Bcon Bus Shelter Booklet

BUILDINGConstruction ii 0324272 LIM PEIDI0324679 LEE SHI YIN0323813 LAW ZHI CHANG0323529 CHIN CHEONG SOON0323008 LEE FEI SYEN0323713 NG JI YANN

PR OJ EC T 1Skeletal Construction Temporary Bus Shelter

CON-PG 0

3 INTRODUCTION 04 DESIGN

CONSIDERATION 05 DESIGN

DEVELOPMENT

06

10CONSTRUCTIONPROCESS 14 CONSTRUCTION

DETAILS 26 DESIGN ANALYSIS

33 LOAD TEST 34 RENDERINGS 35 CONCLUSION 36 REFERENCES

ORTHOGRAPHICDRAWINGS

-TENTS

In this project, we were to construct a temporary busshelter that is 600mm in height, with a base of400mm x 800 mm. We had to understand anddemonstrate the knowledge of skeletal frames andits joints in order to produce a strong and stablestructure. The joints should be constructed to reflectthe actual joints. We were required to clearly defineall the building components including roofs, walls,floors and columns.

After several discussion and tutorials among thetutor and team members, the constructed busshelter was in the scale of 1:5 focused on thestrength and flexibility of chosen materials. The finaloutcome was tested to endure lateral/horizontalforce and the weight of 5 to 6 people.

03.

introduction

i n t r o d u c t i o n

Design development

D E S I G N C O N S I D E R A T I O N S

S T A B I L I T Y

• Skeletal structure to resistvertical and horizontalloads imposed on it

• Stable structure to resistwind loads preventinguplift and overturning

M A T E R I A L S & C O N S T R U C T I O N

• Recycle unused steelfrom formal constructionwhich are readilyavailable

• Selection for material withhigh durability andstrength

S A F E T Y

• Suitable openness toprovide visibility in andout of the shelter,allowing users to seetraffic conditions.

• Considering humanergonomics andsufficient seating toprovide convenience forusers.

W E A T H E RR E S I S T A N C E

• Materials to withstandhot and humid tropicalclimate of Malaysia

• Good air ventilation toprovide users’ thermalcomfort

04.

Design development

D E S I G N d e v e l o p m e n t

I N S P I R A T I O NThe design inspiration came from an original shape of squarepyramid and cuboid, which can be found in everywhere because it’sstable and rigid.

I N I T I A L I D E A SThe design of just straight columns is too common to be found, so we had

decided to make it oblique for the bus shelter. We wanted to make the structure looks like slanting bus shelter.

D E V E L O P M E N TWe improvise our bus shelter structure by building proper joints and skeletal so that our structure could be more stable and safe.

F I N A L O U T C O M EThe final outcome of the bus shelter of our structure consist of inclined

column which is based on axial compression besides bending and distribute the force.

05.

Orthographic drawings

O r t h o g r a p h i c d r a w i n g s

Floor Plan 1:25

4920 mm

2835 mm

06.


4920 mm

3370 m

m

07.

Roof Plan1:25


08.

3800

mm

4920 mm 4920 mm

Front Elevation1:25

Side Elevation1:25


09.

Polycarbonate sheets

Face boards

Roof frame

Roof beam

Metal plate seating

Metal mesh flooring

Base frame

Base plate

Stump

Footing

H column

Metal plate

Supporting element

Metal knee brace

Metal plate seat backing

Exploded axonometric n.t.s

Construction process

10.

C o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e s s

P R E - C O N S T R U C T I O N

The dimensions obtainedfrom the 3D model were scaleddown to 1:5 to ease the finalphysical construction.2

3

A mock-up of 1:20 physicalmodel was made, thenproceeded to a detailed 3Dmodel generated with AutodeskRevit software. The detailed 3Dmodel includes all specificdimensions of the bus shelterwhich was extracted to be usedlater.

1

2

4

F O U N D A T I O N

3 Plywood formworks werecreated according to thedimensions of the model’s padfooting.

4 Concrete mixture wasmixed and poured into theplywood formwork. It was let dryfor a few days before steel baseplate was bolted into it.

1


11.

S T E E L B A S E F R A M E W O R K

7 8 9

Rectangular hollowsection (RHS) were cut intothe dimensions of the model

5

Bigger RHS werewelded together to form theprimary member of theframe, while RHS withsmaller dimension werewelded together in betweenthe primary member to formthe secondary member.

6

Metal mesh was securedto the frame by welding it tothe RHS framework.

7

8 It was later screwed intothe RHS base frame toincrease stability.

C O L U M N S

9Long scrap steel plateswere welded together toform model’s 1:5 scale Hcolumn.

10The mild H column werecut accordingly to thedimensions of the modelusing a steel cutter chopsaw.

10

5

6


12.

11

13 14

11 Steel H column andsteel plates were placed ona bench type dril l ingmachines to dri l l the desiredholes for the installation ofnuts and bolts.

12 The steel H column wasconnected to the concretestump through a base plate byusing bolts and nuts

13 An additional memberwas added behind the threeH columns. Steel plates werewelded to the additionalmembers, then wasconnected to the H columnwith bolts and nuts.

A RHS was weldedvertically to the H columns.A metal plate was weldedon top of the RHS as theseating area.

B E N C H

14 15

R O O F

Steel plates were weldedon top of the H columns.The roof H beams wereconnected to the H columnsthrough the welded steelplates.

16RHS were cut followingthe dimensions of the model.Later the RHS was weldedtogether to form the roofframing.

12 15

16


13.

17 4 steel plates were weldedinto the corners of the roofframe, then it was bolted to the Ibeams of the roof.

184 acrylic sheet were arranged together with 3 metalplates placed on top betweeneach acrylic sheet. The acrylicsheet is secured in betweenmetal plates and roof frameusing bolts and nuts.

C O M P L E T E D M O D E L

P O L I S H

19The metals were polishedBy using grinder, and laterbeing painted to preventcorrosion.

1918

17

20

03.

C o n s t r u c t i o n D E TA I L S

Construction DETAILS

14.


15.

50 mm 810 mm 810 mm

80 mm

50 mm

595 mm1720 mm

1000 mm1812 mm

4200 mm

D I M E N S I O N S O F S T E E L B A S E

P L A T E

S T E E L B A S E F R A M ES T E E L B A S E F R A M E

03.

P L A N V I E W O F S T E E L B A S E F R A M E


16.

• Steel base frame situated above the concrete pad footing. It is the lowest layer of the shelter’s base.

• It serves to connect and carries load from H columns and the metal deck flooring above to the concrete pad footing.

PRIMARY MEMBERSTo connect the front and back concrete pad footing

Dimension of RHS: 150mm x 50mmLength: 1812mm

A

A

B

C B PRIMARY MEMBERSTo connect the concrete pad footing in a single row.


SECONDARY MEMBERSServes as a floor beam to support the load from the metal deck flooring.


C

CONNECTOR

50mm

150mm

5mm

100mm

50mm

5mm

100mm

50mm

5mm

1. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT

D

H

T

L

F

CF: 30mmC: 34.64mmH: 12.88mmD: 20mm

CONNECTIONS

The RHS are welded together

The steel base frame is welded to the H column and connected by using brackets.

S T E E L B A S E F R A M E

B A C K F R O N T

S T E E L B A S E F R A M E ( R H S )


17.

C o n c r e t e p a d f o o t i n g

PAD FOOTING (BACK)

S I D E E L E V A T I O N O F C O N R E T E P A D F O O T I N G

PAD FOOTING (FRONT)

Width: 50mmLength: 80mmHeight A: 200mmHeight B: 200mm

The size of the back footing is bigger than the front to support the H beam and steel base frame. It transfer the load to the ground.

Length

Width

Height AHeight B

The front concrete footing also serves as the foundation of the bus stop to support the steel base frame.

Width: 50mmLength: 50mmHeight A: 200mmHeight B: 200mm

Length

Width

Height B

Height A

DIMENSIONS

D E T A I L S A N D C O N N E C T I O N S

Metal plateThe steel base plate is bolted into the concrete pad footing and welded to the steel base frame (RHS).

H column is welded to the metal plate which is bolted into the concrete pad footing.

5 mm thick Metal plate

H column

J boltMetal plate

H column

Concrete Pad Footing

The usage of J bolt enhance the stability to support the slanted H beam.

J BOLT WASHER

NH

DWH

WH

ND

W.Diameter: 30mmW.Height: 6mmN.Diameter:. 25mmN.Height: 20mm

1. J BOLT 2. H BEAM

200mm

200mm

9mm

15mm

170mm

The steel base plate is welded to the H column in order to connect the columns with the foundation. It also serves to distribute the concentrated load imposed by the columns above so that it does not exceed the bearing pressure towards the concrete pad footing.

D

TB

D: 50mmB: 152mmT: 25mm


18.

2721 mm

2688 mm

2660 mm

10 ̊

1715 mm

3281 mm

1715 mm

D I M E N S I O N S O F S T E E L S T R U C T U R E

Side Elevation1:25

Front Elevation1:25

S l a n t e d s t e e l s t r u c t u r e

A

B


19.

S l a n t e d s t e e l s t r u c t u r eP E R S P E C T I V E V I E W O F B U S S T O P

The main load of the bus stop is carried by the I beams and the Hcolumns. The load from the beams and columns is transferred to thefloor which is supported by the concrete pad footing. RHS was addedin between the H columns to withstand the load transferred.

D I M E N S I O N S

F

CD

H

T

L

F: 30mmC: 34.64mmH: 12.88mmD: 20mm

200mm

200mm

9mm

15mm

170mm

3. H COLUMN1. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT

2. RHS (RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS)

100mm

50mm

5mm

Length of RHS: 4030mm

H COLUMN

I BEAM

A steel plate is welded to the H column. The end plate of the H column is connected with the I beam using 8 bolts and nuts to increase the stability and prevent it from slipping.

A metal bracing is added in between the I beam and H column to reinforced the stability of the structure and distribute the load applied from the roof.

C O N N E C T I O N S O F H C O L U M N

RHS was added behind the H columns to increase the stability of the H columns.

DETAIL A

DETAIL B

I BEAM

H COLUMN

RHS

H COLUMN

D I M E N S I O N

Floor Plan1:25


20.

B e n c h & w i r e m e s h f l o o r i n g

1852 mm

600 mm

1852 mm

4200 mm

1810 mm

450 mm

450 mm

88 mm

Front Elevation1:25

Bench thickness: 75mm


21.

D I M E N S I O N O F B E N C H & W I R E M E S H F L O O R I N G

B e n c h & w i r e m e s h f l o o r i n gD I M E N S I O N

The seat is bolted to the RHS.

Metal bar is welded to the H column it is welded to the RHS.

The bench seating is attached to the H

column. A metal plate is welded to the H

column and 2 RHS is welded to the metal

plates.

RHS

H COLUMN

100mm

50mm5mm


22.

200mm

200mm

9mm

15mm

170mm

F

CD

H

T

L

F: 30mm C: 34.64mmH: 12.88mm D: 20mm

1. H COLUMN 2. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT

3. RHS

(RECTANGULAR

HOLLOW

SECTIONS)

D E T A I L D R A W I N G A N D C O N N E C T I O N O F B E N C H

D I M E N S I O N S

BENCH

P E R S P E C T I V E O F W I R E M E S H F L O O R I N G

The metal mesh flooring is placed on top the steel base frame and welded onto it.

WIRE MESH FLOORNG

STEEL BASE FRAME

B e n c h & w i r e m e s h f l o o r i n g


23.

D I M E N S I O N O F R O O F

Roof Plan1:25

1050 mm

4200 mm

2846 mm

Distance between bolt 243mm

r o o f


24.

D I M E N S I O N O F R O O F F R A M E

Roof Frame1:25

4200 mm

1000 mm

1813 mm

r o o f

ROOF FRAME

H COLUMN

I BEAM

RHS

The RHS are welded together to form a roof frame.


25.

r o o fC O N N E C T I O N O F R O O F

200mm

200mm

9mm

15mm

170mm

1. H COLUMN 3. RHS OF ROOF FRAME

100mm

50mm

5mm

D

H

T

L

F

CF: 30mmC: 34.64mmH: 12.88mmD: 20mm

2. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT

D I M E N S I O N S

Steel plate is welded under the roof frame so it can be bolted to the H beam under it.

The size of RHS used smaller than the base frame and having same dimension for both primary and secondary frame structure as it does not have a lot of loads on it.

1

2 3

4FACE BOARD

ROOF FRAME

C O N N E C T I O N O F R O O F F R A M E A N D I B E A M

The polycarbonate roof is placed on top of the roof frame.

A metal plate is placed on top and in between 2 roof panels and screwed to the roof frame below to lock the polycarbonate sheets in place.

Polycarbonate roof thickness: 12mm

C O N N E C T I O N O F P O L Y C A R B O N A T E R O O F

METAL PLATE

4. FACE BOARD (thickness 3mm)

4200mm

309mm

309mm

2833mm

Face boards are added to the side of the roof frame to cover up the H beam under it so that it is visually pleasure to the public.

D e s i g n a n a ly s i s

Design analysis

26.

A C C E S S I B I L I T Y A N D U S E R S ’ E X P E R I E N C E

The temporary bus shelter was designed with maximum openness to ease the circulation for theusers. The bus shelter was designed to be placed in a city center.The wide opening at the front and side of the bus shelter eases the business of city life.

The height of the roof, the bench, as well as the interior space was designed with considerationof anthropometry and human ergonomics which follows the basic measurement of human body.Our design was not only users friendly, but also simple and complements the modern lifestyle inthe city.

Ac

ce

ss

ibilit

y a

nd

us

er

s’ e

xp

er

ien

ce

27.

Design analysis

H U M I D I T Y A N D C O R R O S I O N

R A I N

The transparency of the roof allows natural lighting into the bus shelter, as well as provides a slight shading to the users. It prevents direct sunlight penetration into the structure and illuminates the interior.

S U N L I G H T

Treated carbon steel and stainless steel was used due to its ability to withstand humidity. To prevent rain water clogging in the shelter, metal mesh was used as the base flooring to allow rainwater to flow out.

V E N T I L A T I O N

The openness of the bus shelter allows natural ventilation at all sides of the shelter. The usage of metal mesh instead of metal plate as the

flooring enhances natural ventilation from the ground. Wind movement is at its maximum to reduce stuffiness and lower the humidity level.

Painting over mild steel

Rainwater flow out

DE

SIG

N A

NA

LYS

IS

The bus shelter was designed to protect its users from rain. The slanted roof was tilted at a 10° angle to ensure rainwater was

channelled smoothly to the back of the shelter.

Heat

Rainwater

28.

Design analysisSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Metal frame structure consists of primary structural elements and secondary structural elements to support the floor and roof which are connected to the metal frame structures. The metal frame structure is to withstand vertical forces and lateral forces, such as live load, gravity and wind.

P R I M A R Y S T R U C T U R A L E L E M E N T S S E C O N D A R Y S T R U C T U R A L E L E M E N T S

Beam

Columns

Foundation

Primary structural elements are the main supports of the structure. It is used to support the members under

compressive force.

Secondary structural elements increases the stability of the whole structure and enable it to withstand

more loads.

Roof frame

Metal Knee

brace

Base frame

ST

RU

CT

UR

AL E

LEM

EN

TS

29.

Design analysis

L O A D S Y S T E M : O N E - W A Y S Y S T E M

The load transfer mechanism of the structure for transferring the loads to the ground acts

in one direction only.

Concentrated Load

Concentrated Load

Concentrated Load

Concentrated Load

Concentrated Load

Concentrated Load

One w

ay load distribution

LOADS & FORCES

LOA

DS

AN

D F

OR

CE

S

30.

Design analysisL I V E L O A D

Live load are the forces applied by non-permanent objects such as human and animals. The intensity of the force

towards the bus shelter varies according to the number and weight of non- permanent objects at the bus shelter.

Loads

Precipitation

Human weight

Loads

LOA

DS

AN

D F

OR

CE

S

S T A T I C L O A D / D E A D L O A D

The weight of the structure permanent elements such as the roof and the beam cause a force applies

towards the structure column for its entire l ifespan.

Loads

Weight of structural elements

EXTERNAL FORCESThere are 3 external forces which are the dead load, l ive load, and wind load applying towards the bus shelter.

LOA

DS

AN

D F

OR

CE

SEXTERNAL FORCES

There are 3 external forces which are the dead load, l ive load, and wind load applying towards the bus shelter.

31.

Design analysisW I N D L O A D

The wind force acts on both primary structural elements such as columns and secondary structural elements such

as polycarbonate sheet on the roof.

Wind force acts on columns

Wind flows through

Wind force acts on roof

The inclined column of the bus shelter is strongly anchored to the ground using concrete pad footing. The usage of J-bolts prevents uplifting and overturning of the bus shelter.

The openness design of the bus shelter reduces wind force, itprovides maximum natural ventilation throughout the shelter.

32.

Design analysisM

AT

ER

IALIT

Y

C A R B O N S T E E L

It is widely used in construction industry as it is cheap in price and notbrittle.

Characteristics of carbon steel:• Tough• Ductile• Malleable• Good tensile strength• Poor resistance to corrosion

S T A I N L E S S S T E E L

Stainless steel is an alloy of Iron with a minimum of 10.5% Chromium which prevents rusting.

Characteristics of stainless steel:• Aesthetic appearance• Great strength• High corrosion resistance• Fire and heat resistance

P O L Y C A R B O N A T ES H E E T S

R O O F I N G

Polycarbonate roof is known for its strength in withstanding force and

are virtually unbreakable.

Characteristics of polycarbonate roof:• Lightweight• Durable• Fire resistance• Modern view

C O N C R E T E

The concrete pad footing is used for vertical support and

helps to transfer loads to earth. It is simple to be built

and cost effective.

MATERIALITY

L o a d t e s t

33.

Load testTest subject: 6 l itres water bottle (6kg each)Unit: 3 water bottlesTotal load: 18kgRepresentation: Live load imposed onto the wire mesh flooring. Test result: Successful. The wire mesh flooring is able to withstand the loads imposed on the structure.

W I R E M E S H F L O O R I N G

B E N C H

Test subject : 500ml water bottle (0.5kg each)Unit : 6 water bottlesTotal load: 3kgRepresentation: Live load imposed onto the bench. Test result : Successful. The bench is able to withstand the loads imposed on the structure.

Test subject : 500ml water bottle (0.5kg each)Unit : 3 water bottlesTotal load: 1.5kgRepresentat ion: Live load imposed onto the wire mesh flooring.Test result : Successful. The roof beam is able to withstand the loads imposed on the structure.

R O O F

34.

RENDERING

Throughout this project, we are able to learn more as we involve ourselves in a larger scale construction.

There are a lot of factors such as weather resistance, safety and stability of the structure that we should consider at the early stage before going into the construction stage to ensure that the bus

shelter constructed is able to meet the user’s requirements and achieve user’s comfort.

We conducted a detail research on the connections between each elements to assure the stability of the bus shelters. After our research, we consult our tutor, Mr. Edwin for his advice in order to come out

with a better solution.

Materiality, loads and forces aspect are also considered to make sure that the bus shelter can withstand the live load and dead load in it.

In conclusion, different small elements has to work well with each other in order to produce a stable structure. Hence, every details in construction process should be take into concern.

35.

CONCLUSION

C O N C L U S I O N

36.

Load test• Brakefield, K. (n.d.). How is a Girder Different From a Beam? Retrieved

October 11, 2017, from http://blog.swantonweld.com/how-is-a-girder-different-from-a-beam

• BRITISH STAINLESS STEEL ASSOCIATIONMaking the Most of Stainless Steel. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://www.bssa.org.uk/about_stainless_steel.php

• DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS. (2014, November 11). Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/design-of-reinforced-concrete-foundations/7325/

• Ed, S. Q. (2013, March 28). Footing. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.abis.com.au/footing

• Faerina MNasir Follow. (2012, November 22). Building Sem 2 (EMT 157). Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.sl ideshare.net/faerinamnasir/building-sem-2-emt-157

• Khaled Eid, Head of Dpt Follow. (2014, November 28). Design of column base plates anchor bolt. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.sl ideshare.net/KhaledEid/design-of-column-base-plates-anchor-bolt

• McGee, M., & Fritsky, L. (2017, September 20). What is a Bearing Plate? Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-bearing-plate.htm#

• Properties of Mild Steel. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://www.laser-cutting-online.com/properties-of-mild-steel.html

• Shahul130103 Follow. (2016, March 08). Basic structural system in architecture. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.sl ideshare.net/shahul130103/basic-structural-system-in-architecture

• Simple connections. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.steelconstruction.info/Simple_connections

• Www.thatweb.co, T. W. (n.d.). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Polycarbonate Roofing26 May 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://www.morganasphalte.co.uk/news/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-polycarbonate-roofing/

W E B S I T E

C O N C L U S I O N

B O O K

• Blanc, A. (1993). Architecture and construction in steel. London: Spon.

• Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction il lustrated. New York,NY: Wiley

Education

Bcon Bus Shelter Booklet