Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence

Computers that think?Computers that think?

What is AI?What is AI?

It is the science and engineering of making It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.computer programs.

Artificial Intelligence is the study of the Artificial Intelligence is the study of the

computations that make it possible to computations that make it possible to perceive, reason and act.perceive, reason and act.

Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence becomes a formal Artificial Intelligence becomes a formal branch of Computer Science around 1956branch of Computer Science around 1956

AI has its own computer programming AI has its own computer programming languages LISP, which developed in 1957, languages LISP, which developed in 1957, is STILL in use today, along with othersis STILL in use today, along with others

Every major computer technology Every major computer technology company has a considerable investment in company has a considerable investment in AI researchAI research

The Mind-Body ProblemThe Mind-Body Problem

The major philosophical issue related to AI The major philosophical issue related to AI in computer science is the in computer science is the mind-bodymind-body problemproblem -- how the mind relates to the -- how the mind relates to the body as espoused by Rene Descartesbody as espoused by Rene Descartes

A closely related problem is A closely related problem is ““can can computers think?computers think?””

Mental LifeMental Life

People (and presumably some People (and presumably some animals) have a mental life.animals) have a mental life.

Consider the question Consider the question ““what would it what would it be like to be a bat?be like to be a bat?””

Mental life is made up of sensations Mental life is made up of sensations (color, pain, etc.), emotions and (color, pain, etc.), emotions and thoughts etc.thoughts etc.

The Mind Body ParadoxThe Mind Body Paradox

1 - Bodies are physical.

2 - Minds are not physical. 3 - Minds and bodies interact.

4 - The physical and non-physical can't interact.

Any three of this propositions are compatible but all four together are not….

Cartesian DualismCartesian Dualism

Cartesian dualism as espoused by Rene Cartesian dualism as espoused by Rene Descartes claims that mental activity is Descartes claims that mental activity is governed by different laws, and is made governed by different laws, and is made up of different stuff than purely physical up of different stuff than purely physical activity.activity.

The major problem with this theory for The major problem with this theory for science is that nobody has every seen science is that nobody has every seen such stuff, or observed such laws.such stuff, or observed such laws.

PhysicalismPhysicalism

PhysicalismPhysicalism contends that mental contends that mental activity and physical brain activity activity and physical brain activity are the same thing.are the same thing.

Here is Where Computers Enter Here is Where Computers Enter the Picture.the Picture.

Computers today to some degree make Computers today to some degree make physicalism seem less plausible. physicalism seem less plausible.

““What is it like to be an Apple iBook?What is it like to be an Apple iBook?””

Presumably our answer would be Presumably our answer would be ““not muchnot much””..

Would our answer change if the computer Would our answer change if the computer were talking to us?were talking to us?

Can Computers Think?Can Computers Think?

Not yet…but who knows what the Not yet…but who knows what the future holds in store?future holds in store?

Either way there are important Either way there are important philosophical ramifications.philosophical ramifications.

The The ““Chinese RoomChinese Room”” Problem Problem

Imagine a person sitting in a room, and Imagine a person sitting in a room, and who does not understand Chinese. who does not understand Chinese.

This person is given a manual on how to This person is given a manual on how to respond to all possible sequences of respond to all possible sequences of Chinese symbols.Chinese symbols.

To the outside world, the person in the To the outside world, the person in the room seems to understand Chinese, but room seems to understand Chinese, but does not.does not.

The same should be said about The same should be said about computers.computers.

Just Wait for Our Intuitions to Just Wait for Our Intuitions to Change!Change!

Many things that we currently take for Many things that we currently take for granted at one time seemed very granted at one time seemed very implausible.implausible.

Computation and logic can be carried Computation and logic can be carried out in the absence of consciousness. out in the absence of consciousness.

The Promise of AIThe Promise of AI

Some Machines that Some Machines that ““ThinkThink””, or at , or at least give the appearance that they least give the appearance that they do….do….

RobotsRobots Expert SystemsExpert Systems AutomationAutomation Natural Language ProcessorsNatural Language Processors

Results To DateResults To Date

Software that analyzes other systems and Software that analyzes other systems and softwaresoftware

Software that Software that ““learnslearns”” and never forgets and never forgets

Very reliable robotic systems at Very reliable robotic systems at decreasing costdecreasing cost

Problem SolversProblem Solvers• Computer ChessComputer Chess

Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence is concerned with is concerned with understanding the nature of intelligence understanding the nature of intelligence through the creation of computer through the creation of computer programs which control machines.programs which control machines.

It is normally divided up into various sub-It is normally divided up into various sub-disciplines such as vision, language, disciplines such as vision, language, planning, etc.planning, etc.

Some Areas and Applications of Some Areas and Applications of AI ResearchAI Research

Game TheoryGame Theory Speech and Language RecognitionSpeech and Language Recognition Machine VisionMachine Vision Expert Systems (Learning)Expert Systems (Learning) RoboticsRobotics Heuristic Classification (what should I Heuristic Classification (what should I

do?)do?)

Machine (Computer) VisionMachine (Computer) Vision

Computer visionComputer vision is concerned with is concerned with reconstructing the objects and their reconstructing the objects and their placement in a scene from one or more placement in a scene from one or more arrays of light intensities generated by arrays of light intensities generated by these objects.these objects.

It is a very complicated problem.It is a very complicated problem.

That we and other animals do it so That we and other animals do it so effortlessly speaks highly of evolution.effortlessly speaks highly of evolution.

Line DetectionLine Detection

Early visionEarly vision (things that are done early in (things that are done early in the vision process) is generally concerned the vision process) is generally concerned with line detection.with line detection.

Lines are places where there is a sharp Lines are places where there is a sharp change in light intensities.change in light intensities.

NoiseNoise often complicates things, so it is often complicates things, so it is necessary to necessary to smoothsmooth the observed light the observed light intensities.intensities.

Three Causes of LinesThree Causes of Lines

Line caused by reflectance change.

Line caused by object boundary.

Line caused by object orientation change.

Early Vision and ItEarly Vision and It’’s Usess Uses

So far we have been talking about So far we have been talking about early vision: line detection, stereo, early vision: line detection, stereo, texture.texture.

Some tasks require not much more Some tasks require not much more than this, e.g. driving a car on a than this, e.g. driving a car on a highway.highway.

Creepy and Wonderful Creepy and Wonderful !https://www.youtube.com/watch?!https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yCAZWdqX_Yv=3yCAZWdqX_Y

Tesla Autopilot

Object RecognitionObject Recognition

More advanced machine vision is More advanced machine vision is concerned with concerned with object recognitionobject recognition..

Problem involve how to represent object Problem involve how to represent object shapes and sizes, how to map such shapes and sizes, how to map such representations when an object is seen at representations when an object is seen at different anglesdifferent angles

Some Applications for Object Some Applications for Object RecognitionRecognition

Manufacturing Quality ControlManufacturing Quality Control Medical ResearchMedical Research Navigation over terrain (Guidance Navigation over terrain (Guidance

systems)systems) Facial Analyis (Security Systems)Facial Analyis (Security Systems)

Machine LearningMachine Learning

Machine learningMachine learning is the creation of new is the creation of new hypotheses by computers (or at least hypotheses by computers (or at least hypotheses new to the computer).hypotheses new to the computer).

Today most machine learning programs Today most machine learning programs use statistical techniques, and there is, in use statistical techniques, and there is, in general, a great cross fertilization between general, a great cross fertilization between Statistics and Artificial IntelligenceStatistics and Artificial Intelligence..

PlanningPlanning

PlanningPlanning is deciding what action to is deciding what action to take next.take next.

Within AI planning problems are Within AI planning problems are generally thought of as coming in generally thought of as coming in two varieties: planning with and two varieties: planning with and without without complete informationcomplete information..

Game PlayingGame Playing

One standard planning problem is One standard planning problem is game playinggame playing..

Games like chess are examples of Games like chess are examples of planning with complete information planning with complete information since one knows the exact state of since one knows the exact state of the game board, and nothing else the game board, and nothing else affects the play of the gameaffects the play of the game

Game Trees with known rulesGame Trees with known rules

Initial state of the board

State after move 1 State after move 2

My possible first moves.

State after move 2 followed by my opponents move 1

My opponents possible moves.

Using the Game TreeUsing the Game Tree

In principle one can decide on a move by In principle one can decide on a move by considering all possible responses to considering all possible responses to responses …responses …

In practice one cannot carry this out to the In practice one cannot carry this out to the end of the game..end of the game..

So one carries it out as far as one can….So one carries it out as far as one can….

Chess PlayingChess Playing

Many of the worlds best chess Many of the worlds best chess players are computers.players are computers.

A computer (IBMA computer (IBM’’s Deep Blue) beat s Deep Blue) beat the Gary Kasparov, the world the Gary Kasparov, the world champion in 1997 in a one on one champion in 1997 in a one on one tournament using the tree tournament using the tree technique..technique..

Pretending the Information is Pretending the Information is PerfectPerfect

In many cases one needs to plan without In many cases one needs to plan without perfect information, scheduling a factory perfect information, scheduling a factory floor, airport terminal gates, transportation floor, airport terminal gates, transportation of supplies.of supplies.

If things break down, or donIf things break down, or don’’t arrive, t arrive, analyze the result and re-plan.analyze the result and re-plan.

Planning Under UncertaintyPlanning Under Uncertainty

Most of the time, however, the future is Most of the time, however, the future is very uncertain.very uncertain.

Should one send an airplane to pick up Should one send an airplane to pick up people if you are not sure where the people if you are not sure where the people are, if the airplane will make it, or if people are, if the airplane will make it, or if they really want to be picked up?they really want to be picked up?

Utility TheoryUtility Theory

A standard tool for reasoning in such A standard tool for reasoning in such situations is situations is utility theoryutility theory..

Actions have costs, and possible outcomes Actions have costs, and possible outcomes with certain probabilities. Do the action with certain probabilities. Do the action for which the sum of P(outcome)*Utility of for which the sum of P(outcome)*Utility of outcome - cost is the greatest.outcome - cost is the greatest.

Speech Recognition and Speech Recognition and Natural Language ProgramsNatural Language Programs

Very difficult problemVery difficult problem Recognizing words and simple phrases vs. Recognizing words and simple phrases vs.

complex thoughts and syntaxcomplex thoughts and syntax Cultural nuance and ContextCultural nuance and Context Pattern recognition on different speech Pattern recognition on different speech

patterns and accentspatterns and accents Used by the Used by the ““Turing testTuring test”” as the ultimate as the ultimate

test of computer intelligencetest of computer intelligence

The Loebner Prize ($100K)The Loebner Prize ($100K)

Awarded each year to the computer Awarded each year to the computer program that best responds to a team of program that best responds to a team of human questioners and best mimics human questioners and best mimics another human being in what is called the another human being in what is called the ““Turing TestTuring Test””

Turing asked the question, Turing asked the question, ““ If a computer If a computer could be made to think, how would we could be made to think, how would we tell?tell?””…have a conversation with it…..?…have a conversation with it…..?

ChatterbotsChatterbots

A Chatterbot is a program that attempts to simulate typed conversation, with the aim of at least temporarily fooling a human into thinking they were talking to another person.

Chatterbots are lightweight Natural Language Programs.

Chatterbot Speech Chatterbot Speech Demo Demo

““Eliza”Eliza”

HeuristicsHeuristics For a given set of circumstances, what For a given set of circumstances, what

should be done?should be done?

What information can be used as input What information can be used as input into the decision process?into the decision process?

What weight should be given to different What weight should be given to different pieces of data?pieces of data?

example: approving a credit card purchase example: approving a credit card purchase

RoboticsRobotics

The ultimate exercise in planning and The ultimate exercise in planning and action is in the area of action is in the area of roboticsrobotics..

The current state of robotics is fairly The current state of robotics is fairly

primitive. Our sensors typically do not tell primitive. Our sensors typically do not tell us much about the environment with us much about the environment with much certainty, and our effectors do not much certainty, and our effectors do not work all that well either.work all that well either.

Other Robotic SensorsOther Robotic Sensors

InfaredInfared LasersLasers TemperatureTemperature HumidityHumidity LiquidLiquid Micro SwitchesMicro Switches

A practical robotic exampleA practical robotic example

Self driving cars!Self driving cars!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsaES--OTzMv=TsaES--OTzM

IBMIBM’’s Artificial Brains Artificial Brain IBM has just unveiled its Blue Gene Artificial IBM has just unveiled its Blue Gene Artificial

Brain.Brain.

Has the computing power of a catHas the computing power of a cat’’s brain but is s brain but is only 1/83only 1/83rdrd as fast as a human brain as fast as a human brain

Consists of 147,000 interconncted processors and Consists of 147,000 interconncted processors and consumes 1,000,000 watts of power and has consumes 1,000,000 watts of power and has 150,000 Gigabytes of memory!150,000 Gigabytes of memory!

http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4337190.htmlindustry/4337190.html

IBM Blue GeneIBM Blue Gene

IBM WatsonIBM Watson

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3e22ufcqfTsv=3e22ufcqfTs

Self AwarenessSelf Awareness

Can machines be made Self-Aware?Can machines be made Self-Aware?

Implies that at some point they might not Implies that at some point they might not need further programming….they do it need further programming….they do it themselves….just like a new born infant themselves….just like a new born infant does from the time it is born!does from the time it is born!

The machines could then decide whether The machines could then decide whether or not they like us…and if they should or not they like us…and if they should keep us around!keep us around!

Self Awareness in Popular CultureSelf Awareness in Popular Culture

Science Fiction from Asimov, Phillip Science Fiction from Asimov, Phillip Dick, Arthur Clarke, Brian Aldiss and Dick, Arthur Clarke, Brian Aldiss and others…others…• RobotsRobots• Malevolent ComputersMalevolent Computers• Artificial WorldsArtificial Worlds• Androids and ReplicantsAndroids and Replicants• Self Aware Machines the enslave Self Aware Machines the enslave

mankindmankind

Over-riding Law: A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.

Law One: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law.

Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law.

Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law. -Isaac Asimov

Asimov’s Robotics Laws

Given the uncanny Given the uncanny accuracy that science accuracy that science

fiction has for predicting fiction has for predicting the future…who knows?the future…who knows?

……

Some examples of AI in Some examples of AI in popular culturepopular culture

                                 

                                 

                                

2001 Space Odyssey…controlled by HAL

(Heuristic Algorithm)

Walking Inside Hal’s Brain…to pull the plug!!

Hal 2001 Space Odyssey Hal 2001 Space Odyssey Dialogue and VideoDialogue and Video

http://www.youtube.com/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSIKBliboIowatch?v=dSIKBliboIo

Blade runner and Replicants

A Machine that no longer appreciates its maker!!!

                                                      

Artificial Child with Smart Toy in “AI”

(Can a machine experience “Love”)

Machine breeding humans for use as “battery” power in “The Matrix”

So, as you can see…self So, as you can see…self aware machines can be aware machines can be

our friends!!!our friends!!!

"I have no hesitation in thinkingthat a machine can be just as intelligent andjust as real as a person, in principle."

Professor Rodney Brooks, Director, MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab