Virginia Dignum Social Artificial Intelligence Lab & Delft ...Responsible Artificial Intelligence Virginia Dignum, 2018 Responsible Artificial Intelligence Virginia Dignum Social Artificial

Virginia Dignum, 2018Responsible Artificial Intelligence

Responsible Artificial Intelligence

Virginia DignumSocial Artificial Intelligence Lab & Delft Institute Design for Values

Delft University of Technology

Email: [email protected]: @vdignum

http://designforvalues.tudelft.nl/


Why care?

• Eventually, AI systems will make better decisions than humans

• Define better!

• AI acts autonomously

• We need to sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really wantNorbert Wiener, 1960 King Midas, c540 BCE (Stuart Russell)

• But• Which values? Who gets a say? Dilemmas and priorities

AI is designed, is an artefact


AI Ethics, AI for Good, AI for People,…

• Harness the positive potential outcomes of AI in society, the economy

• Ensure inclusion, diversity, universal benefits• Prioritize UN2020 Sustainable Development Goals

• The objective of the AI system is to maximize the realization of human values

• Codes of conduct – coming of age of profession• Society relies on you

https://ethicsinaction.ieee.org/

http://www.ai4people.euEC High-Level Hearing on: “Public Policy forArtificial Intelligence”, 27/03/2018


Taking responsibility

• Ethics in Design• ethical implications of artificial intelligence as it

integrates and replaces traditional systems and social structures

• Ethics by Design• Integration of ethical reasoning abilities as part of the

behaviour of artificial autonomous systems (such as agents and robots)

• Ethics for Design(ers)• research integrity of researchers and manufacturers as

they design, construct, use and manage artificially intelligent systems,


Ethics in Design – the ART of AI

• AI systems (will) take decisions that have ethical grounds and consequences• Many options, not one ‘right’ choice• Need for design methods that ensure

• Accountability• Explanation and justification• Design for values

• Responsibility• Autonomy • Chain of responsible actors• Human-like AI

• Transparency• Data and processes • Algorithms

(V. Dignum: “Responsible Autonomy”, IJCAI2017)


Accountability challenges

• Optimal AI is explainable AI

• Explanation• Human level understanding (“symbolic” vs “sub-symbolic”)• Possibly constructed ad posteriori• Social heuristics

• Design for values • include values of ethical importance in design• Explicit, systematic• Verifiable

values

norms

functionalities

interpretation

concretization

(Winikoff, Dignum, Dignum: “Why bad coffee?”, in press)


Responsibility challenges

• Chain of responsibility• researchers, developerers, manufacturers, users, owners, governments, …

• Levels of autonomy • Operational autonomy: Actions / plans• Decisional autonomy: Goas/ motives• Attainable autonomy: dependent on context and task complexity

• Human-like AI• Mistaken identity / expectations• Vulnerable users: children / elderly


Transparency challenges

• Manage expectations• Training wheels / L-plates

• Openness • Data, processes, stakeholders

• Data• Bias is inherent in human behavior• Provenance: Where does it come from? Who is involved?• Training data: the cheapest/easiest or the best?• Governance, storage, updated

• AI > ML + Data• ML is heavily relying on data correlation• Causality / Logic / Abstractions / Models - needed for provable AI, ethical and beneficial • https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/small-data-next-big-thing-ai-make-smarter-virginia-dignum/


ART is about being explicit

• Question your options and choices

• Motivate your choices

• Document your choices and options

• Regulation• External monitoring and control• Norms and institutions

• Engineering principles for policy• Analyze – synthetize – evaluate - repeat

https://medium.com/@virginiadignum/on-bias-black-boxes-and-the-quest-for-transparency-in-artificial-intelligence-bcde64f59f5b


Ethics by Design

1. Value alignment• Identify relevant human values• Are there universal human values?• Who gets a say? Why these?

2. How to behave?• Ethical theories: How to behave according to these values?• How to prioritize those values?

3. How to implement?• Role of user• Role of society• Role of AI system


• Sources• Stakeholders: Designer, User, Owner, Manufacturer• Society: codes of ethics, codes & standards, law• Social acceptance

Colombia USA

Netherlands

Value Alignement


http://moralmachine.mit.edu/

Value Alignement

Ethics by crowd-sourcing?!


Ethical behaviour • Teleology / Utilitarianism (Bentham, Mill)• Results matter• It is rational

• reasons can be given to explain why actions are good or bad• ignores the unjust distribution of good consequences

• Deontology (Kant)• Actions matter; people matter

• Intentional, explicit action• It is rational, i.e. logic can be used to determine if actions are ethical

• Follows ‘the law’• allows no exceptions to moral rules

• Virtues ethics (Aristotle, Confucius)• Motives matter• It is relational rather than rational

• “Follow virtuous examples”

• None provide ways to resolve conflicts• Deontology and Virtue Ethics focus on the individual decision makers

while Teleology considers on all affected parties.

• Ethical theories provide the foundation for decision-making

• represent the guidelines which individuals use as they make decisions.

• However• Many different theories, each

emphasizing different points• Highly abstract


An Ethical Autonomous Vehicle?

• Value: “human life”

• Utilitarian car• The best for most; results matter• maximize lives

• Kantian car• Do no harm• do not take explicit action if that action causes harm

• Aristotelian car• Pure motives; motives matter• Harm the least; spare the least advantaged (pedestrians?)

values

norms

interpretation


user&machine

machine

Implementation choices

algorithmic

regulation

random

collaboration

infrastructures & institutions


How to solve? ARTfull AI

• Moral dilemma• You cannot have all• There is not one right solution!

• So the issue should not be what is the answer the AI system will give to a moral dilemma

• The issue is one of responsibility and openness• Make assumptions clear• Make options clear• Open data• Inspection• Explanation• …

• ART principles of Accountability – Responsibility - Transparency

(TC King et al, AAMAS 2015)


Ethics for Design(ers) – regulation, conduct

• A code of conduct clarifies mission, values and principles, linking them with standards and regulations• Compliance• Risk mitigation• Marketing

• Many professional groups have regulations• Architects• Medicine / Pharmacy• Accountants• Military

• Is what happens when society relies on you!


Responsible Artificial Intelligence

WE ARE RESPONSIBLE

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Virginia Dignum Social Artificial Intelligence Lab & Delft ...Responsible Artificial Intelligence Virginia Dignum, 2018 Responsible Artificial Intelligence Virginia Dignum Social Artificial