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CHAPTER 3MATTER
3.1 What Is Matter?
• Everything (living or non-living things) which has mass and occupies space.
Non-matter
• Non-matter do not have mass and do not occupy space.
3.2 The States Of Matter
• Matter is made up of many fine and tiny discrete particles.
• We may determine the state of matter by their arrangement of particles.
Experiments: To show that matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles
Blue in colour
• A copper sulphate crystal is dropped to the clear water.
• The clear water soon becomes blue in colour.
• The particles of blue crystal separate and mix in between the spaces of water particles.
1
Before After
After three days……
Few days later the balloon becomes smaller.
Why? Because air is made up of many fine
particles thus allowed it to diffuse through the tiny pores of the balloon’s wall.
2
STATES OF MATTER:Please concentrate to these
videos.
Video 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akUuFsH4B1c&feature=related
Arrangement of particles in matter
Matter exists in THREE STATES follow by its different of arrangement.
Three states of matter:
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
The particles are closed together.In a regular pattern.
Attractive forces are strong.Very small space between particles.
The particles are closed together.Not in a regular pattern.
Attractive forces are weak.Spaces between particles are bigger.
The particles are far apart.Not in a regular pattern.
Attractive forces are very weak.Large spaces between particles.
SOLID
GAS
LIQUID
Movement of particles in matter
Particles do not move freely.Attraction forces are strong.
They vibrate and spin at fixed positions.
Particles move freely.Attraction forces are weaker.
The particles collide with each other.
Particles move freely and randomly.Attraction forces are very weak.
The particles move in a very high speed.
SOLID
GAS
LIQUID
Experiment 1: Arrangement of particles in solid
There are spaces between the solid particles (gel).These allow the potassium permanganate to move around
the gel particles in gel tube.
Experiment 2: Arrangement of particle in liquid
The total volume of water and alcohol is less than 100ml.
This is because the particles of water and alcohol fill the empty spaces of each other.
Experiment 3: Arrangement of particles in gas
The gas particles can move very fast and freely in the jar because there are lots of spaces between them.
The smoke particles fill in the empty spaces between air particles just in few minutes.
THE PROPERTIES OF SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS (CONCLUSION)
No fixed shape
Far apart Arrangement
Movement
Very close Close
Vibrate and spin Move freely Very freely
BROWNIAN MOTION• Brownian motion is the movement of particles
without direction and this can be seen by viewing a smoke cell under microscope.
See video 3 (click here)
Video 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDcprgWiQEY&feature=related
Click the video
3.3 The Concept Of Density
• Density is defined as mass per unit volume.• Density (g/cm3) =
• The density of a substance increases if mass increases volume decreases
)(cm Volume
(g) Mass3
How to compare the densities of objects?
• An substance which is less dense will float in a denser liquid.
• An denser substance will sink in a liquid which is less dense.
3.4 The Use Of Properties Of Matter In Everyday Life
• Gases can be compressed and transported in the form of liquid.
• The petroleum gases are liquefied under high pressure and stored in gas cylinders.
Ships And Boats
• The air space in ships and boats enables it to float on the water surface regardless of their weights.
• Therefore, the density of a ship or a boat is less than the water.
Hot air balloon
• Helium gas is less dense compared to the air outside the balloon.
• To raise the hot air balloon, the air is heated so that the air inside is less dense.
• To lower the balloon, the air temperature is reduced so that the air inside is denser.
Logs And Timbers
• Logs (timbers) are less dense than water.• They are transported to factories by rivers.
