Circulatory system final

Circulatory System

Reporter:ESNARDO, MARIAH JAY E.

Introduction The circulatory system or

cardiovascular system consists of heart, blood , and blood vessels

Sends blood toLungs for oxygenDigestive system for nutrients

Circulatory system also circulates waste products to certain organ systems for removal from the blood

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEM

These are three functions:

Protect ion- the b lood carr ies ant ibod ies wh ich the body needs to fi ght an in fec t ion

Transportat ion- take th ings to the musc le and take th ings away f rom the musc le . The b lood carr ies essent ia l s l i ke oxygen and nut r ients to the musc les and the b lood carr ies away carbon d iox ide and o ther waste

Temperature control - the b lood t rans fers heat a round the body

The Heart: Location and Size

Approximately the size of a person’s fist, the hollow, cone-shaped heart weighs less than a pounds.

It is enclosed within the inferior mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax, the heart is flanked on each side of lungs.

The Heart: Location and Size

It is more pointed in the apex because it is directed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm.

Its broad posterosuperior aspect, or base, from which the great vessels of the body emerge, points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second rib.

The Heart: Covering and Wall

The heart is enclosed by a doubled-walled sac called pericardium.

The loosely fitting superficial part of this sac is referred to as to as the fibrous pericardium. It helps protect the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures, such as the diaphragm and sternum.

Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the slippery,

two layer serous pericardium.

Its parietal layer lines the interior of the fibrous

pericardium. At the superior aspect of the heart,

this parietal layer attaches to the large arteries

leaving the heart and then makes a U- turn and

continues inferiorly over the heart surface as the

visceral layer or epicardium, which is actually

the part of the heart wall.


A slippery lubricating fluid (serous fluid) is produced by the serous pericardial membranes. This fluid allows the heart to beat easily in a relatively frictionless environment as the serous pericardial layers slides smoothly across each other.


The Heart: Covering and WallThe heart walls

are composed of three layers:

The outer epicardium , the myocardium, and the innermost endocardium.

The myocardium consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike arrangements.

The endocardium is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers.

Chambers of Heart The heart has

four chambers namely:

Two Atria Two

Ventricle

Four chambers Two atria

Upper chambersLeft and rightSeparated by interatrial

septum Two ventricles

Lower chambersLeft and rightSeparated by

interventricular septum Atrioventricular septum separates

the atria from the ventricles.

Chambers of Heart

The septum that divides the heart longitudinally is referred to as either the interventricular septum or the interatrial septum, depending on which chamber it separates.

Valves Atrioventricular

Valve Tricuspid valve –

prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts

Bicuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts

Semilunar Valves Pulmonary valve –

prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle

Aortic valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle

The Heart: Blood Flow

Deoxygenated blood in from body

Oxygenated blood in lungs

Atria Contract Ventricles Contract

Deoxygenated blood out to lungs

Oxygenated blood out to body

The Heart: Blood Flow (cont.)

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

PulmonarySemilunarValve

Left Atrium

BicuspidValve

Left Ventricle

PulmonaryValve

TricuspidValve

AorticSemilunarValve

LungsBody

The Heart: Cardiac Conduction System

Group of structures that send electrical impulses through the heart

Sinoatrial node (SA node) Wall of right atrium Generates impulse Natural pacemaker Sends impulse to AV node

Atrioventricular node (AV node) Between atria just above ventricles Atria contract Sends impulse to the bundle of His

Bundle of His Between ventricles Two branches Sends impulse to Purkinje

fibers

Purkinje fibers Lateral walls of ventricles Ventricles contract

The Heart: Cardiac Cycle

Right atrium contracts Tricuspid valve opens Blood fills right ventricle

Right ventricle contracts Tricuspid valve closes Pulmonary semilunar

valve opens Blood flows into

pulmonary artery

Left atrium contracts Bicuspid valve opens Blood fills left ventricle

Left ventricle contracts Bicuspid valve closes Aortic semilunar valve

opens Blood pushed into aorta

One heartbeat = one cardiac cycle Atria contract and relax Ventricles contract and relax

The Heart: Heart SoundsOne cardiac cycle – two heart

sounds (lubb and dubb) when valves in the heart snap shutLubb – First sound

When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut

Dubb – Second sound When the atria contract and the

pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut

CirculationPulmonary circuit

right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery trunk pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins heart (left atrium)

Systemic circuitleft atrium left ventricle aorta

arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins vena cava heart (right atrium)

Physiology of Circulation

Vital signs the signs that indicate

life, example: pulse, body temperature, breathing, and blood pressure.

Body Sites of Arterial Pulse

1. Temporal Artery2. Facial artery3. Common Carotid

Artery4. Brachial Artery5. Radial Artery6. Femoral Artery7. Popliteal artery8. Posterior Tibial

Artery9. Dorsalis Pedis

Artery

Pulse - the regular expansion and contraction of an artery, caused by the heart pumping blood through the body.

Apply Your Knowledge

Match the following:

1. __ Tricuspid valve A. Two branches; sends impulse to Purkinje fibers

2. __ Bicuspid valve B. Covering of the heart and aorta

3. __ Pericardium C. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle

4. __ SA node D. In the lateral walls of ventricles

5. __ Bundle of His E. Natural pacemaker

6. __ Purkinje fibers F. Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

CFBEAD

Blood Blood, vital fluid found

in humans and other animals that provides important nourishment to all body organs and tissues and carries away waste materials. Sometimes referred to as “the river of life,” blood is pumped from the heart through a network of blood vessels collectively known as the circulatory system.

Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood

Amount depends on: Size of person Amount of adipose

(fatty tissues) tissue

Concentrations of ions

Females have less than males

Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood

Amount depends on: Size of person Amount of adipose

(fatty tissues) tissue

Concentrations of ions

Females have less than males

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

About 55 percent of the blood is composed of a liquid known as plasma. The rest of the blood is made of three major types of cells: red blood cells (also known as erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

Blood: Bleeding Control

Hemostasis – the control of bleeding

Three processes of hemostasis

Blood vessel spasm Platelet plug

formation Blood coagulation

Blood Vessels

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart, branching to smaller and smaller units ending at the cpillaries.

Capillaries which transfer oxygen and other blood components to and from the tissues. Oxygen-poor blood continues through the capillaries to veins.

Veins which converge to carry blood back to the heart, lungs, and liver.

Blood Vessel, any of the veins, arteries, and capillaries that transport blood through the body.

Blood Vessels: Microscopic AnatomyThe covering or coat of the blood

vessels is called tunics. Three Parts of tunics:

Tunica intima- its cells fit closely together and form a slick surface that decreases friction as blood flows through the vessel lumen.

Tunica media- bulky middle coat. Sheets of elastic tissues

Tunica externa- composed of fibrous connective tissue having a function of support and protect the vessels.

Arteries: Major Parts Aorta is the largest artery in the body.

for the adult, the size of the aorta is about the size of a garden hose having a diameter of your thumb.

Parts of Aorta Ascending aorta Aortic arch Abdominal aorta

Capillaries Capillary, one of the minute blood vessels that form

the connection between the arteries and the veins. These tiny vessels vary in diameter from 0.0127 to

about 0.2032 mm (0.0005 to about 0.008 in) and are present in great numbers throughout the entire body. The walls of capillaries are exceedingly thin and readily permeable. They are surrounded by lymph, and there is a constant interchange between the substances in the blood within the capillaries and the waste products in the body tissues and lymph outside. This interchange facilitates the processes of nutrition and elimination and enables the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to take place.

Lymph capillaries assist the blood capillaries in this process.

Veins: Major Parts

Parts of VeinsSuperior Vena

Cava- draining the head and arms empty.

Inferior Vena Cava- draining the lower body empty.


How do arteries control blood pressure?

ANSWER: The muscular walls of arteries can constrict to increase blood pressure or dilate to decrease blood pressure.

Blood Pressure

Is the pressure that exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessel, and it is a force that keeps blood circulating continuously even between heartbeats.

Blood Pressure

Sphygmomanometer – it is a device use to measure blood pressure.

Blood Pressure Diastolic - It is the pressure that is exerted on the

walls of the various arteries around the body in between heart beats when the heart is relaxed.

Normal range -60 – 80 mmHg (adults); 65 mmHg (infants); 65 mmHg (6 to 9 years)

Importance with age - Diastolic readings are particularly important in monitoring blood pressure in younger individuals.

Blood Pressure - Diastolic represents the minimum pressure in the arteries.

Ventricles of the heart - Fill with blood Blood Vessels - Relaxed

Blood Pressure Systolic - It measures the amount of pressure

that blood exerts on arteries and vessels while the heart is beating.

Normal range - 90 – 120 mmHg (adults); 95 mmHg (infants); 100 mmHg (6 to 9 years)

Importance with age - As a person's age increases, so does the importance of their systolic blood pressure measurement.

Blood Pressure -Systolic represents the maximum pressure exerted on the arteries.

Ventricles of the heart - Left ventricles contract

Blood Vessels - Contracted


What is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?

ANSWER: Systolic pressure is the result of the contraction of the ventricles increasing the pressure in the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the result of the relaxation of the ventricles lowering the pressure in the arteries.

Good Answer!


ARTERIES: Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.

Do pulmonary arteries carry blood with high levels of oxygen or low levels of oxygen?

Chest Pain Cardiac

Myocardial infarction Angina Pericarditis Coronary spasm

Non-cardiac Heartburn Panic attacks Pleurisy Costochondritis Pulmonary embolism Sore muscles Broken ribs

Take all complaints of chest pain seriously!

Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

Disease Description

Anemia The blood does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to the body’s cells

Aneurysm A ballooned, weakened arterial wall

Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms

Carditis Inflammation of the heart

Endocarditis Inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart, including valves

Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)

Disease Description

Myocarditis Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart

Pericarditis Inflammation of the membranes that surround the heart (pericardium)

Congestive Heart Failure

Weakening of the heart over time; heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s needs

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits within the arteries


Disease Description

Hypertension High blood pressure; consistent resting blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg

Leukemia Bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal WBCs

Murmurs Abnormal heart sounds

Myocardial Infarction

Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood supply


Disease Description

Sickle Cell Anemia

Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in capillaries

Thalassemia Inherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs

Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein

Varicose Veins Twisted, dilated veins


ANSWER: Anemia is a condition in which a person does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells.

The doctor has told your patient she has anemia. How would you explain this to the her?

Bravo!

REFERENCES McGrawHillBiology IIHuman Anatomy And PhysiologyMicrosoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.http://thecardiovascularsystem.wikispaces.com/search/view/haemoglobin

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Circulatory system final