Abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get out.

Trephining was often used.

Demonology, Gods, and Magic› Cause- possession of evil spirits› Tx- exorcism

Early Greek and Roman Thought› Hippocrates (460-370 B.C)

Cause Mental Disorders have natural causes Brain Central Organ of Intellectual Activity Heredity Four Bodily Humors (blood, black bile, yellow bile,

and phlegm) Tx

Tranquil lifestyle, abstinence from excesses, bleeding, exercise

Pleasant surroundings, massage, hydrotherapy, education, Bleeding, purging, mechanical restraints

Early Greek and Roman Thought (cont) Galen (130-200 A.D.)

Anatomy of Nervous System Causes Physical and Mental Categories Head injuries, alcoholic excess, shock, fear,

menstruation Disappointment of love

Tx Contrariis contrarius (opposite by opposite)

Middle Ages (500-1500)› Return to Demonology & Superstition and away

from Physical Causes

Middle Ages (1500-1700s)› Establishment of Asylums and Shrines

Means of removing mentally ill from society Horrid condition of filth and deprivation including:

darkness, starvation, restraints, cold baths, tortures.

Beginning of the Modern Era› Biological Link between Brain and Mental

Disorder General Paresis & Syphilis Classification System (Kraeplin) & Medical Model

› Establishing the Psychological Basis Mesmerism Nancy School Psychoanalysis (Freud)

Hypnosis and Catharsis Unconscious and Free Association

› Establishing An Experimental Research Laboratories Behavioral Perspective

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Introduced in 1952 Moving from a subjective to operational

definition. Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms Signs- objective observations of a patients

physical or mental disorder by a diagnostician.

Symptoms- patient’s subjective description

Axis I - Particular clinical syndromes Axis II - Personality disorders Axis III - General medical conditions Axis IV - Psychosocial/environmental

problems Axis V - Global assessment of

functioning The DSM is organized into major

etiological groupings

of a physical or mental disorder.

Disorders secondary to gross destruction or malfunctioning of brain tissue

Substance-use disorders Disorders of psychological or sociological

origin having no known brain pathology Disorders usually arising during childhood

or adolescence

Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally.

Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions.

a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.

the patient fears something awful will happen to them.

They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action.

Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.

Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event.

Memories of the even cause anxiety.

Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom.

Two types……

Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause.

They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason.

Like blindness or paralysis.

These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process.

Three types….

A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory.

Retrograde Amnesia NOT organic amnesia. Organic amnesia can

be retrograde or antrograde.

People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder.

A person has several rather than one integrated personality.

People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.

Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.

Unipolar depression Unhappy for at least

two weeks with no apparent cause.

Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.

Experience depression during the winter months.

Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight.

Treated with light therapy.

Formally manic depression.

Involves periods of depression and manic episodes.

Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable).

Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

Personality disorder begins in childhood , personality disorder’s are different with one another.

They are disturbing to the person or to the others . they are difficult to treat.

In this disorder. An individual is not interested in social contacts like friends , life partner.

Later in life, an individual with this disorder often lose personal appearance , hygiene and other social polite conversations.

In this disorder , an individual are interested in social skills but he has low tolerance so he cannot manage social skill like others.

He easily speak lie and blame to others for his mistake.

About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

1. Disorganized thinking.2. Disturbed Perceptions3. Inappropriate

Emotions and Actions

The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs.

Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.

Delusions of Grandeur

E.g. :That person walk on water

hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

Laugh at inappropriate times.

Flat Effect Senseless,

compulsive acts. Catatonia-

motionless Waxy Flexibility

Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion.

Clang associations "Imagine the worst

Systematic, sympatheticQuite pathetic, apologetic, paramedicYour heart is prosthetic"

Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia)

Fetishism sadist, masochist Eating Disorders Substance use

disorders ADHD