Cellulases enhance the effect of pectinase to a certain extent and add softness to the bamboo fabric.

Cellulases are multi component systems commonly produced by soil dwelling fungi & bacteria. This fungi & bacteria produced cellulase to reduce cellulose to glucose, which is then used as a nutrient.

Cellulases are hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of cellulose to smaller oligosaccharides and finally glucose.

Hemicellulose is a common name for polysaccharides that can be obtained by alkaline extraction of the plant tissues. Some of the main polysaccharides that constitute hemicellulose are xylan, arabinoxylan, xyloglucan and glucomannan.

Enzymes that hydrolyze these polysaccharides are called hemicellulases.

Out come of Literature review cont….

Brightening Mordent (Alum)Among all types of alum potash alum is cheap,

easily available and safe to use mordant. It usually produces pale versions of the prevailing dye color in the plant.

This mordant most frequently used by dyers for protein (animal) and cellulose fibres and fabrics. It improves light and wash fastness of all natural dyes and keeps colors clear.

Out come of Literature review cont….

(1) Heena natural dye consists of properties such as antioxidant , anti-corrosin , anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic , anti-parasitic, tuberculostatic , protein glycation inhibitory , hepatoprotective , anti-tumoral activity.

Out come of Literature review cont….

Colouring component

Lawsonia Inermis Plant

(2) Annatto gold is a natural dye obtained from a tropical plant growing in America. Its seeds are covered by a red resin which contains a number of carotenoid compounds that constitute the main coloring agents.

Bixin is the predominant coloring compound in liposoluble preparations, and its chemical structure is norbixin ,which can be obtained by means of bixin saponification, the main coloring agent in hydro soluble preparations65.

Out come of Literature review cont….

Colouring component

Annatto Gold Plant

Turmeric consists of various molecular constituents, including three gold-colored alkaloidal curcuminoids curcumin; desmethoxy curcumin & bisdemethoxy curcumin.

• The curcuminoid content, responsible for color, depends upon the turmeric variety and, within a variety, on the maturity at harvest.

• Curcumin has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities and thus has a potential against various malignant diseases, diabetes, allergies, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease.

Out come of Literature review cont…

Curcumin Compound

Turmeric Plant

MicrowaveMicrowave has some special properties in material

interaction energy transfer which makes it useful in processing different types of material.

Microwave energy is delivered directly to the material through molecular interaction with the electromagnetic field the conventional heating results temperature gradient along the thickness direction but microwaves can penetrate and supply energy throughout the material and heat the material

uniformly so that it can be called as a volumetric heating process.

Out come of Literature review cont…

Natural Finishing AgentAloe Vera Plant

Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbandensis Miller) is a tropical succulent plant of liliaceous family. It is a natural plant that has anti-microbial activity against various micro-organisms.

Aloe vera possesses Aloin, Lupeol, salicylic acid, urea nitrogen, cinnamonic acid, phenols, acemannan and, sulfur which can act as antiseptic, antifungal and antibacterial properties, so, it can be exploited for medical textile applications, such as wound dressing, suture bioactive textiles, etc..

Out come of Literature review cont…

Gel is a thin, clear, jellylike substance that can scrap from the leaf. The parenchyma tissue produces the gel. Gel contains 99% water and rest occupies most of the part by polysaccharides and active compounds. Aloin is yellow-brown compound at levels from 0.1 to 0.66 % of leaf dry present in cells adjacent to the rind of the leaf in gel.

Out come of Literature review cont…

Aloe Vera Gel

Requirement of Antimicrobial Finish on Bamboo Textiles

MicrobesThe human skin is usually crowded with innumerable

microbes. In favorable conditions certain bacteria can grow from a single germ to million in a very short period of time. They can double every 20 to 30 minutes in a warm and moist micro climate that has plenty of food for them, e.g. perspiration and other body secretion, skin particles, fats and leftovers from worn out threads.

Out come of Literature review cont…

Microbial Infection on Skin

Antimicrobials The term antimicrobial refers to a broad range of technologies

that provide varying degrees of protection for products and buildings against microbes. Antimicrobials are very different in their chemical nature, mode of action, impact on people and the environment, in-plant-handling characteristics, durability on various substrates, costs, and how they interact with good and bad microbes. The use of natural source aloe vera gel as antimicrobials because of it is an eco-friendly, least toxicity, Suitability for next-to-skin innerwear, Safe handling and produced antimicrobial properties on textile.

Components in Aloe Vera Gel Responsible for Antimicrobial Activity

Out come of Literature review cont…

Polysaccharide Acemannan Barbaloin

PLAN OF WORKProcurement of bamboo textiles (fabric and fiber)

Procurement of enzymes and chemicals

Procurement of natural dye and aloe vera

Convent ional Pretreatment at var ious paramet ers

Enz ymat ic pretreatment with different enz ymes at var ious paramet ers

Predyeing special t reat ment

Ext raction of natural dyes

Dyeing wit h nat ural dyes

Ext raction of natural finishing agent

Finishing wit h natural finishing agent

Analyt ical test ing

Analysis of Ult raviolet Prot ection Factor ( UPF)

Evaluation of dyeability

Analysis of fastness propert ies

Assesment of antibect er ial finish

Struct ural analysis

MATERIALSFABRIC Specifications of Grey Fabric

FIBRE Grey fiber made from 100% bamboo used in the present study

obtained from local supplier in India.

EXPERIMENTAL

Specification

Values

Warp Count (‘S) 4s

Weft Count (‘S) 4S

Ends/ Inch 54

Picks/ Inch 50

Weight (gms/

square meter)

130.46

Weave Plain

Materials cont............CHEMICALS

All the chemicals used in present study were laboratory reagent; the chemicals are listed as under in the table

List of Used Chemicals and SuppliersSr. No. Name of chemical Molecular

FormulaMolecular Weight

(g/mol)Supplier name

1 Acetic Acid CH₃COOH 60 Suvidhinath Laboratories

2 Aceton 100% CH3COCH3 58.08 Suvidhinath Laboratories

3 Ammonium Oxalate (NH4)2C2O4 110 Suvidhinath Laboratories

4 Benzene C6H6 78 Suvidhinath Laboratories

5 Sodium hydroxide NaOH 40 Suvidhinath Laboratories

6 Common salt NaCl 58.5 Suvidhinath Laboratories

7 Ethanol C2H5OH 46 Suvidhinath Laboratories

8 Glauber Salt Na2SO4 142 Suvidhinath Laboratories

Materials cont............Sr. No. Name of chemical Molecular Formula Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Supplier name

9 Hydrogen Peroxide (100vol.)

H2O2 34 Suvidhinath Laboratories

10 Methanol CH3OH 32.04 Suvidhinath Laboratories

11 Lissapol N ------ ----- Suvidhinath Laboratories

12 Iodine I2 126.90 Suvidhinath Laboratories

13 Potassium Iodide KI 166 Suvidhinath Laboratories

14 Soda Ash Na2CO3 106 Suvidhinath Laboratories

15 Sodium Acetate CH3COONa 82 Suvidhinath Laboratories

16 Sodium Bisulphite NaHSO3 120 Suvidhinath Laboratories

17 Sodium Chlorite NaClO2 90.5 Suvidhinath Laboratories

18 Sodium Silicate Na2SiO3 108 Suvidhinath Laboratories

19 Citric Acid C6H8O7 192.124 Suvidhinath Laboratories

20 PotassiumAluminium Sulfate

KAl(SO4)2·12H2O 258.205 Suvidhinath Laboratories

Three different types of enzymes coded A, B & C used in present study are listed in table

Details of Enzymes Used

Materials cont...........

Code Trade Name

Acts On Optimum Conditions

Activity (u/g)

Obtained From

A BGLU Hemicellulose & Pectin

Temp.50 ͦ C & pH 5

75000 Rossari Biotech,Banglore

B BIO-SOFT

Cellulase Temp. 55 ͦ C & pH 5-5.5

25000 Rossari Biotech,Banglore

C PALCOS-COUR

Fat,wax,pectin& lignin

Temp.50- 55 ͦ C

& pH 5-5.5

120000 Maps(India)Ltd.

NATURAL DYES Two different types of natural dyes used in present study obtained

from local supplier in India. Which are listed in table Details of Natural Dye Used

Materials cont...........

Dyename

Binomialname

Powdercolor

Extractfrom

Structure MolecularWeight(g/mol)

Henna Lawsoniainermis

Green Matureleaves

174.15

Turmeric Curcumalonga

Yellow Roots 368.38

NATURAL FINISHING AGENT We used natural finishing agent in present study are obtained

from local supplier in India. Which are listed in table Details of Natural Finishing Agent

Materials cont...........

Naturalfinishing

agent

Binomialname

Gelcolor

Activecompou

nd

Structure MolecularWeight

AloeVera gel

Aloebarbandensis

miller

White Transparent

Barbaloin 418.39

Extraction of dye from henna leaves driedpowder (Alkalization process)

100 g dried leaves powder sample was takenin saturated Na2CO3 solution for 24 hours at

pH 8.5-9.2 at room temperature.

The solutionbecomes reddish orange color.

Then percolatedwith Na2CO3 solutions until all of thecolor has been removed and then filter

again.

Extraction of Lawsonia inermis natural dyes

REFRENCE:- M.M Alam,M.L.Rahman and M.Z.Haque.ʽʽExtraction of heena leaf dye & it’s dyeing effects on textile fibre. Bangladesh J. Sci.Ind.Res.2007;42(2):217-222.

100 g dried roots sample was taken & curshed

crushed turmericpowder, dissolved in distilled water

subjected to stirringat 100°C for 40 minutes & filtrate & dry the pigment

of dye

Extraction of Curcuma longa natural dyes

REFRENCE:- Umbreen saima, Ali shaukat, Hussai Tanveer and Nawaz Rakhshanda.ʽʽDyeing properties of natural dyes extracted from turmeric & their comparison with reactive dyeing.RJTA.2008;12:4.

EXTRACTION OF ALOE VERA POWDER Collect the mature leaves of aloe vera form plant.

Washed them with luke warm water.

Aloe vera gel was collected from leaves and stored in glass vessel.

It was dried in oven for two days at 70 ̊C and then powdered.

The powder was then subjected to soxhlet extraction using methanol for 12 hrs at 70 ̊C

The extract was used for application.Reference:- Jeyakodi Moses J and Mariyam Adnan. “Effect of Antibacterial Finishing On Silk/Lyocell Fabric Using Aloe Vera Extract”. Asian Dyer. July2013; 49 To 53

PHYSICAL TESTING METHODSEnds and Picks Per Inch

Warp and Weft Count Denier = Weight of 9000 meters of yarns  In present experiment 5 meters sample is taken, say weight of this sample is

‘W’ grams.  Therefore, Denier (D) of sample = 9000×˝Wˮ = 1800 “W”

5  From the value of ‘D’, Count is calculated using formula Count C = 5315

D Weight per Unit Area 1 square meter = 1000 square cms. Weight of 100 sq. cms sample determined is

say ‘W’ grams The size of sample is 10 x 10 cms Weight per unit area of fabric = 100xW

grams per square meterTherefore, Area of sample = 100 square cms.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

Pick Glass

Fabric samples are used to analyze for its chemical composition using standard A. J. Turner & Dowry scheme method. (A) Water Soluble

Experimental Methods conti..........

A sample of about 1 gm was cut & conditioned at room temperature for 24 hours. The weight of conditioned sample was measured accurately on

electronic weighing balance. Say this is initial weight W1gms.

This sample was then extracted in Soxhlet apparatus with water (30: 1 liquor ratio) for 5 hours at boil. After extraction sample was removed,

dried in oven at 100 C for 1 hour. ͦ

Then conditioned for 24 hours at room temperature. The sample was then weighted accurately on electronic weighing balance. Say this is

final weight W2grams.

The amount of water soluble present in the sample = (W1-W2) grams

Therefore % of water soluble present = (W1-W2) x 100 W1

(B) Pectic MatterExperimental Methods conti..........

Sample after (A) was boiled in 1% ammonium oxalate in Soxhlet apparatus for 1 hour, and then washed thoroughly with distilled

water to make it free from oxalate.

Dried & conditioned for 24 hours & weighed accurately on electronic weighing balance (Say this weight is W3 grams).

Percentage of pectic matter present in the sample was calculated as follows,

Weight with pectic matter = W2 grams

Weight after removal of pectic matter = W3 gramsQuantity of pectic matter present = (W3-W2) grams

% pectic matter present = (W3-W2) x 100 W1

Where W1 is initial weight of sample at the beginning of chemical analysis.

( C )HemicelluloseExperimental Methods conti..........

Sample after removal of pectic matter was used for estimation of hemicellulose.

For hemicellulose estimation the sample was extracted by boiling with 2% NaoH for 1 hour in Soxhlet apparatues.

After extraction, the sample was washed, dried & conditioned for 24 hours & weighted accurately. The % Hemicellulose present in fabric sample was calculated as follows,

Hemicellulose conti………

Experimental Methods conti..........

Weight before hemicelluloses removal = W3gmsWeight after hemicelluloses removal = W4gmsQuantity of hemicellulose present = (W4-W3) grams

% Hemicellulose present = W4 –W3

x100

W1

Where W1 is initial weight of sample at the beginning of chemical analysis

(D) Lignin

Experimental Methods conti..........

1

• Delignification of sample (after removal of hemicelluloses) was carried out to estimate the quantity of lignin present in the fabric. Solution of 0.7% NaClO2 was prepared & pH adjusted to 4 by addition of acetic acid.

2

• Sample having weight W4 grams was reflux in this solution for 2 hours in Soxhlet apparatus keeping 50:1 liquor ratio. After reflux sample was washed in 750ml distilled water, then with 250ml of 2 percent NaHSO3, then with 1000ml water, dried at 105 C, then conditioned for ͦ24 hours.

3• After then (removal of lignin)

sample was weighted on electronic balance (say W5 grams).The % lignin present in the sample was the determined as follows,

4

• Weight before lignin in removal = W4 grams

• Weight after lignin removal = W5 grams

• Quantity of lignin present = (W5-W4) grams

• % Lignin present in the sample = (W5-W4) x 100

W1

(E) CelluloseExperimental Methods conti..........

From the difference of original weight (W1) & all the matters estimated (W5 grams); the

quantity of cellulose was calculated as under,

% cellulose present in the sample = W5x 100 W1