1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 [ ARC1523 ] EXPERIENCING,
DOCUMENTATION AND ANALYSING CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
2. TUTOR : AR ALICE LIM LI YUEN GROUP MEMBERS BRYAN LUM ZI YANG
314959 HONG SANG WON 314661 JOSHUA LEE YEE KAI 315820 KEN WONG CHUN
THIM 315534 KAN JIA-WEI ADRIAN 319384 KELVIN YONG CHEN YIN 316050
CHUA JIU XIN 314025
3. PAGE TOPIC 1 COVER AND LOGO 2 GROUP MEMBER DETAILS 3 CONTENT
PAGE 4 - 5 INTRODUCTION TO SITE 6 - 12 SITE AND SAFETY 13 - 16
EXTERNAL WORK 17 - 24 FOUNDATION 25 - 34 SUPERSTRUCTURE 35 - 37
DOORS AND WINDOWS 38 - 42 ROOF 43 - 44 SUMMARY 45 - 46
REFERENCES
4. INTRODUCTION TO SITE 1.0 PREPARED BY KEN WONG CHUN THIM
5. INTRODUCTION TO SITE - TEMASYA GLENMARIE - TEMASYA SINAR 2
1.0 5BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] Temasya Glenmarie is a
quiet, serene and low-density neighbourhood. It is located in the
proximity of 37 km west of Kuala Lumpur and strategically located
near Petaling Jaya, Subang Jaya, Shah Alam and Klang. There are 4
golf courses nearby, which are the Glenmarie Golf & Country
Club, Saujana Golf & Country Club, Kelab Golf Negara Subang and
Kelab Golf Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah. As for shopping malls, among the
slew of malls near this housing area are Empire Shopping Gallery
and Subang Parade shopping centres, all within 5 minutes drive
away. Temasya Sinar 2 is phase 5A of the Temasya Glenmarie
development and consists of 90 units of Double Storey Superlink
homes. There are four types of variations ranging from types A to
C, with minor differences in their own category. The design of the
house is of Modern Contemporary with its strong linear elements and
simplicity in form and design. The house comes with a minimum of ve
bedrooms and six bathrooms. The smallest version comes with 3,629
sq feet.
6. SITE AND SAFETY 2.0 PREPARED BY KEN WONG CHUN THIM
7. 2.0 7 SITE AND SAFETY DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH ( DOSH ) The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (
DOSH ) and other government agencies have regulations that lay down
the legal requirements to ensure the safety and health of not only
the workers at the place of work but also the public as well. This
guideline applies to all place of work in building operation and
work of engineering construction activity in Malaysia covered by
the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 ( Act 1954 ), the
Factories and Machinery Act 1967 ( Act 139 ), and all the
regulations made there under. It is designed to serve as a handy
reference and to be read together with the above mentioned
legislations and other industry codes of practice. ( Guidelines for
Public Safety and Health at Construction Sites, 1st Revision ) 11.1
The worksite should be fully barricaded by protective hoarding so
that the general public would be protected from work in progress.
The hoarding should be able to protect not only public from danger
within the site but also act as barrier or security to prevent
people from trespassing into the site/ 20.4.1 Formwork and reshores
shall be certied structurally safe by a Professional Engineer and
shall be properly braced or tied together so as to maintain
position and shape. (Reg. 28(1), Building Operations And Works Of
Engineering Construction ( Safety ) Regulations, 1986) 20.1.7 All
scaffolds require bracing to help prevent from collapsing. All
scaffolds, including independent scaffolds, should be secured tied,
or otherwise supported CONCRETE FORMWORK HOARDING SCAFFOLD BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
8. 2.0 8 SITE AND SAFETY SIGNBOARDS PROJECT SIGNBOARD ELECTRIC
FENCE WARNING SAFETY REMINDER REMINDER OF PENALTY IF SAFETY
EQUIPMENT IS NOT WORN REMINDER FOR WORKERS TO USE SAFETY EQUIPMENTS
LARGE SIGNBOARD TO REMIND WORKERS TO PLACE SAFETY FIRST BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
9. 2.0 9 SITE AND SAFETY CONSTRUCTION SITE OFFICE The
construction site ofce is where all the project documents are
stored. For example, samples of materials used, timeline of project
and etc. Visitors have to report to the construction site ofce to
receive permission to enter the site. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [
ARC1523 ]
10. 2.1PLANTS AND MACHINERY EXCAVATING AND EARTH MOVING
EQUIPMENT BACKHOE-LOADER - Used for digging small trenches, general
grading work, lifting loads and carrying materials around the site.
EXCAVATOR - Used for digging bigger trenches, general grading work,
leading into haul units, lifting and demolition. 10BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
11. 2.1 11 PLANTS AND MACHINERY LIFTING AND VERTICAL
TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CONCRETE MIXER TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK
MOUNTED MOBILE CRANES Used for lifting materials and moving them to
other places. Compared to the tower crane this is more convenient
as it requires no dismantling and reassembling CONCRETE MIXING
TRANSPORT TRUCKS Used for transporting and mixing concrete to the
construction site. The liquid state is maintained by the turning
drum while transportation. Depending on the rotation of the drum,
the concrete is pushed deeper into the drum or discharged out
CONCRETE MIXING TRANSPORT TRUCKS A small scale concrete mixer.
Since it is mixed on site instead of transported, workers have more
time to use the concrete before it hardens BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [
ARC1523 ]
12. 2.1 12 PLANTS AND MACHINERY WHEEL WASHING SYSTEM OTHER
MACHINES AND PLANTS When a vehicle leaves the construction site,
the wheels will be washed at the entrance with a water hose ( arrow
) to prevent the dirt from damaging and spreading dirt to the road.
In other cases, some sites may use different and sometimes more
efcient solutions such as implementing an automated roller system
or drive-through system that increases performance. BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] BAR BENDING MACHINE BAR CUTTING MACHINE
DUMP TRUCK/ TIPPER TRUCK ROLLOUT DUMPSTER
13. EXTERNAL WORK 3.0 PREPARED BY CHUA JIU XIN
14. 3.0 14 EXTERNAL WORK EARTHWORK Earthwork is dened as the
excavation and piling of of earth, in connection with an
engineering operation. It involves moving apart parts of the earth
to another location to create a desired shape. MACHINERY Much of
the excavation is done with operated machines to reduce and ease
the load of work, cost and time. Among the equipments used include;
EQUIPMENT FUNCTION WHEEL LOADER SCOOP UP LOOSE MATERIALS FROM THE
GROUND FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER WITHOUT PUSHING THE MATERIALS
ACROSS THE GROUND BACK-HOES DIG UP HARD MATERIALS AND TRENCHES
SCRAPERS USED TO MOVE EARTH OVER A SHORT DISTANCE, ESSENTIALLY
SMOOTHENING THE INTENDED SURFACE EXCAVATORS DIGGING, DEMOLITION,
FORESTRY WORK, GRADING, LANDSCAPING, HEAVY LIFTING AND BRUSH
CUTTING MOTOR GRADER TO GRADE THROUGH THE ROUGH GRADING CAUSE BY
HEAVY VEHICLES ( CREATES A FLAT AND SMOOTH SURFACE ) ROLLERS USED
TO COMPACT THE SOIL AFTER GRADING BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523
]
15. 3.1 15 SETTING OUT AND EARTH WORK CUT AND FILL THE MASS
DIAGRAM Cut and Fill is the process of constructing
railways,roadsor canals,whereby the amount of material fromcuts
roughly matches the amount of ll needed to make nearbyembankments,
hence minimising the amount of construction labor. Various sections
of a roadway design will require bringing in earth. Other sections
will require earth to be removed. The mass diagram is one method of
analysing earthmoving operations. This diagram can tell the
engineer where to use certain types of equipment, the quantities of
materials needed, and the average haul The mass diagram has many
limitations that preclude its use in all earthmoving operations. At
best, it is merely a guide indicating the general manner in which
the operations should be controlled. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [
ARC1523 ]
16. 3.1 16 SETTING OUT AND EARTH WORK SOIL TESTING INTRODUCTION
The investigation of the geology and previous uses of any site,
together with the determination of its engineering, environmental
and contamination characteristics is fundamental to both safe and
economic development. SOIL INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES 1. BOREHOLES 2.
IN-SITU TESTING boreholes Rotary Boring is boring hole using
drilling uid (water or mud) pumped down a rod tted at the bottom
some sort of cutting bit. in-situ testing In-situ testing
techniques, Standard Penetration Testing, Permeability Testing and
Borehole Vane Testing are carried out in the boreholes in order to
provide information for geotechnical design. Disturbed and
undisturbed samples are retrieved from the boreholes for inspection
and logging by engineers and subsequent testing in our
laboratories. Standard Penetration test (SPT) Hammer weight = 65kg
- Drop height = 760mm - Total penetration is 450mm and the number
of blows for the last 300mm is the SPT N value. Care - depth of
test vs casing L *site supervision BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523
]
17. FOUNDATION 4.0 PREPARED BY JOSHUA LEE YEE KAI
18. 4.1 18 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS TYPES OF
FOUNDATION In Malaysia, terrace or link houses usually utilises one
of 3 types of foundations. 1. PAD FOOTING Pad footing is usually
implemented when the ground has a good bearing capacity. A ground
with good bearing capacity means a ground that is hard. Usually,
ground found at a hill cut are hard grounds. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
[ ARC1523 ] SHALLOW FOUNDATION SHALOW FOUNDATIONS ARE USUALLY BUILT
NEAR THE GROUND SURFACE. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ARE USED WHEN THE
SURFACE SOILS ARE STRONG ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE BUILDING LOAD.
19. 4.1 19 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 2. RAFT
FOOTING Raft footing is a foundation that literally oats on the
soil. Raft footing are used when the ground is hard and soft
intermittently. Raft footing can also be used for buildings of more
then two storeys. It is also to eliminate uneven settlement.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
20. 4.1 20 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 3. PILE
FOUNDATION Pile foundation is used when the ground is soft or is a
lled ground. Piling is a form of deep foundation. It is usually
used when the ground is soft or is on lled ground. Piling is
generally used to transfer load from the unsuitable ground at the
surface deep into the ground. Based on the information gathered,
Temasya Sinar 2 in Seksyen U1 Temasya Glenmarie Project by I&P
uses precast concrete pile. Precast concrete pile is one of the
most widely used piling systems in the world. It can be constructed
in two days, that is either built in a factory or on site. However,
patterns in Malaysia suggest that site construction is not widely
used here. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] DEEP FOUNDATION ARE
USED TO TRANSFER THE WEIGHT OF LOAD DEEP UNDERNEATH GROUND SURFACE
BECAUE OF UNSUITABLE AND UNSTABLE SOIL CONDITION IN THAT AREA DEEP
FOUNDATION REINFORCED CONCRETE PILE
21. 4.1 21 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PILECAP
CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE Block setting out are done by licensed
surveyors before any form of piling works are carried out. The
surveyor determines the pile point numbering on site. After piling
work, a pit is excavated to install the pile cap. Before installing
the pile cap, the cut-off level of piles will be based on the top
of the pile cap. Timber is then used as formwork on the concrete of
the pile cap. The concrete for pile caps is of grade 30. Injection
piling machine is used to drive in the piles. Injection method is
suitable for this particular construction as the surroundings are
sensitive. Injection method also cuts down on noise pollution and
vibrations. Due to having existing buildings near the site, this
method works the best. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
22. 4.1 22 FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS REINFORCED
CONCRETE PILE CONSTRUCTION BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
23. 23 4.1FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PILE CAP
DETAILS PILE TYPE 1 PILE TYPE 4PILE TYPE 2 PILE TYPE 3 PLAN PLAN
PLAN PLAN SECTION A-A SECTION D-DSECTION C-CSECTION B-B AMOUNT OF
PILE TYPE 1 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 36 AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 4 FROM BLOCK
B1-C1 4 AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 3 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 22 AMOUNT OF PILE
TYPE 2 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 24 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
24. 24 4.1FOUNDATION TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS PILE TYPE 5
PILE TYPE 7PILE TYPE 6 PLAN PLAN PLAN SECTION E-E SECTION F-F
SECTION G-G AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 5 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 3 AMOUNT OF PILE
TYPE 7 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 1 AMOUNT OF PILE TYPE 6 FROM BLOCK B1-C1 2
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
25. SUPERSTRUCTURE 5.0 PREPARED BY BRYAN LUM ZI YANG [ 5.1
& 5.2 ] AND KAN JIA WEI ADRIAN [ 5.3 & 5.4 ]
26. 5.1 26 BEAM AND COLUMN BEAM AND COLUMN BEAM Beams and
columns are structural elements that make up a buildings structure.
Beams are an element of a building that is used to withstand load.
It does so by allowing the structure to maintain its shape and not
bend. It is commonly reinforced with rebar. rebar Reinforced steel
that helps strengthen the concrete beams, columns and slabs. The
rebar is placed inside the concrete as it is being cast. BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
27. 5.1 27 BEAM AND COLUMN CONCRETE BEAMS For our particular
site, the beams are mostly made of concrete. There are two distinct
type of concrete beams, Pre cast and In-Situ. Pre cast being beams
that are pre casted off site and brought on site to be assembled on
to the structure and In-Situ being casted on site using form work
which was what was mostly used in our site. PROCESS 1) After the
rebar is set, timber formwork is constructed on top of it and
scaffolding is set up to help support the formwork and concrete. 2)
After the formwork has been constructed, concrete is poured in. 3)
After 14 days of setting, the formwork is removed to reveal the
beam. THE CONCRETE IS POURED INTO THE FRAMEWORK WITH THE
SCAFFOLDING HELPING SUPPORT IT. THE REBAR CAN BE CLEARLY SEEN IN
THE CENTRE OF THE FORMWORK. FORMWORK SET AND SCAFFOLDING USED TO
HOLD UP THE FORMWORK AND CONCRETE SO THAT IT MAINTAINS ITS SHAPE
BEAMS ALREADY IN PLACE. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
28. 5.1 28 BEAM AND COLUMN PROCESS ( GROUND ) Process is
similar to most beams, however before being able to set the rebar,
the ground is excavated to allow the rebar and beam to go in place.
SKETCH OF GROUND BEAM GROUND BEAMS ARE MADE THE SAME WAY. SKETCH OF
GROUND BEAM BEFORE CONCRETE IS POURED WITH THE REBAR IN THE CENTRE
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
29. 5.1 29 BEAM AND COLUMN COLUMNS Columns are and element of a
building that is used to distribute load to the foundation. Much
like beams it is usually reinforced with rebar. CONCRETE COLUMNS
Like beams, columns can come pre-fabricated or in-situ. For our
site, the columns were mainly casted in-situ. PROCESS 1) After the
rebar is set, timber formwork is constructed around it. 2) After
the formwork has been constructed, concrete is poured down the
formwork. 3) After 14 days, the formwork is removed to reveal the
column. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
30. 5.2 30 SLAB SLAB Slabs are an element of a building that is
used to construct ceilings or oors. However, smaller slabs can be
used for facading exteriors. CONCRETE SLAB For our site, there were
mostly concrete slabs used. There are two types of concrete slab,
Pre-fabricated, created off site and In-Situ, made on site. For our
site, the slabs were casted on site. TYPES OF SLAB 1) LARGE SLABS
meant for oors and ceilings 2) SMALLER SLABS meant for facade use.
PROCESS 1) Rebar is set, and formwork is constructed to hold the
concrete. 2) Scaffolding is inserted to support the framework. 3)
Concrete is poured and after 14 days of setting,scaffolding and
formwork is removed. SPACER BLOCK However, before the concrete is
poured spacer blocks are placed in between the rebar and the ground
to prevent corrosion. These blocks are just piece of cut concrete
into a cuboid shape. The spacer blocks help elevate the rebar from
touching the ground. The weight of the concrete, without the spacer
blocks, push the weigh on the rebar, contorting it to the point
where the rebar touches the ground which puts the rebar at risk of
corrosion. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
31. 5.3 31 WALL WALL DEFINITION OF A WALL A wall, to put it in
its simplest form, is basically row after row of bricks or other
suitable materials stacked high up to a certain point. Walls are
really important in a building, as it not only bears the load of
the home, but also gives designers a chance to use walls to
separate spaces or to beautify homes. Walls come in many types,
materials, reinforcement and designs. Below, we will be focusing on
the type of walls used by our site. TYPE OF WALL ( ON SITE ) From
the image above that was taken at the site, it is quite clear that
the majority of the walls that make up the building on our site is
made of concrete bricks. However, if seen from the image on the
right, a wall made of traditional clay bricks is also present. The
difference between the two is that, clay brick walls are meant to
be load bearing or major stress points whilst cement brick walls
have less importance when it comes to weight distribution. This is
crucial as clay bricks contain properties that make it naturally
stronger, and are thus the choice of preference to bear the
enormous weight of the building. Without the wall, the building
will simply collapse. WALL PROPERTIES Equally important to deciding
the materials and load bearing walls are the styles and methods in
which the bricks are laid to form the wall. The many ways of brick
layering, example of names such as Running, American, Stack and
English, will have very different results on how the walls perform
and react to certain circumstances. For our site, Flenish and
Running forms of brick layering are most commonly used, with both
proving to be great choices in dealing with not only leads, but
also the climate and conditions on a hot and humid country such as
Malaysia. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
32. 5.3 32 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS The process of making a wall
begins with the intention of either making ( in the case of our
site ) a normal wall or a special load bearing wall. Calculations
are made, then layering styles are chosen that best t the criteria.
After that, the layering process begins. Cement thickness and
concrete lls and all minute details are calculated out and
determined and executed. This is to ensure no excess or unaccounted
for measurements to the buildings , or extra lengths are not added
without notice. Reinforcement ( if needed ) such as steel bars and
stirrups will be added in at this point, generally in between
bricks in cement lls. Finally when the bricks are layered to
completion, the wall is ready for the next step of the construction
process. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ] WALL
33. 5.4 33 STAIRS STAIRS DEFINITION OF STAIRS CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS Stairs, as one would know by now, function solely to prove
access to another area of a building or home, most likely to an
upper or lower oor. In some cases, the stairs is used as a focal
point in architecture to show magnicence. This is seen mostly in
classic mansions dating back to hundreds of years. For our site
however, stairs is like how it is for most of the world, just a
accessibility port and nothing much else. Much like the slabs and
beams of the building, the stairs from the building of our site use
the same materials and construction process as its counterparts. As
usual, timber formwork is placed after rebar reinforcement is
placed, forming essentially a mold. Concrete is then poured in, and
the concrete is left for weeks on end to dry and harden. In the
end, a new, strongly reinforced staircase appears from the timber
formwork. STAIRS PROPERTIES It is worth noting, the extensive and
meticulous thoughts and works that go towards making a staircase.
After being designed and placed by the architect, the engineer then
has to ensure easy-to-not-notice-by-the-public things such as
ensure the gradient is correct, that the steps and dimensions are
all in accordance to regulations and proportions, and also that the
stairs is able to support itself let alone with usage. BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
34. 5.4 34 STAIRS BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
35. DOORS AND WINDOWS 6.0 PREPARED BY KELVIN YONG CHEN YIN
36. 6.0 36 DOORS Door and doorways are the connection between
two or more spaces which provides access from outside to inside or
vice versa. There are a variety of types and styles of doors that
are followed by different functions. For the installation, there
will be criteria that needs to be considered, such as size,
strength, durability, appearance, weather proong, material, nishing
and head of opening. 1) Rough: The opening of the wall to tting the
doorframe. 2) Head: The uppermost member of doorframe. 3) Jambs:
Preventing the ingress of moisture from outer leaf to inner leaf 4)
Stop: Projecting part of doorframe against which a door closes. 5)
Casing: The trim that nishes the joint between the doorframe ad its
rough opening. 6) Threshold: The sill of the doorway to prevent
weather issues at an exterior door 7) Door Hardware: Adequate lock
for security, which includes the metal fastenings such as hinges,
locksets and closers. 1. Before hand, the contractor needs to
measure the distance between one door to another door. Stand the
aluminium door frame and use timber to support the doorway before
the wall was built. 2. The next step is installing the wall by
stacking bricks and there will door cramps between one level of
bricks stacking that used to tie the internal and external wall to
door leaf. On the top of the doorframe are lintels to support the
weight of the bricks. The lintel that was used is of concrete
material. 3. Next is the installation of the door leaf to the door
frame. The opening of the door frame was ensured to be enough for
the jamb to slip over. The standard size of the door openings are
24-36. For sliding doors, bottom tracks are installed. 4. The jamb
is nailed to the doorframe. Next, the headers of the doorframe are
done. For sliding doors, levelising is done and installation is
done using punch holes and brush gaskets. The hinge is installed to
the jamb. Hinges normally come in steel, brass nylon and aluminium.
5. Lastly, the lockset and other hardwares are installed on the
door. DEFINITION OF DOOR DOOR CONSTRUCTION METHOD ( ON SITE ) PARTS
AND FUNCTION OF DOOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
37. 6.0WINDOWS DEFINITION OF WINDOW Windows are the other
openings in a building after the door. Windows need to be
aesthetically acceptable by the design and environment.
Installation of windows need to follow the minimum requirement to
ensure function. Windows are designed with such requirement to
resist wind loading, providing the natural lighting, ventilation,
type and size of glazing and the vision contact from inside to
outside. TYPES OF WINDOW FOUND ( ON SITE ) FIXED JALOUSIE PIVOTING
SLIDING WINDOW CONSTRUCTION METHOD ( ON SITE ) 1. Bricks are
stacked to form a half wall, which is then placed on by a
frame.Lintel was used to hold the pressure of the bricks and to
prevent it from collapsing. The lintel used is of concrete
material. Timber is used in the middle to support the entire frame
and to ensure that it is stable. 2. The aluminium sub-frame is
installed by using anchor bolt heads and joints which are installed
to the external wall. A layer of ashing tape or sealant is applied
to make sure it attaches to the wall and also to prevent water or
any external harm to enter when raining. The aluminium is wrapped
by the vinyl. 3. Checks of the sub frame are done before combining
the sub frame to the window frame. Plastering is done next. 4. The
window is then installed to the sub frame. PARTS AND FUNCTION OF
WINDOW 1) Head: The uppermost member of door frame. 2) Jamb: Either
two side members of door frame. 3) Exterior Casing: Not always
used. 4) Rough Opening: Spaced required at the top,sides, and
bottom for levelling window unit. 5) Casing Trim: Finishing trim
work around window opening. 6) Sash: Movable framework which planes
of glass are set. 7) Glazing: Sheet of glass set in the sashes of
window and offer little resistance to heat ow. 8) Sills: Collects
the rainwater which has run down the 37BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [
ARC1523 ]
38. ROOF 7.0 PREPARED BY HONG SANG WON
39. 7.1ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ROOF DEFINITION OF
ROOF To dene a roof it is said to be a covering the top of a house
or a building of its exterior surface. It is constructed in a
variety of forms and shapes such as vaulted, domed, pitched or at.
The images below are some of the roof types commonly used for
commercial or residential buildings. FUNCTION OF ROOF The most
basic function of a roof is the human protection. The protection
against from the physical attributes such as rain, snow, sunlight,
wind, animals, and extreme temperatures and of course the climate
changes by providing a shelter of a house or a building.
Furthermore, without a roof most of the things inside the structure
like furniture, appliances, carpets, artwork and clothing would
denitely be vulnerable and would be all ruined due to these
unpleasant physical attributes mentioned above. TYPE OF ROOF ( ON
SITE ) Gable Roof: It is a roof that has two sides sloping upwards
where each other meets at the top or the ridge of the roof. It is
quite versatile and it is possible to combine more than one gable
in the roof itself and this is what it is called the cross gable
roof. Other than that, as more gables added to the roof the more
expensive it becomes to build the roof. TERMINOLOGY OF ROOF ( ON
SITE ) Gable: It is a form of triangular shaped wall which it is
formed by having a gable or sloping roof on top of the building.
Ridge: It is a straight horizontal part on the roof where each end
of two sloping roof area meet together to form a roof. Rafter: A
rafter is an inclined beam sloping from the ridge of the roof which
it supports and to cover the roof of the building. Eave: The edge
of the roof is call the Eave and it is projected more on the side
of the building. Verge: it is an edge where the gable of the roof
is projected beyond the building. 39BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523
]
40. 7.1ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS TRUSS DEFINITION OF
TRUSS Trusses can be in timber or a steel structure to form a one
or series of triangle in a single plane as a method to carry and
support the heavy load of the roof. It is very useful and widely
used in constructing the bridge and the roof. There are three very
well-known types of trusses which are Howe Truss named after the
American Engineer William Howe, Pratt Truss named after the
American Engineer Thomas Pratt and Warren Truss named after the
British Engineer James Warren. FUNCTION OF TRUSS The function of
the truss is mainly to carry and support the weight of the roof
deck and for the nishing material to cover the roof of the
building. The weight of the roof depends on the type of materials
used to cover the roof of the building such as using clay or a roof
tiles will give heavier weight than using asphalt shingles or
rolled roong which it weights lesser than the material mentioned
earlier. The chord on the truss supports the roof while the webs on
the truss brace and stabilise the chords to help distribute the
load across the entire truss to the bearing walls on either side.
TYPE OF TRUSS ( ON SITE ) Howe Truss (Gable): Howe truss is a truss
that has a upper and lower horizontal members between the vertical
and diagonal members. The webs between the chords will take a
tension and the diagonal members will be under compression.
TERMINOLOGY OF TRUSS ( ON SITE ) Web: It is a aluminium structure
where it joins from the bottom chord to the top chord as a support
of the truss. Roong: A roof where it covers the truss sitting on
top of the top chord. Top Chord: A steel made inclined chord which
it forms a shape of a specic truss. Bottom Chord: A steel made
horizontal chord which it supports and connects the top chord and
to carry the webs between the chords. 40BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [
ARC1523 ]
41. 7.1 41 ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS TRUSS COMPRESSION
AND TENSION From the drawing above shows the compression and
tension of the roof truss by the weight of the loads. The strength
of the roof truss is from the shape of the triangle that comprises
the truss itself. As shown in the drawing, the top chords are in
its state of compression as it pushes out from the heel and down at
the peak. In the other hand, the bottom chords are in its state of
tension to support the outward thrust. The sub triangles that were
formed by the webs provide the rmness and strength of the overall
structure. C SHAPED GALVANISED STEEL This is the sectional cut of
the C-Shaped Galvanised Steel which is used as material for
manufacturing the steel roof trusses. MANUFACTURING STEEL ROOF
TRUSS STEP ONE STEP TWO STEP THREE STEP FOUR The galvanised steels
are made in C-Shape and they are cut into its specic lengths and
sizes. After that, they are stacked together ready to be assembled.
The individual parts of the trusses are now ready to be assembled
and it is place in the jig. The individual parts and the webs of
the trusses are screwed together by the manufacturer. The roof
trusses that are ready to be delivered are loaded on the truck
directly from the assembly station and are now ready to be used to
build the roof. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
42. 7.1ROOF TYPE AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
( ON SITE ) - To build the roof on a building, rst thing to do is
to make a roof beam above the below level (1st oor) from our site
building. - The beam is made out of reinforced concrete and the
workers make the beams by doing a formwork using a wooden timber
plate to form a shape of the beam as shown in the picture above. -
After that the slab is built to support the roof and to form a
ceiling inside the building. - After constructing all the
reinforced concrete beams and slabs, it is time to install the roof
trusses to form a triangular shape of a roof and to support and
carry the heavy load of the material used on the roof. - The
trusses used in this construction site are the gable Howe truss
structure made out of a steel/metal. - There are few layers to
consider for insulation to make a fully completed roof. The image
below shows the layers of the roof. - Last but not least, after
installing all the trusses and the layers the last thing to do is
to install the tiles. - The tiles in this construction site are
used Monier clay roof tiles. - Monier clay roof tiles are widely
used in Malaysia for nishing the roof usually on the residential
houses. 42BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
43. SUMMARY 8.0 PREPARED BY KEN WONG CHUN THIM
44. 8.0 44 SUMMARY With the completion of this project, we were
able to analyse many elements of the construction industry. We have
deepened our knowledge of construction methods, processes involved
for each element, detail, construction terminologies, application
of materials, safety and hazards and machineries used. We like to
extend our gratitude to developers I&P for allowing us to visit
the site. The construction site staff were patients and kind in
guiding us along the way of nishing our report. The staff explained
various elements of the construction site and were able to answer
all of our questions. We were able to learn thing that cant be
learnt from being conned in the walls of the classroom. There are
things that can only be learnt from experience. This project ha
given us the knowledge we need for our future designs. We can apple
and demonstrate the knowledge we have attained in our design studio
projects as well. SUMMARY BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
45. REFERENCES 9.0 PREPARED BY ALL MEMBERS
46. 9.0 46 REFERENCES BUILDING CONSTRUCTION [ ARC1523 ]
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