Artificial intelligence by yas

ITEC 1010 Information and Organizations

BY M. YASHWANTH TEJA

I year CSE(B)


WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence (AI) The branch of computer science that aims to create

the intelligence of machines. An intelligent machine is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success

The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence can be so precisely described that it can be simulated or imitated by a machine. It aims at making computers behave like humans.


Intelligent behaviour Learn from experience Apply knowledge acquired from experience Handle complex situations Solve problems when important information is

missing Determine what is important React quickly and correctly to a new situation Understand visual images Process and manipulate symbols Be creative and imaginative Use heuristics


Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans. In May, 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov. IBM’s Watson was a significant demonstration of machine learning, natural language processing, and information retrieval. The world will benefit from the science and engineering put into creating it. It has renewed the interest insome of these areas and their applications.


Major Branches of AI Perceptive system

• A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feels objects

Vision system

• Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures

Robotics

• Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks with high precision

Expert system

• Stores knowledge and makes inferences


Major Branches of AI (2) Learning system

•Computer changes how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback

Natural language processing

•Computers understand and react to statements and commands made in a “natural” language, such as English

Neural network

•Computer system that can act like or simulate the functioning of the human brain


ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Robotics

Visionsystems

Learningsystems

Natural languageprocessing

Neural

networks

Expert systems


Artificial Intelligence includesGames playing: programming computers to play

games such as chess and checkers Expert systems : In artificial intelligence, an expert

system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, like an expert, and not by following the procedure of a developer as is the case in conventional programming. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of AI software.

ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE


Domain expert

Knowledge engineer

Knowledge user

EXPERT SYSTEM


Artificial Intelligence includes Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential

rewards because it would allow people to interact with computers without needing any specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a computer and talk to it. Unfortunately, programming computers to understand natural languages has proved to be more difficult than originally thought. Some rudimentary translation systems that translate from one human language to another are in existence, but they are not nearly as good as human translators. There are also voice recognition systems that can convert spoken sounds into written words, but they do not understand what they are writing; they simply take dictation. Even these systems are quite limited -- you must speak slowly and distinctly.

ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE


More to be achieved

Not widely used or tested Limited to relatively narrow problems Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge Possibility of error Cannot refine own knowledge base Difficult to maintain May have high development costs Raise legal and ethical concerns


More to be achieved

A robot must introduce facts that are relevant to a particular moment. That is, a robot will examine its current situation, and then look up the facts that will be beneficial to choosing its subsequent action. The robot should also search for any changeable facts. It then examines these facts to determine if any of them have been changed during a previous examination. There are two basic types of change:

Relevant Change: inspect the changes made by an action

Irrelevant Change: do not inspect facts that are not related to the task at hand


Recent Inventions in artificial intelligence

A Seven Adult-Sized Humanoid Robots Together for First Time in the U.S

New Computers Respond to Students' Emotions, Boredom Robot Obeys to Commands and Gestures At the CeBIT in

Hanover, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Three major advances aided by surgical robots have been

remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery, and unmanned surgery.

University of Utah engineers designed a new kind of video game controller that not only vibrates like existing devices, but pulls and stretches the thumb tips in different directions to simulate the tug of a fishing line, the recoil of a gun or the feeling of ocean waves.


Recent Inventions in artificial intelligence

Public University of Navarre are working on a computerised property valuation system which, by means of artificial intelligence techniques, tries to emulate the behaviour of a property valuer and thus offer the market price of a property in any city in the world.

Researchers in Sweden have created a computer program that can score150 on standard non-verbal IQ test questions.

Researchers at Drexel University are bringing the latest technological advancements in 3-D printing to the study of ancient life


Future of Artificial Intelligence

Recognizing what people are wearing. Determining the material properties of something

that is viewed. Discriminating general objects from the background. Recognizing general objects. Lip reading. Recognizing emotion. Gesture recognition.


Further Research

There should be no worry about A.I. making humans redundant. Autobot (or any A.I)'s friendliness supergoal will cause it to value humanity and individual humans and their right to autonomy. An A.I. coordinating a city could do so in tandem with, not instead of, humans. A machine that controls the traffic signals can operate forever, never takes a day off, and never needs to be paid. Since it respects human autonomy, an A.I. with a friendliness supergoal will only take over the jobs delegated to it. It would be more efficient, and safe, to make Autobot directly responsible for piloting all of the cars but humans are not currently willing to relinquish control of their cars and so Autobot seeks to fulfill its goals within this limitation, rather than challenging it. Humans can keep whatever jobs for themselves that they please but for this task, and many others, automation just makes more sense.


Further Research

Finite state machines are a simple and effective artificial intelligence technique for controlling a system and providing the appearance of intelligence. The perceived appearance of intelligence is more important than actual intelligence, and that finite state machines are able to provide this perception. This was proven through practical analysis of a computer game, which is a very unforgiving domain when it comes to quality of both product and game playing experience.


Education

Artificial intelligence by yas