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Minerals = pure, inorganic, homogeneous, crystals • Properties: colour
(allochromatic/idiochromatic), transparency (transparent, translucent, opaque), hardness (Moh’s scale), streak
• Mining – In Quebec: Au, Cu, Z, Ni, Fe.
• Uses of minerals
Rocks = made of minerals+, heterogeneous • Igneous (lava),
sedimentary (layers, contains some organic matter), metamorphic (ig/sed + pressure/heat)
• Egs of rock and uses
Soil = parent rock (PR) bits + organic matter • 200 years to make it • Soil horizons:
• O-organic • A-topsoil • B-subsoil • C-fragmented PR • R–parent rock
• Fertility conditions: minerals, moisture, pH
Energy resources: fossil fuels, nuclear, geothermal • Advantages/disa
dvantages – renewable, polluting, expensive
Permafrost = ground frozen > 2 yrs • 500m deep • No growth • Active layer • Can build on it but
hard
The lithosphere
= upper mantle +
crust
Rocks = made of minerals+, heterogeneous • Igneous (lava),
sedimentary (layers, contains some organic matter), metamorphic (ig/sed + pressure/heat)
• Egs of rock and uses
Minerals = pure, inorganic, homogeneous, crystals • Properties: colour
(allochromatic/idiochromatic), transparency (transparent, translucent, opaque), hardness (Moh’s scale), streak
• Mining – In Quebec: Au, Cu, Z, Ni, Fe.
• Uses of minerals
Soil = parent rock (PR) bits + organic matter • 200 years to make it • Soil horizons:
• O-organic • A-topsoil • B-subsoil • C-fragmented PR • R–parent rock
• Fertility conditions: minerals, moisture, pH
Energy resources: fossil fuels, nuclear, geothermal • Advantages/disa
dvantages – renewable, polluting, expensive
Permafrost = ground frozen > 2 yrs • 500m deep • No growth • Active layer • Can build on it but
hard
The lithosphere
= upper mantle +
crust
Minerals mix to form rocks
Rocks (plus dead things) form soil
Some soil freezes to form
permafrost
Inland = freshwater • Rivers, lakes,
groundwater • Split into watersheds =
drainage basins • 3 in Quebec: St Lawrence,
Hudson’s Bay, Ungava bay • Factors affecting (inc or
dec) flow of water: topography , geology, climate, vegetation, development
Oceans = saltwater • 5 main oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern • Temperature affected by depth (mixed, thermocline, deep),
seasons, latitude • Salinity = amount of salt, 3.4-3.7 %, less near poles, more near
equator • Circulation: currents: surface (affected by wind, eg Gulf, EAC),
subsurface (affected by density & salinity) • Thermohaline circulation
Energy resources: hydraulic (hydro dam), waves¤ts (buoys, turbines) • Advantages/disadv
antages – renewable, polluting, expensive
Cryosphere = frozen water on surface • Pack ice (floats on
oceans) • Ice floes (smaller) • Glaciers (ice on land) • Frozen lakes/rivers
The hydrosphere
= earth’s outer water
= solid, liquid, gas
Inland = freshwater • Rivers, lakes,
groundwater • Split into watersheds =
drainage basins • 3 in Quebec: St Lawrence,
Hudson’s Bay, Ungava bay • Factors affecting (inc or
dec) flow of water: topography , geology, climate, vegetation, development
Oceans = saltwater • 5 main oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern • Temperature affected by depth (mixed, thermocline, deep),
seasons, latitude • Salinity = amount of salt, 3.4-3.7 %, less near poles, more near
equator • Circulation: currents: surface (affected by wind, eg Gulf, EAC),
subsurface (affected by density & salinity) • Thermohaline circulation
Energy resources: hydraulic (hydro dam), waves¤ts (buoys, turbines) • Advantages/disadv
antages – renewable, polluting, expensive
Cryosphere = frozen water on surface • Pack ice (floats on
oceans) • Ice floes (smaller) • Glaciers (ice on land) • Frozen lakes/rivers
The hydrosphere
= earth’s outer water
= solid, liquid, gas
+ freshwater
The lithosphere
+ the
hydrosphere
The lithosphere
+ the
hydrosphere
The atmosphere
The atmosphere =
layer of air surrounding
earth
Bunch of stuff: • Composition = gases,
eg oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide
• Purpose = filter, maintain climate
• Most of the atmosphere 30 km form surface
• Gravity
Greenhouse effect = natural • GHG: CO2, CH4, H2O, N2O • Trap heat from sun • 3 steps of GHE • Intensification – fossil fuel
combustion, fewer trees
Energy resources : wind, solar • Advantages/dis of each • The EMS • Harnessing solar –
passive, photovoltaic, panels
Layers: 0 = sea level, troposphere (30km), stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
Atmospheric pressure (AP)= press of air, molecules colliding, measured in kilopascales (kPa) • # molecules, temperature, altitude,
seasons affect AP • Wind = high press to low press
Circulation = global air movement • Convection • Coriolis effect caused by convection +
rotation of earth • Air masses – defined by temperature
and humidity (4 of them) • Fronts = line where 2 air masses meet,
cold front vs warm front • Anticyclones/depressions • Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons
The atmosphere =
layer of air surrounding
earth
Bunch of stuff: • Composition = gases,
eg oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide
• Purpose = filter, maintain climate
• Most of the atmosphere 30 km form surface
• Gravity
Greenhouse effect = natural • GHG: CO2, CH4, H2O, N2O • Trap heat from sun • 3 steps of GHE • Intensification – fossil fuel
combustion, fewer trees
Energy resources : wind, solar • Advantages/dis of each • The EMS • Harnessing solar –
passive, photovoltaic, panels
Layers: 0 = sea level, troposphere (30km), stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
Atmospheric pressure (AP)= press of air, molecules colliding, measured in kilopascales (kPa) • # molecules, temperature, altitude,
seasons affect AP • Wind = high press to low press
Circulation = global air movement • Convection • Coriolis effect caused by convection +
rotation of earth • Air masses – defined by temperature
and humidity (4 of them) • Fronts = line where 2 air masses meet,
cold front vs warm front • Anticyclones (H)/depressions (L) • Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons
The higher the layer, the lower the AP
The atmosphere =
layer of air surrounding
earth
Bunch of stuff: • Composition = gases,
eg oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide
• Purpose = filter, maintain climate
• Most of the atmosphere 30 km form surface
• Gravity
Greenhouse effect = natural • GHG: CO2, CH4, H2O, N2O • Trap heat from sun • 3 steps of GHE • Intensification – fossil fuel
combustion, fewer trees
Energy resources : wind, solar • Advantages/dis of each • The EMS • Harnessing solar –
passive, photovoltaic, panels
Layers: 0 = sea level, troposphere (30km), stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
Atmospheric pressure (AP)= press of air, molecules colliding, measured in kilopascales (kPa) • # molecules, temperature, altitude,
seasons affect AP • Wind = high press to low press
Circulation = global air movement • Convection • Coriolis effect caused by convection +
rotation of earth • Air masses – defined by temperature
and humidity (4 of them) • Fronts = line where 2 air masses meet,
cold front vs warm front • Anticyclones (H)/depressions (L) • Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons
The atmosphere =
layer of air surrounding
earth
Bunch of stuff: • Composition = gases,
eg oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide
• Purpose = filter, maintain climate
• Most of the atmosphere 30 km form surface
• Gravity
Greenhouse effect = natural • GHG: CO2, CH4, H2O, N2O • Trap heat from sun • 3 steps of GHE • Intensification – fossil fuel
combustion, fewer trees
Energy resources : wind, solar • Advantages/dis of each • The EMS • Harnessing solar –
passive, photovoltaic, panels
Layers: 0 = sea level, troposphere (30km), stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
Atmospheric pressure (AP)= press of air, molecules colliding, measured in kilopascales (kPa) • # molecules, temperature, altitude,
seasons affect AP • Wind = high press to low press
Circulation = global air movement • Convection • Coriolis effect caused by convection +
rotation of earth • Air masses – defined by temperature
and humidity (4 of them) • Fronts = line where 2 air masses meet,
cold front vs warm front • Anticyclones (H)/depressions (L) • Cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons
IR rays from the
EMS in one of these 3
steps
…causing air
circulation
