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CHAPTER 13

Section 1: Origins of the Industrial Revolution

Section 2: The Factory System

Section 3: New Methods and Business Organizations

Section 4: Living and Working Conditions

Section 5: Socialism

The Industrial Revolution

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Ch 13.1 Bell Ringer:Who were some of the inventors of the Industrial Revolution and how were their inventions used?

Write this question – complete the next slide’s chart.

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

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Jethro Tull

Eli Whitney

Henry Bessemer

Invention Function of Invention IndustryInventor

James Watt

Samuel Morse

Richard Arkwright

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To understand the importance of the Industrial Revolution, you have to know what life was like before it.

Many things had remained unchanged for centuries.

Life was mainly based on farming, with families producing enough for their own needs. Craftspeople also worked on a local level, making and mending things for their neighbors

with little contact with the outside world.

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The slow pace of life was hardly different from that of the Middle Ages.

Water mills, windmills, and horses or oxen provided the only extra power, and most work was still down

by hand.

Few people realized that all this was set to change.

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Before the Industrial Revolution, there was an Agricultural

Revolution . . .

What is a revolution?

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Enclosure Movement

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Jethro Tull

Seed Drill 1701 …resulted in farming becoming less labor intensive and allowed farmers to grow crops on a much larger scale.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

At this time most grain seed was sown by hand. Field hands carried bags of seeds from which they would grab a handful of seed and broadcast (spread) out over the plowed field. Tull realized that this method was very wasteful, since most of the seeds would be blown away and/or eaten by birds before they ever had a chance to take root. Frustrated by his inability to develop a more efficient hand-sowing method, Tull turned his attention to devising a mechanized seed drill. In 1701, he invented the horse-drawn seed drill. A rotating cylinder had grooves cut into it to allow seed to pass from the hopper above to a funnel below. The seed was then directed into a channel dug by a plow at the front of the machine, and then covered by a harrow attached to the rear. Although it took several years for English farmers to embrace the machine, Tull's design remained the standard for over a century.

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Charles “Turnip” Townshend

crop rotation

Presenter

Presentation Notes

He found that turnips could be rotated with wheat, barley, clover, and ryegrass to make soil more fertile and increase yields, and thus became known as the man responsible for introducing turnip cultivation into England.

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Other improvements increased production and made farm labor easier…

Iron plows would replace wooden ones.

…plow with a replaceable blade.

By 1800s, many farm workers were forced out and headed to the cities.

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

… is a term used to describe the transformation from an

agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

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Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in

Great Britain?

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Factors of Production

• Land– All natural resources

• Labor– Workers who migrated into the cities

• Capital– Tools, machinery, equipment, MONEY

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Where is the Industrial Revolution taking root in Great Britain?

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Textile Industry

• In 1600s, men and women carded the wool, spun thread and wove cloth by hand at home …

The oldest known representation of a horizontal treadle-loom. 13th century English manuscript.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Domestic System In the 18th Century the production of textiles was the most important industry in Britain. Most of the work was carried out in the home and was often combined with farming. There were three main stages to making cloth: carding, spinning and weaving. Most cloth was made from either wool or cotton, but other materials such as silk and flax were also used. ��The woven cloth was sold to merchants called clothiers who visited the village with their trains of pack-horses. Some of the cloth was made into clothes for people living in this country. However, a large amount of cloth was exported.

Visual Source

Origins of the Industrial RevolutionCarding the wool

Spinning the thread and weaving

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The textile industry would be the first industry to be mechanized.

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John Kay flying shuttleflying shuttle

Increased the speed that handweavers could work –

Began to weave faster than thread could be supplied!

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James Hargreaves spinning jennyspinning jenny

Produced EIGHT times moreThread than a singleSpinning wheel!

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Richard Arkwrightspinning framespinning frameProduced stronger threads for yarns Powered by water-wheelBuilt first textile mill in 1771Beginning of the modern factory system

Presenter

Presentation Notes

It was the first powered, automatic, and continuous textile machine and enabled �the move away from small home manufacturing towards factory production. Workers put in a certain numbers of hours each day for a fixed pay.

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Edmund Cartwrightwater poweredwater powered loomloomProduced as much as 200 hand-loom operators

Presenter

Presentation Notes

When the power loom became efficient, women replaced most men as weavers in the textile factories. Workers put in a certain numbers of hours each day for a fixed pay.

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Need more cotton!

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Eli Whitney’s cotton gin

Presenter

Presentation Notes

While Eli Whitney is best remembered as the inventor of the cotton gin, it is often forgotten that he was also the father of the mass production method. In 1798 he figured out how to manufacture muskets by machine so that the parts were interchangeable. It was as a manufacturer of muskets that Whitney finally became rich. If his genius led King Cotton to triumph in the South, it also created the technology with which the North won the Civil War.

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Water power had drawbacks . . .

A more dependable and portable power supply was needed!

STEAM!First recorded steam engine invented by a Greek in the first century AD

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James Watt would improve on the Newcomen steam engine …

Modern Steam Engine 1769

Now it would be used to drive the new spinning & weaving

machines!

Visual Source


Allegory on the significance of steam power, c.1850

Details from the cartoon

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The Victorians were acutely aware of the power of the image to communicate complex ideas to audiences, and to influence their perceptions of the age in which they lived. The cartoon shown here, an allegory on the significance of steam power in the Victorian era, is a good example of a potent image of this type.

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More Machines? Need more iron ore . . . And coal to separate it.But cast iron couldn’t withstand high steam pressure . . .

Henry Bessemerdeveloped the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively

Same basic process is used today!

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Technology would be applied to other industries …

Gas Lights

First public street lighting – 1807 in London Samuel Clegg

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Charles Goodyear – father of modern rubber industry

vulcanization

1844

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Charles Goodyear, sadly, profited little from his discovery. He was imprisoned for debt, his company folded, and he died a veritable pauper.

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Oil Industry Began in the mid-1800s

Produced as an unwelcome byproduct from brine wells in Pennsylvania …

1849 first distillation of kerosene from crude oil 1857 kerosene lamp forces whale oil lamps off the market1859 first oil well dug at Titusville, PA

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Transportation Revolution• Stone topped roads• Canals• Steam locomotive – George Stephenson• Robert Fulton - father of steam navigation

“Fulton’s Folly” The Clermont 1807

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Robert Fulton, successfully built and operated a submarine (in France) in 1801, before turning his talents to the steamboat. Robert Fulton was accredited with turning the steamboat into a commercial success. On August 7, 1807, Robert Fulton's Clermont went from New York City to Albany making history with a 150-mile trip taking 32 hours at an average speed of about 5 miles-per-hour.

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Communications Revolution• 1800 Alessandro Volta – first

battery with steady flow of current

• 1820s Andre Ampère – founded the science of electromagnetism

• 1844 Samuel Morse - telegraph

Political Cartoon


1882 Punch magazine detailing potential of electricity’s use to society …

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The double page spread for 1882 depicts ‘Punch’s’ (Tenniel’s) dream for the potential of electricity to be of use to society. Some ideas, which would have seemed preposterous and hilarious concepts at that time, have now become common place – ‘head-lights’ on a means of transport; using the heating power of electricity to hatch eggs, thaw frozen meat and cultivate exotic fruit; and electric lighting in horticulture to help grow flowers, fruit and vegetables.

Political Cartoon

Origins of the Industrial RevolutionPUNCH December 26, 1902

DEVELOPMENT OF WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY—SCENE IN HYDE PARK.

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Spread of Industry Worldwide• Lagged in other European countries• France encouraged building of railroads, remained

agricultural• Germany did not have a central gov’t until the 1870s• Ahhh . . . But in the United States? Industry THRIVED!• by 1869 – intercontinental railroad joined the East and

West coasts …

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Political Cartoon


Consequences of urbanization:A Punch magazine cartoon from 1858 shows Father Thames with 'his offspring', diphtheria, scrofula and cholera.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The cartoon was published during a period known as the 'Great Stink' which affected the city of London in 1858. Over the summer, residents of central London were overwhelmed by the smell of raw sewage, heightened by the hot weather, coming from the Thames. The river had been contaminated by the overflowing cesspits found throughout the city. This cartoon depicts personifications of London (seen as a woman with a crown and a shield), the Thames (seen as a large male figure with long hair) and the three diseases Diphtheria, Scrofula and Cholera. The three diseases are represented by figures who display the symptoms of those diseases. The river from which they emerge is full of debris and sewage. Factories can be seen in the background. Cholera- water-borne disease characterized by stomach-ache, cramps, vomiting and diarrhea. Diphtheria- highly infectious disease often characterized by swelling of the nose and throat. Scrofula- form of tuberculosis affecting the lymph nodes in the neck.

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‘Capital and Labour’, Punch Magazine, May, 184

This illustrator was already predicting the outcome of industrialization.

Political Cartoon


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Any questions?

Close your books –Time for your Open Note Quiz!

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Jethro Tull

Eli Whitney

Henry Bessemer

seed drill, horse- drawn hoe

cotton gin

Bessemer process

planted seeds in straight rows; dug up weeds and broke up soil

cleaned more cotton in a day than hand laborers could

used to make steel

agriculture

textile

textile and transportation

Invention Function of Invention IndustryInventor

James Watt modern steam engine

powered engines for factories and transportation of goods

textile and transportation

Samuel Morse Morse code/telegraph

communication communication

Richard Arkwright

water power to drive spinning wheel

increased level of production textile

Education

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