Digital society is a society or

community that is well advanced in the adoption and

integration of digital technology into daily life at home,

work and play.Rupak Chakravarty (2015) Pajab University

Although implementation of e-

government helps to create new, more

effective governance and administrative

processes, e-Government does not solve

the problems of corruption and

inefficiency, does not provide effective

and accountable governance. It is clear

that e-government cannot be seen as

traditional government based on the use

of ICT in its activities.


Principles of e-Government

When supported by an effective e-

governance institutional framework, it will

improve the internal workings of the public

sector by:

reducing financial costs and transaction times

so as to better integrate workflows and

processes

enable effective resource utilization across

the public sector agencies aiming for

sustainable solutions

United Nations E-Government Survey 2012

The United Nations e-Government

Survey 2012 explores the inter-linkages

between e-Government and sustainable

development efforts. While presenting e-

Government development rankings for

2012 it analyses how governments of the

world are employing e-Government

policies and programmes to support

efficiency, effectiveness and inclusiveness

as the parameters of sustainable

development efforts worldwide.

Assessing the global e-Government

development through the initiative

“Benchmarking e-Government: Assessing

the United Nations Member States” in

2001. Since then, there has been

increasing evidence through public policy

formulation and implementation that e-

Government, among others, has played an

effective enabling role in advancing

national development.

• Very High EGDI (More than 0.75)

• High EGDI (Between 0.50 and 0.75)

• Middle EGDI (Between 0.25 and 0.50)

• Low EGDI (Less than 0.25)

World e-Government Rankings

With an average of 0.8368, the

top 25 countries are far ahead

of the rest of the world (world

average of 0.4721). One of the

primary factors contributing to

a high level of e-government

development is concurrent

past and present investment in

telecommunication, human

capital and provision of online

services.

The Republic of Korea

has retained the top

spot in 2014 with its

continued leadership

and focus on e-

Government innovation.

Australia (2nd) and

Singapore (3rd) have

both improved their

rankings considerably

over their 2012

performance.

very high EGDI” with index values in

the range of 0.75 to 1.00

• Some 62 countries (32 per cent) falls in the

middle range, with ranked as high-EGDI (between

0.5 and 0.75).

• There is a considerable opportunity for countries

with high-EGDI and middle EGDI to continue to

advance their e-government development. With

clear strategies, smart investment in ICT

infrastructure, continued investment in primary,

secondary and tertiary education, as well as

through radical transformation in offering online

public services, governments can achieve more to

follow the upward trend.

Keywords in e-Government

o Better processes and systems aimed at more

efficiency, effectiveness, inclusion and sustainability

o Inclusiveness as parameters of sustainable

development efforts worldwide

o Social equity and inclusion possible if institutional

barriers to citizen inclusion are removed and

opportunities for their participation through ICTs are

equitably distributed

United Nations E-Government Survey 2012

Important Dimensions of e-Government

1. Scope and Quality of Online Services

based on the 4 stages of E-Gov i.e. emerging presence,

enhanced presence, transactional presence and

connected presence

2. Development Status of Telecommunication

Infrastructure

estimated internet users, number of mobile subscribers,

number of fixed internet subscription, number of fixed

broadband facilities

3. Inherent Human Capital

adult literacy rate, combined primary, secondary and

tertiary gross enrolment ration

• 74 countries (38 per cent) ranked as

middle-EGDI (between 0.25 and 0.5)

• e-government services are increasingly

delivered through mobile devices.

middle-EGDI (between 0.25 and 0.5)

State of e-Government

in the Philippines

• UN Report 2012

– Moved 10 steps down in the world ranking from 78th in 2010 to 88th in 2012

– Rank 5th among South East Asian countries

– Lower in all 5 parameters (e-participation, e-Government, human capital, online service and infrastructure) compared to Singapore and all parameters of Malaysia except for human capital

– As compared to other regional countries, the Philippines is higher in e-Government, human capital, online service but lower in e-participation and infrastructure

• UN Report 2015

- middle-EGDI (between 0.25 and 0.5)

low-EGDI (less than 0.25),

consists of 32 countries

The Limitations in ICT infrastructure and

human capacity pose the greatest challenge,

particularly in low-EGDI countries with

constraints of public resources. In low-EGDI

countries, there is a shift towards

intermediary channels, such as kiosks and

postal offices, having bigger roles in

facilitating access and driving usage of e-

government services to disadvantaged and

vulnerable groups

• Low adult literacy rates in some middle-

EGDI and low-EGDI countries, coupled

with little education or low average years

of schooling, pose a challenge that will

prevent these countries from making

significant advancements in eGovernment

development.

• The indicators of the e-Government

development index has led to a world

average of 0.4721 (2015) as compared to

0.4406 in 2010. This show that countries

in general have improved their online

service delivery to cater to citizens’ needs.

e-GovernmenteGovernment is measured in terms of: 1)

government effectiveness in promoting the

use of ICTs; 2) availability of online

government services; 3) extent of

Government websites, and, 4) business

Internet-based transactions with

government. Singapore is the global leader

in e-Government with Estonia in fifth place

(see Table 3). Hong Kong and Taiwan are

tied at seventh place and the US is tied

with Denmark at ninth overall. India is at

33rd, ahead of 5 other ASEAN countries in

the study. Among ASEAN countries, the

Philippines is ranked 57th behind Thailand

(41st) and Malaysia (45th), and ahead of

Indonesia (62nd) and Vietnam (65th).

www.digitalphilippines.org

In the ASEAN study, Thailand and the Philippines are ranked

similarly given their similar levels in PC and Internet penetration in

government, the use of Internet for providing citizen services, internal

work processing and ecommerce development. Upon closer inspection

of the rankings of Thailand and the Philippines in the various studies, it

can be inferred that Thailand’s internal ICT e-government infrastructure

is better evolved. But the Philippines has implemented more Frontline e-

Government websites. www.digitalphilippines.org

Philippines is 95th in UN e-Government

Survey 2014

In the recent e-Government survey of the

United Nations among its 193 member countries,

South Korea ranked number 1 with best initiatives

specifically on online public service delivery, e-

participation of its constituents, collaborative

governance, mobile delivery, digital inclusion and

open government data.

Philippines is not lagging behind as it ranked

95th among these countries worldwide with best e-

government initiatives and 54th in terms of citizen

participation

Philippine e-Government Master Plan

Objective

Build a blueprint of the future e-Government

Master Plan that will lead to the innovation of

government work processes, better public

service to both business and citizens and

promote citizen participation

Subject

Infrastructure, G2G, G2C, G2B

Time Period

2013-2016

Budgetary Requirements

$266.840 M

Taxonomy of e-Government

G2E Government to Employees

G2G Government to Government

G2B Government to Business

G2C (Government to Citizen)

The implementation of e-government lasting for several decades has resulted in changes in public sector functions, in relations between the government and the citizens, and in every citizen’s conception of the different role of government in society. T. A. Ho (2002, p.) described e-government as a "paradigm shift ... transformation in the government’s philosophy and organization”, as a leap from e-government to e-governance (D. Petrakaki, 2010).

e-GovernanceBroader Use

• e-Governance is generally considered as

a wider concept than e-government, since

it can bring about a change in the way

citizens relate to governments and to each

other.

• e-Governance can bring forth new

concepts of citizenship, both in terms of

citizen needs and responsibilities. Its

objective is to engage, enable and

empower the citizen.”

What is e-Governance?

e-Governance is the public sector’s

use of information and communication

technologies with the aim of improving

information and service delivery,

encouraging citizen participation in the

decision-making process and making

government more accountable,

transparent and effective.

UNESCO (www.unesco.org)

More attention is being paid to analyzing the

concept of e-Governance is the implementation of

Good Governance principles, (transparency,

openness, accountability, and the ability to

interact with participants, etc.), putting less

emphasis on the traditional concept of e-

Government, or sometimes merging the

boundaries between e-Government and e-

Governance. This is determined by increased

government attention to the expression of

democratic processes, external relations of

governance, and new forms of organization


e-Governance

• e-Governance is a broader topic that deals

with the whole spectrum of the relationship

and networks within government regarding

the usage and application of ICT.

• e-Governance is the development,

deployment and enforcement of the

policies, laws and regulations necessary to

support the functioning of a Knowledge

Society as well as of e-GovernmentRupak Chakravarty (2015) Pajab University

"e-Governance is the use of information

and communication technologies in public

administration in order to improve the

information and public service,

encouraging the citizens’ participation in

the decision-making processes and

making the government more accountable,

transparent and effective" (L. Budd, L.

Harris, 2009).

UNESCO (2007) stated the following

objectives of e-Governance:

a) to improve the internal organizational

processes of the government;

b) to provide information and services better;

c) to increase the government’s transparency in

order to prevent corruption;

d) to reinforce political reliability and

accountability; e)to promote democratic

activity through public participation and

consultation

The Philippines has recently identified five

key reform packages where information and

communications technology (ICT) will play a

key role: job creation through economic

growth, anti-corruption through good

government, social justice and basic needs,

education and youth opportunity, and energy

independence and savings (Patricio, 2004)

Introducing e-Governance

in the Philippines

Vicente D. Mariano (2006) University of the Philippines, Philippines

e-LGU Project E-LGU aims to enable LGUs to use ICT in

their operations to provide better public service.

The of bringing e-governance into the Project

LGUs, has six components:

1. LGU-IT Resources and E-Governance

Readiness Survey (LGU-IT Resources, 2004);

2. Electronic Governance Seminar for LGU

Executives (Electronic Governance Seminar,

2004);

3. Information Systems Development Planning

(Information Systems, 2004).


4. Formulation of Data Standards for Local

Governance (Data Standards, 2004);

5. Establishment of LGU Web Presence

(Web Presence, 2004); and

6. Application Systems Installation and

Users Training (Application Systems,

2004


e-Participation

e-Participation is the generally accepted term referring to "ICT-supported participation in processes involved in government and governance". The processes may refer to all types of public services and policy decision making. For United Nations Public Administration Network (UNPAN) is the promotion of the citizen participation the cornerstone of socially inclusive governance. groups, etc.

Susanne & Peter Sonntagbauer (2014)

The aim of all e-Participation activities should be the improvement of the citizen´s access to information and public services and the promotion of citizen´s participation in the policy decision making which impacts the well-being of the society and the individual”


A more detailed definition from Macintosh (2004) sees e-Participation as "the use of information and communication technologies to broaden and deepen political participation by enabling citizens to connect with one another and with their elected representatives”. It has to be stated, that this definition includes as well as those of UNPAN all stakeholders in democratic decision-making processes, as for instance citizens, civil servants, political parties, interest groups, etc.


It has to be stated, that this definition includes as well as those of UNPAN all stakeholders in democratic decision-making processes, as for instance citizens, civil servants, political parties, interest groups, etc.


e-Participation Index (EPI)

For United Nations Public Administration

Network (UNPAN) the e-Participation index

(EPI) is a measure which focuses on “the use

of online services to facilitate provision of

information by government to citizens (“e-

information sharing”), interaction with

stakeholders (e-consultation” and

engagement in decision-making processes

(“e-decision making”)”


As such it includes the capacity and the

willingness of the government to encourage its

citizen to participate in the decision making process.

A country’s e-Participation index value totally reflects

how useful these features are and how well they

have been deployed by the government compared

to all other countries. The purpose of this measure is

not to prescribe any particular practice, but rather to

offer insight into how different countries are using

online tools to promote interaction between citizen

and government, as well as among citizens, for the

benefit of all.


Telecommunication Infrastructure

Index (TII)

According to the United Nations the

telecommunication infrastructure index is based on

six primary indices, which represent the ICT

infrastructure of a country, as for instance PC’s/1000

persons, internet users/1000 persons, telephone

lines/1000 persons, online population, mobile

phones/1000 persons and TV’s/1000 persons. Data

are collected form the UN International

Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the UN

Statistics Division, supplemented by the World

Bank.Susanne & Peter Sonntagbauer (2014)

Online Service Index (OSI)

The OSI takes into consideration the

country´s websites, including the nation

portal, e-services portal and e-participation

portal, as well as the websites of the

related ministries of education, labor,

social services, health, financial and

environment


e-Democracy

e-Democracy refers to online activities

of governments, elected representatives,

political parties and citizens for democratic

processes. This includes political or

current affairs discussion and online

consultation between representatives and

their constituents. public addresses.


EIU Democracy Index The Democracy Index is an index compiled by the

Economist Intelligence Unit, that measures the state

of democracy in 167 countries, of which 166 are

sovereign states and 165 are United Nations member

states. The index is based on 60 indicators grouped

in five different categories, as for instance electoral

process and pluralism, civil liberties, functioning of

government, political participation, and political

culture. In addition to a numeric score and a ranking,

the index categorizes countries as one of four regime

types, as for instance full democracies, flawed

democracies, hybrid regimes, and authoritarian

regimesSusanne & Peter Sonntagbauer (2014)

The index was first produced for 2006,

with updates for 2008, 2010, 2011, and

2012. The index values are used to place

countries within one of four types of

regimes, as for instance:

a) Full democracies

b) Flawed democracies

c) Hybrid regimes and

d) Authoritarian regimes.


Philippines - World Rankings - Democracy index

Democracy Index 2015: Democracy

in an age of anxiety

World Data Atlas

• The Philippines ranked 95th out of 186

countries in the Corruption

Perceptions Index for 2015

The Philippines can now be

considered a global leader in automated

elections. The configuration of almost

100,000 VCMs in just over one month;

the recruitment, hiring and training of

more than 45,000 field technicians in less

than three months; the largest broadband

global area network (BGAN) deployment

in the world; setting up a call center with

more than 700 operators in one month;

setting up the most complex

telecommunications infrastructure for the

private election network integrating all the

telecommunication companies in the

Philippines and foreign satellite providers

in less than three months; and setting up

three data centers in one month.

Automated Elections

Evolution of e-Governance in the Philippines

1971 The National Computer Center (NCC)was established by EO 322

1978 NCC was designated as the primary agency in government with the

responsibility of directing IT use for national development and rationalizing

computerization in the country

1994 Creation of the National Information Technology Council (NITC) by EO 190

the highest planning and policy advisory body of IT matters

1998 Government launched IT21

Electronic Commerce Promotion Council (ECPC) was created EO468

2000 Enactment of e-commerce Act

Government Information System Plan (GISP) was approved and adopted

as a framework of all computerization effort

2002 Merging of NITC and ECPC to form Information Technology and Electronic

Commerce Council (ITECC) EO 264.

2003 e-Procurement Act

2004 Creation of Commission on Information and Communications Technology

(CICT)

2011 Data Privacy Act

2012 Cybercrime Prevention Act

1. RA 8792 – “Philippine e-Commerce Law”(2000)

2. RA 9184 – “Government Procurement Reform Act

“(2003)

3. EO 810 -"Institutionalizing the Certification Scheme

for Digital Signatures and Directing the Application

of Digital Signature in e-Government Services”

(2011)

4. RA10173 “Data Privacy Act of 2011”

5. RA 10175 “Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012”

Laws and Regulations Currently

Employed in the Philippines

e-Government or

e-Governance?

Some Issues and Concerns

References

Susanne Sonntagbauer, Peter Sonntagbauer (2014) Forecasting E-Participation Success

http://www.cellent.at/fileadmin/Dateiliste/Bilder/Content/Publikationen/Forecasting_E_Participation_Success_final.pdf

Saparniene, Diana (2013) from E-Government toe-Governance Siauliai University, Lithuania

http://www.nispa.org/files/conferences/2013/papers/201306191000380.Saparniene.pdf?fs_papersPage=6

Valentina (Dardha) Ndou (2004) E –Government for Developing Countries: Opportunities and challenges. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries. EJISDC (2004) 18, 1, 1. University of Shkoder, Albania

Vicente D. Mariano (2006). Introducing e-Governance in the Philippines. University of the Philippines, Philippines Co

Emmanuel C. Lallana, PhD Patricia J. Pascual Edwin S. Soriano (2002). e-Government in the Philippines: Benchmarking Against Global Best Practices

Education

e-Government and e-Governance