BiologyBiologyThe science of studying living organismsThe science of studying living organisms

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From the Greek Bios — life

-logia — study of

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What does Biology Examine?Biology examines the:

Structure

Function

Growth

Origin

Evolution

Distribution

Classification

Of all living things.

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5 unifying principlesThe foundation of modern

biology:

Cell Theory

Evolution

Gene Theory

Energy

Homeostasis

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What is life? There is not a clear-cut

definition of life.

Some biologists may use different terms and still be discussing the same phenomena.

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What is life? Currently biologists accept

that the following phenomena are all or mostly exhibited by organisms: Homeostasis

Organization

Metabolism

Growth

Adaptation

Response to stimuli

Reproduce

Hereditary molecule is DNA

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Homeostasis Living things adjust to

their surroundings

It is the regulation of internal environment to maintain a constant state.

Example:

Body temperature

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Organization Living things are

organized

Composed of one or more cells (basic unit of life)

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Metabolism Require energy

Organisms respire (transform energy)

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Growth Growth and Development

Living things change over their lives

Reproduce cells

Increase in size of all of its parts

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Adaptation Living things adapt

Change over time in response to the environment

Is determined by organism’s population genetics (heredity)

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Response to Stimuli Response to a Stimulus

Often expressed by motion or movement

Examples:

Geotropism

Phototropism

Sneeze

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Reproduction Living things reproduce

Create new individual

Asexually

Sexually

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Hereditary Molecule DNA is mechanism by

which traits are passed to next generation.

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Is it alive? Fire

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Is it alive? Viruses

Microscopic

Can only reproduce inside a host cell

Influenza virusX 100,000

Transmission Electron Microscope

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Is it alive? Bacteria

Microscopic

Unicellular

Can reproduce on its own

Escherichia coli commonly E. coliX 10,000

Low Temperature Electron Microscope

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Is it alive? Fungi

May be microscopic

Both unicellular and multicellular forms

Can reproduce on its own

Asexually

SexuallyMold on a peach

Over six days.

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Is it alive? Plants

May be microscopic

Both unicellular and multicellular forms

Can reproduce on its own

Asexually

SexuallyLithops salicola

From southern AfricaOften known as pebble plants or living

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The Martian and the Car 1 Marty Martian was sent to

Earth by the Martian government to find life.

While on Earth, Marty captured a car and brought it back to Mars.

He thought he'd found a good example of life on Earth.

The Martian government does not believe that the car Marty brought back is alive.

Marty must stand trial for failing to perform his Martian duties.

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The Martian and the Car 2 At the trail, Marty spoke in his defense.

"I first saw these life forms rolling along roads in great numbers. They were giving off thick clouds of poisonous waste as they moved. They seemed to exhibit herding behavior, as many of the cars moved in the same direction. They appeared to have a great deal of energy, some of them moved faster than 60 kilometers per hour. When one of these life forms stopped or slow down, the others behind it responded. They slowed down and gave off a reddish light from the back, and sometimes they would make honking noises. I observed that they would stop to feed on a liquid substance."

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The Martian and the Car 3 Take the part of Marty's

defense attorney and make a good case for the car's being alive.

Then be the prosecutor and show that the car is a nonliving thing.

List as many reasons as you can.

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The Martian and the Car 4 Defense Attorney’s

Reasons

1. ____________________

2. ____________________

3. ____________________

4. ____________________

5. ____________________

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The Martian and the Car 5 Prosecutor’s Reasons

1. ____________________

2. ____________________

3. ____________________

4. ____________________

5. ____________________

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A Story: Is Sammy Alive? Sammy was a normal, healthy

boy.

There was nothing in his life to indicate that he was anything different from anyone else.

When he completed high school, he obtained a job in a factory, operating a machine press.

On this job he had an accident and lost his hand.

It was replaced with an artificial hand that looked and operated almost like a real one.

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A Story: Is Sammy Alive? Everything looked good for

Sammy until he was involved in a serious car accident.

Both of his legs and his good arm were crushed and it was amputated.

He also lost an ear. Artificial legs enabled Sammy to walk again, and an artificial arm replaced the real arm. Plastic surgery enabled doctors to rebuild the ear.

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A Story: Is Sammy Alive? Over the next several years,

Sammy was plagued with internal disorders.

First, he had to have an operation to remove his aorta and replace it with a synthetic vessel.

Next, he developed a kidney malfunction, and the only way he could survive was to use a kidney dialysis machine (no donor was found for a kidney transplant).

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A Story: Is Sammy Alive? Later, his digestive system

became cancerous and was removed.

He received nourishment intravenously.

Finally, his heart failed.

Luckily for Sammy, a donor heart was available, and he had a heart transplant.

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A Story: Is Sammy Alive? It was now obvious that

Sammy had become a medical phenomenon.

He had artificial limbs, nourishment was supplied to him through his veins; therefore he had no solid wastes.

The kidney dialysis machine removed all waste material.

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A Story: Is Sammy Alive? The heart that pumped his

blood to carry oxygen and food to his cells was not his original heart.

But Sammy's transplanted heart began to fail.

He was immediately placed on a heart-lung machine.

This supplied oxygen and removed carbon dioxide from his blood, and it circulated blood through his body.

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A Story: Is Sammy Alive? The doctors consulted

bioengineers about Sammy.

Because almost all of his life-sustaining functions were being carried on by machine, it might be possible to compress all of these machines into one mobile unit, which would be controlled by electrical impulses from Sammy's brain.

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A Story: Is Sammy Alive? This unit would be equipped with

mechanical arms to enable him to perform manipulative tasks.

A mechanism to create a flow of air over his vocal cords might enable him to speak.

To do all this, they would have to amputate at the neck and attach his head to the machine, which would then supply all nutrients to his brain.

Sammy consented, and the operation was successfully performed.

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A Story: Is Sammy Alive? Sammy functioned well for a few

years.

However, a slow deterioration of his brain cells was observed and was diagnosed as terminal.

So the medical team that had developed around Sammy began to program his brain.

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A Story: Is Sammy Alive? A miniature computer was

developed: it could be housed in a machine that was humanlike in appearance, movement, and mannerisms.

As the computer was installed, Sammy's brain cells completely deteriorated.

Sammy was once again able to leave the hospital with complete assurance that he would not return with biological illness.

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Is Sammy Alive?Is Sammy Alive?What do you think?What do you think?

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