BIOLOGY What is this class I am taking??? BIOLOGY-STUDY OF LIFE n Biology deals predominantly with living things…but what exactly defines life???

BIOLOGYBIOLOGY

What is this class I am What is this class I am taking???taking???

BIOLOGY-STUDY OF LIFEBIOLOGY-STUDY OF LIFE

Biology deals Biology deals predominantlpredominantly with living y with living things…but things…but what exactly what exactly defines defines life???life???

6 CHARACTERISTIC OF 6 CHARACTERISTIC OF LIFELIFE

All organisms are composed of All organisms are composed of cells.cells.

All organisms are highly All organisms are highly organizedorganized

All organisms respond/or and All organisms respond/or and adapt to their environment.adapt to their environment.

6 CHARACTERISTICS OF 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE LIFE

All organisms use energy.All organisms use energy.All organisms must have the All organisms must have the

ability to reproduceability to reproduceAll organisms must grow, All organisms must grow,

develop, and maintain. develop, and maintain.

ALL LIVING THINGS ARE ALL LIVING THINGS ARE CALLED CALLED ORGANISMSORGANISMS..

Organisms are usually Organisms are usually grouped by the similarities grouped by the similarities

they share and the fact that they share and the fact that they can reproduce fertile they can reproduce fertile

offspring. These organisms offspring. These organisms are called are called SPECIES.SPECIES.

Level of Complexity.Level of Complexity.

MoleculesMolecules CellsCells TissueTissue OrgansOrgans SystemsSystems OrganismsOrganisms PopulationPopulation CommunityCommunity EcosystemEcosystem BiosphereBiosphere

BiosphereBiosphere Biosphere contains Biosphere contains

the combined portions the combined portions of the planet in which of the planet in which all life exists, all life exists, including land, water, including land, water, and air, or and air, or atmosphere. atmosphere.

It extends from about It extends from about 8 kilometers above 8 kilometers above Earths’ surface to as Earths’ surface to as far as 11 kilometers far as 11 kilometers below the surface of below the surface of the ocean. the ocean.

ECOLOGY/INTERACTIONECOLOGY/INTERACTION

ECOLOGY- The scientific study of ECOLOGY- The scientific study of interactions between organisms interactions between organisms and their environment.and their environment.

Every organism is connected in Every organism is connected in some way to many other organisms some way to many other organisms and the connections/interactions and the connections/interactions occur between living and non-living occur between living and non-living parts of the world.parts of the world.

STABILITYSTABILITY

For an ecosystem to be stable For an ecosystem to be stable AND self-sustaining, there AND self-sustaining, there must be:must be:

a constant source of energya constant source of energy a cycle of materials between a cycle of materials between

living organisms in the living organisms in the ecosystem & the environmentecosystem & the environment

FactorsFactors

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS - living things - living things 6 characteristics of living 6 characteristics of living things (could be 5-8) things (could be 5-8)

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS - nonliving - nonliving things that determine what things that determine what types of organisms can live in types of organisms can live in a particular environmenta particular environment

Energy FlowEnergy Flow

Without a constant input of Without a constant input of energy, living systems cannot energy, living systems cannot function. function.

Sunlight is the main energy source Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earthfor life on Earth

AUTOTROPHSAUTOTROPHS

AKA- ProducersAKA- Producers

An organisms that An organisms that has the ability to has the ability to make its own make its own food. It uses food. It uses energy from the energy from the sun to do thissun to do this

AUTOTROPHSAUTOTROPHS

They harvest They harvest energy from energy from the sun through the sun through a process a process called called photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

HETEROTROPHSHETEROTROPHS

AKA- ConsumerAKA- Consumer

An organism that An organism that does NOT have does NOT have the ability to the ability to make its own make its own food. food.

HerbivoresHerbivores

A herbivore is an A herbivore is an animal that eats animal that eats only producers only producers (plants)(plants)

Ex: Deer, Cow, Ex: Deer, Cow, and horses. and horses.

CARNIVORECARNIVORE

A A carnivorecarnivore is is

a meat eatera meat eater

Ex: Alligator and Ex: Alligator and lionlion

OMNIVOREOMNIVORE

A A OmnivoreOmnivore is is both a plant both a plant and meat and meat eater. eater.

Ex: Humans Ex: Humans and bearsand bears

SCAVENGERSSCAVENGERS

SCAVENGERSSCAVENGERS

Feed on dead and Feed on dead and decay animal decay animal tissue.tissue.

Examples: Buzzard, Examples: Buzzard, Vulture, and Vulture, and OpossumOpossum

SCAVENGERS…AKA…SCAVENGERS…AKA…DETRITIVORESDETRITIVORES

DetritivioresDetritiviores

Feed on plant and Feed on plant and animal remains animal remains and other d3eat and other d3eat matter.matter.

Mites, Earthworms, Mites, Earthworms, snails, and crabs.snails, and crabs.

DecomposerDecomposer

DecomposersDecomposers they turn dead they turn dead

decaying tissue intodecaying tissue into

useable nutrients.useable nutrients.

Ex: Bacteria andEx: Bacteria and

FungiFungi

INDIVIDUALINDIVIDUAL

An An individualindividual is one is one member of member of one speciesone species

POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS

A A populationpopulation is is several several members of members of the same the same species.species.

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY A A CommunityCommunity

includes includes several species several species living together living together in the same in the same area at the area at the same time. same time.

EcosystemEcosystem

All the All the organisms organisms living in an living in an area and the area and the nonliving nonliving features of features of their their environmentenvironment

BiomeBiome

A biome is a A biome is a group of group of ecosystems ecosystems that have the that have the same climate same climate and similar and similar dominant dominant communities.communities.

HABITATHABITAT

The actual The actual place an place an organism organism lives.lives.

NICHENICHE

An organisms place and An organisms place and function in an environment.function in an environment.

– Physical location.Physical location.– Trophic level.Trophic level.– Limit and tolerance for environmental Limit and tolerance for environmental

factors.factors.– Relationship to other organisms.Relationship to other organisms.

SYMBIOSISSYMBIOSIS SYMBIOSISSYMBIOSIS- The relationship - The relationship

between two organisms that between two organisms that live in close association with live in close association with one another.one another.

o Parasitism, Mutualism, Parasitism, Mutualism, CommensalismCommensalism

PARASITISMPARASITISM

ParasitismParasitismWhere one organism Where one organism

will benefit at the will benefit at the expense of another.expense of another.

Ex: Ex: • Tapeworm/HumanTapeworm/Human

PARASITISMPARASITISM ParasitismParasitismWhere one organism will Where one organism will

benefit at the expense benefit at the expense of another.of another.

Ex: Ex: • Wasp/Caterpillars..Tiny Wasp/Caterpillars..Tiny

parasitic wasps, lay parasitic wasps, lay their eggs inside of their eggs inside of caterpillars. The was caterpillars. The was larvae literally eat the larvae literally eat the caterpillars alive as caterpillars alive as both animals matureboth animals mature

MUTUALISM MUTUALISM Relationship where Relationship where

both organisms will both organisms will benefit.benefit.

Ex:. The bulls horn acacia Ex:. The bulls horn acacia has special enlarged thorns has special enlarged thorns that house colonies of ants. that house colonies of ants. The acacia’s nectar attract The acacia’s nectar attract the ants, which use it as the ants, which use it as their major food source. In their major food source. In return, the ants protect the return, the ants protect the acacia from being eaten by acacia from being eaten by caterpillars and other caterpillars and other herbivourous insects.herbivourous insects.

MUTUALISMMUTUALISM Aphids are small, soft-bodied, near defenseless insects that feed on Aphids are small, soft-bodied, near defenseless insects that feed on

plant sap.. Plant sap, a combination of water and sugars, is low in plant sap.. Plant sap, a combination of water and sugars, is low in other nutrients, however, and the aphid must process a great deal of other nutrients, however, and the aphid must process a great deal of plant sap in order to get the amino acids and other nutrients it needs. plant sap in order to get the amino acids and other nutrients it needs. Most of the sugars and water, therefore, are excreted as waste Most of the sugars and water, therefore, are excreted as waste through a pair of structures called cornicles located near the rearend through a pair of structures called cornicles located near the rearend of the insect. If you own a car and have parked it under a tree during of the insect. If you own a car and have parked it under a tree during the summer, the sticky sap you find on the car is likely to be the waste the summer, the sticky sap you find on the car is likely to be the waste plant sap produced by aphids.plant sap produced by aphids.

Some ant species use this excess plant sap for their own nutrition. Some ant species use this excess plant sap for their own nutrition. Ants find a colony of aphids and milk the waste plant sap from the Ants find a colony of aphids and milk the waste plant sap from the cornicles. In return the ants protect the aphids from predators and cornicles. In return the ants protect the aphids from predators and parasites. In some cases ants tend colonies almost like ranchers with parasites. In some cases ants tend colonies almost like ranchers with their cattle, not only protecting the aphids, but moving them around their cattle, not only protecting the aphids, but moving them around from plant to plant.from plant to plant.

In the photograph to the left a group of ants are tending a colony of In the photograph to the left a group of ants are tending a colony of aphids (the almost invisible gray spots) living on a weedy plant aphids (the almost invisible gray spots) living on a weedy plant species.species.

MUTUALISMMUTUALISM

The mutualistic relationship is clear. The birds and mammals derive a food benefit by eating

the berries and fruits. The plant, in turn, disperses it seeds.

COMMENSALISMCOMMENSALISM

The relationship The relationship where one organism where one organism benefits and the benefits and the other organism is other organism is neither hurt nor neither hurt nor helped.helped.

EX: Egrets and EX: Egrets and cattle. Egrets can cattle. Egrets can eat up to 100 insects eat up to 100 insects an hour…wow!!an hour…wow!!

COMMENSALISMCOMMENSALISM Certain types of barnacles Certain types of barnacles

attach to attach to whaleswhales and and obtain a free ride as the obtain a free ride as the whale swims. Since whale swims. Since barnacles rely on currents barnacles rely on currents to bring them food that to bring them food that they can filter out of the they can filter out of the water, movement by the water, movement by the whale greatly benefits the whale greatly benefits the barnacles. Because of the barnacles. Because of the whale's movements, the whale's movements, the barnacles are always in a barnacles are always in a new environment with a new environment with a new supply of food. The new supply of food. The whale, however, does not whale, however, does not appear to be helped or appear to be helped or harmed by this harmed by this relationshiprelationship..

COMMENSALISMCOMMENSALISM

SuccessionSuccession Natural, gradual changes in the Natural, gradual changes in the

types of species that live in an types of species that live in an area; can be primary or area; can be primary or secondary. secondary. – PrimaryPrimary – begins in a place – begins in a place

without soilwithout soil– SecondarySecondary – where soil – where soil

already existsalready exists

SuccessionSuccession

SuccessionSuccession PrimaryPrimary – begins in a place – begins in a place

without soilwithout soil

SuccessionSuccession– SecondarySecondary – where soil – where soil

already existsalready exists

Pioneer SpeciesPioneer Species A group of A group of

organisms, organisms, such as lichens, such as lichens, found in the found in the primary stage primary stage of succession of succession and that begin and that begin an area's soil-an area's soil-building building processprocess

Climax CommunityClimax Community

A A community community that has that has reached a reached a stable stable stage of stage of ecological ecological successionsuccession

MATTER AND ENERGY ARE MATTER AND ENERGY ARE CONSTANTLY MOVING THROUGH CONSTANTLY MOVING THROUGH

OUR ECOSYSTEMOUR ECOSYSTEM

Matter cannot Matter cannot be created be created nor destroyed nor destroyed it must be it must be recycledrecycled

Energy can be Energy can be replaced and replaced and is by the sun is by the sun which is our which is our constant constant source of source of energy.energy.

ENERGYENERGY

Energy flows through an ecosystem Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun to in one direction, from the sun to autotrophs and then to various autotrophs and then to various heterotrophs. heterotrophs.

An energy pyramid can be used to An energy pyramid can be used to illustrate how much energy, biomass, illustrate how much energy, biomass, or raw number of individuals are or raw number of individuals are available at each trophic level. available at each trophic level.

Energy PyramidsEnergy Pyramids PYRAMID OF ENERGYPYRAMID OF ENERGY (ecological (ecological

pyramid) – diagram used to show the pyramid) – diagram used to show the flow of the amount of available energy flow of the amount of available energy in an ecosystem.in an ecosystem.

Each level of the pyramids are called Each level of the pyramids are called TROPHIC LEVELSTROPHIC LEVELS (1-4) (1-4)

BIOMASSBIOMASS- The total mass of organic - The total mass of organic matter at each trophic levelmatter at each trophic level

ENERGY FLOWENERGY FLOW

only about 10% of energy is only about 10% of energy is passed up the pyramid. passed up the pyramid.

90% is loss to Life Process 90% is loss to Life Process (survival, maintenance (survival, maintenance reproducing, some is loss to reproducing, some is loss to heat.)heat.)

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

Greatest amt. of energy is at the base Greatest amt. of energy is at the base of the pyramid.of the pyramid.

Least amt. of energy is at the top of the Least amt. of energy is at the top of the pyramid,.pyramid,.

Producers are found at the base of all Producers are found at the base of all pyramids.pyramids.

Energy decreases sharply so there are Energy decreases sharply so there are usually no more than 4 or 5 feeding usually no more than 4 or 5 feeding levels in an ecosystem.levels in an ecosystem.

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid Producers are found at the base of all Producers are found at the base of all

pyramids.pyramids. Primary consumers/herbivores are on the Primary consumers/herbivores are on the

22ndnd Trophic Level. Trophic Level. Secondary consumers and Secondary consumers and

omnivores/carnivores are found on the 3omnivores/carnivores are found on the 3rdrd Trophic level.Trophic level.

Teritary Consumer (aka top consumers) are Teritary Consumer (aka top consumers) are found at the top of the pyramid. Usually found at the top of the pyramid. Usually carnivores but you could use a scavenger carnivores but you could use a scavenger or decomposer if you wish. or decomposer if you wish.

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

ENERGY ENERGY PYRMIDSPYRMIDS

ENERGY ENERGY PYRMIDSPYRMIDS

FOOD CHAINSFOOD CHAINS

A A FOOD FOOD CHAINCHAIN- is an - is an illustration of illustration of how energy how energy moves from moves from one organism one organism to anotherto another

1.

heron (top carnivore)

green plant

caterpillar (primary consumer)

crab spider (secondary consumer)

frog (tertiary consumer)

FOOD WEBFOOD WEB

FOOD WEBFOOD WEB several several interconnecteinterconnected food chains.d food chains.

FOOD WEBFOOD WEB FOOD WEBFOOD WEB

Antarctica Antarctica food web. food web.

MATTER AND ENERGY ARE MATTER AND ENERGY ARE CONSTANTLY MOVING THROUGH CONSTANTLY MOVING THROUGH

OUR ECOSYSTEMOUR ECOSYSTEM

Matter cannot Matter cannot be created be created nor destroyed nor destroyed it must be it must be recycledrecycled

Energy can be Energy can be replaced and replaced and is by the sun is by the sun which is our which is our constant constant source of source of energy.energy.

Recycling in the BiosphereRecycling in the Biosphere

Unlike the one-way flow of energy, Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.between ecosystems.

These cycles are called These cycles are called biogeochemical cycles. They biogeochemical cycles. They connect the biological geological connect the biological geological and chemical aspects of the and chemical aspects of the biosphere. biosphere.

MATTER IS RECYCLEDMATTER IS RECYCLED

WATER CYCLEWATER CYCLE

NITROGEN NITROGEN CYCLECYCLE

CARBON-CARBON-OXYGEN OXYGEN CYCLECYCLE

WATER CYCLEWATER CYCLE

o 97% of the water on earth is in the oceans. 97% of the water on earth is in the oceans. Only 3% of the water on earth is freshwater. Only 3% of the water on earth is freshwater. o About 2.4% of the water on earth is About 2.4% of the water on earth is

permanently frozen in glaciers and the polar permanently frozen in glaciers and the polar ice caps. ice caps.

o About About 11//22 of 1 % of the water on earth is of 1 % of the water on earth is groundwater. groundwater.

o Only about Only about 11//100100 of 1% of the water on earth is in of 1% of the water on earth is in the rivers and lakes. the rivers and lakes.

WATER CYCLEWATER CYCLE The purpose of the The purpose of the

water cycle is that water cycle is that it collects, purifies, it collects, purifies, and distributes and distributes Earth’s fixed water Earth’s fixed water supply.supply.

It is a repeated It is a repeated cycle of water cycle of water between the between the Earth’s surface and Earth’s surface and atmosphereatmosphere..

Water CycleWater Cycle

This cycle is made up of a few main This cycle is made up of a few main parts:parts:

evaporation (and transpiration)evaporation (and transpiration) condensationcondensation precipitationprecipitation collectioncollection

EvaporationEvaporation Evaporation is when Evaporation is when

the sun heats up the sun heats up water in rivers or water in rivers or lakes or the ocean lakes or the ocean and turns it into and turns it into vapor or steam. The vapor or steam. The water vapor or steam water vapor or steam leaves the river, lake leaves the river, lake or ocean and goes or ocean and goes into the air.into the air.

TranspirationTranspiration People perspire People perspire

(sweat) and plants (sweat) and plants transpire Transpiration transpire Transpiration is the process by which is the process by which plants lose water out of plants lose water out of their leaves. their leaves. Transpiration gives Transpiration gives evaporation a bit of a evaporation a bit of a hand in getting the hand in getting the water vapor back up water vapor back up into the air. into the air.

Condensation Condensation Water vapor in Water vapor in

the air gets cold the air gets cold and changes and changes back into liquid, back into liquid, forming forming clouds. This is clouds. This is called called condensationcondensation..

PrecipitationPrecipitation Precipitation occurs Precipitation occurs

when so much water when so much water has condensed that has condensed that the air cannot hold it the air cannot hold it anymore. The anymore. The clouds get heavy and clouds get heavy and water falls back to water falls back to the earth in the form the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet or of rain, hail, sleet or snowsnow

CollectionCollection When water falls back to earth as When water falls back to earth as

precipitation, it may fall back in the precipitation, it may fall back in the oceans, lakes or rivers or it may end up oceans, lakes or rivers or it may end up on land. When it ends up on land, it will on land. When it ends up on land, it will either soak into the earth and become either soak into the earth and become part of the “ground water” that plants part of the “ground water” that plants and animals use to drink or it may run and animals use to drink or it may run over the soil and collect in the oceans, over the soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or rivers where the cycle startslakes or rivers where the cycle starts

SublimationSublimation Sublimation- The process where solid Sublimation- The process where solid

water goes directly to the vapor stage.water goes directly to the vapor stage. Snow/Ice not melting but directly Snow/Ice not melting but directly

evaoprating.evaoprating.

CARBON/OXYGEN CYCLECARBON/OXYGEN CYCLE

All living things are based off the carbon atom.

All living things are called organic compounds because they contain carbon..



The two key biological processes are

Photosynthesis- Plants take in CO2 and release O2.

Cellular Respiration-Animals take in O2 and release CO2.

CARBON/OXYGEN CYCLECARBON/OXYGEN CYCLE Humans can

have an effect on the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.

CO2 is also released into the air by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and burning of forest fires.

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

The chief cause of this warming is thought to be the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which releases into the atmosphere carbon dioxide and other substances known as greenhouse gases.

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

As the atmosphere becomes richer in these gases, it becomes a better insulator, retaining more of the heat provided to the planet by the Sun.

As a result the temperature will begin to rise.

NITROGEN CYCLENITROGEN CYCLE


Very important found in cells.Very important found in cells. Makes up DNA, proteins, and Makes up DNA, proteins, and

many enzymes.many enzymes. 78% of the atmosphere is made 78% of the atmosphere is made

of Nitrogen (Nof Nitrogen (N22)) However in this form nitrogen However in this form nitrogen

cannot be used by most cannot be used by most organisms.organisms.


The process of The process of Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation must occur. must occur.

This is done mostly through This is done mostly through bacteria (Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria).bacteria (Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria).

They convert NThey convert N22 into ammonia(NH into ammonia(NH33) ) and then into nitrates (NHand then into nitrates (NH22))

These are used by plants and then These are used by plants and then passed to the consumer.passed to the consumer.


Animal waste and other Animal waste and other decomposition breaks it down decomposition breaks it down into nitrates.into nitrates.

A process called denitrifixation A process called denitrifixation will take nitrates and return it will take nitrates and return it back to Nback to N22

This occurs by bacteria as well.This occurs by bacteria as well.

Phosphorus CyclePhosphorus Cycle


Not nearly as common as the three Not nearly as common as the three others we have discussed.others we have discussed.

Phosphorus is essential to living Phosphorus is essential to living organisms as it is a part of our organisms as it is a part of our DNA.DNA.

Phosphorous remains mostly in the Phosphorous remains mostly in the rock, soil minerals, and in ocean rock, soil minerals, and in ocean sediment. sediment.


When phosphorus is released due When phosphorus is released due to the breakdown of rocks it to the breakdown of rocks it usually becomes runoff and then usually becomes runoff and then dissolves in the rivers, streams, or dissolves in the rivers, streams, or lakeslakes

Some phosphate stays on land and Some phosphate stays on land and cycles between organisms and the cycles between organisms and the soil. soil.

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BIOLOGY What is this class I am taking??? BIOLOGY-STUDY OF LIFE n Biology deals predominantly with living things…but what exactly defines life???