Chapter 3

ENGL 1220 - Sara Alshamran - 2011

Giving Instructions chapter 3

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ENGL 1220 - Sara Alshamran - 2011 2

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You will write a “How To” paragraph. Time order and time order signals Complex sentences with time clauses Sentence error: fragments Four new capitalization rules One new comma rule.


“How to” Paragraph

What is a “How To” paragraph?It is a kind of paragraph that explain how to do something or how to make something. This kind help you to write a paragraph that gives instructions. Example: How to make a pizza, How to get A in English …. etc

Chapter 3 Giving Instructions

Organization


Keys to write a “How to” Paragraph


Organization



Organization

Topic sentence:( Topic)+( controlling idea)

It is easy to write a paragraph if you follow the four steps in writing process.

Concluding sentence: Mentions the topic again to remind the reader what the paragraph was about

If you follow these steps, your paragraph will be perfect.

Topic and concluding Sentences in How To Paragraphs



Organization

Time-Order SignalsListing order signals Time order signals

•LISTING ORDER PARAGRAPH•HOW TO PARAGRAPH : if the instructions of the paragraph don’t have a specific order.

•HOW TO PARAGRAPH : if the instructions of the paragraph must be in a specific order.

First, second, third….They appear at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a COMMA.

Also •appears at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma.•It is between the subject and the verb without a comma.•It can be at the end of a sentence. The comma has to be before Also.

Then: appears at the beginning of a sentence. Don’t put a comma after then.

Time expression: it can be anywhere in a sentence.

Remember: Don’t put a lot of transition signals in HOW TO

PARAGRAPH. Use it with important steps.


Listing and Outlining


Organization

1. Listing:› Listing is a way to get idea. [ prewriting Technique]› Make a list of every words or phrase that comes into your mind

when you think about a topic.› Don’t stop to wonder if an idea is good or if your spelling or

grammar is correct. Just keep writing.

2. Editing a list:› Choose the idea that you want from your list.› Decide whether your steps in order by time or not.

3. Outlining:› Make a simple outline.› Change the number to capital letters.› Write a topic sentence › Add a concluding sentence at the end.

› Don’t forget the title.

Prewriting Technique


Independent and dependent clauses

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.She learns English. Subject- Verb pair => an independent clauseBecause she learns English Subject- Verb pair => a dependent

clause

Sentence Structure


Independent ClauseShe learns English.

•This clause has one subject verb pair •It expresses a complete thought•( simple Sentence)

Dependent ClauseBecause She learns English.

•This clause has one subject verb pair •It is an independent clause with a subordinating word (because).•It doesn’t expresses a complete thought.•It must be joined to an independent clause. Together the tow clauses express a complete thought, and called a sentence


Adverb subordinators Subordinating words: make a dependent clause. Adverb Subordinators: introduce dependent clauses that act like

adverbs. They answer the questions when? Why? Where? …etc.

Example: Before she learned English, she studied French.

Because she learned English, she has to study abroad.

Sentence structure


Time SubordinatorsTime Subordinators are certain adverb subordinators that introduce time clauses.Example: She felt better as soon as she took the medicine.

Remember!In addition to time order transition signals, You can use time clauses as, to show time order


Complex Sentences

A complex sentence has:› (ONE) independent clause.› one or more dependent clauses.

The dependent clause can be in any order. If the dependent clause is first, put a comma after it.

Example: As soon as it started to rain, we run for shelter.

If the independent clause is first, Don’t put a comma.Example: We run for shelter as soon as it started to

rain.

Sentence Structure



Sentence Errors: Fragments

A Sentence Fragment is only part of a sentence or half of a sentence which doesn’t make a meaningful sentence. ( not complete sentence) › Example: before the test began. ( dependent clause)

To correct fragment: add an independent clause. › Example: The teacher passed out papers before the test

began

Sentence Structure



Summary: 3 Types of Sentences

Type of sentence

Independent clause

Dependent clause

Usage of comma

Simple sentence

One --- ---

Compound sentence

Two or More --- IC + , + CC+ IC

Complex sentence

One One or More DC +,+ ICIC + DC ( no comma)

IC : Independent ClauseDC: Dependent ClauseCC: Coordinating Conjunction

Sentence Structure



More Capitalization RulesCapitalization and Punctuation


Name of specific structures [ building, hotels, roads…] › Example: Taj Mahal, Sheraton, the White House

Name of special organizations [school, business, club, university…]› Example: Arabian League, Salman University..

Names of days, months, holidays, and special time period( But not the name of seasons)› Example: Sunday, June, Eid Alfiter..

Geographical areas, (but not compass directions)› Example: the Middle East, Southeast Asia.


CommasCapitalization and Punctuation


Rule of using a comma example

After listing- order and time order signals ( except then)

First, go to the main streetThen turn right to the library ( no comma)

Before coordinating conjunctions in a compound sentence

She likes pizza, but I like cheeseburger

After dependent clauses in complex sentence when a dependent clause comes before an independent clause.

After he finish his work, he goes to his home.

To separate items in series ( 3 or more)

I have a cat, a parrot, and two goldfish.


Writing of InstructionsWriting


Education

Chapter 3