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INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM DESIGN WORKSHOP
INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM DESIGN WORKSHOP
Dr. Gambari, A. I.E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.gambari.mgfglobal.comBlogsite: www.drgambari.com
Organized ByCentre for Open Distance and e-Learning (CODeL)
Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
Objectives
At the end of this presentation, you should be able to:
Define key concepts in instructional designDifferentiate between the different types
of instructional design modelsUse basic ADDIE Model as a guide to
design ODL course material
INTRODUCTION
Definition of key concepts in ID: InstructionDesign System Model Instructional Design Instructional System Instructional System Design (ISD) Model
INTRODUCTION
1
a set of events that facilitate
learning
2
a creative pattern ora rational,
logical, sequential
processintended to
solve problems
Instructional
Design
Clarifying the
terms
What is design?
A systematic planning and ideation process prior to
the development of something or the execution
of some plan to solve a problem.
Traditional Design
Topic for students to learn aboutA variety of activities to help them
learn.Test on the topic
The traditional approach to education was viewed as piecemeal. ID attempted to integrate all the components of the instructional process into a system.
What is a System?
Akanbi (1988) defined a system as any object, event or a procedure that is made up of parts which are working both independently and co-operatively to fulfill a common purpose.
A system is a set of interrelated and sometimes directly interdependent things, principles or parts that work severally and jointly within a given setting for the attainment of a definite goal or set of goals (Ogwo, 1996)
Cont…
What is Instructional System?
instructional system may be defined as a deliberately organized combination of people, equipment (devices), materials, procedures, and the curriculum which interact cooperatively to achieve a pre determined goal. It is a set of interacting components functioning together to facilitate learning (Inyang, 1988)
What is Instructional Design?
Instructional Design is the systematic process of translating general principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and activities.
Cont…
Instructional Design is a systematic process, based on philosophy and learning theory, for analyzing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating instruction
Cont…
Instructional Design is the systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction.
It is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs.
It includes development of instructional materials and activities; and tryout and evaluation of all instruction and learner activities.
Roles of Instructional Design
Systematic process of instructional design enables you to: Identify a performance problem Determine the goals and objectives Define your learners and their needs Develop strategies to meet needs and
goals Assess learning outcomes Evaluate if goals, objectives, and needs
are met
This systematic approach ensures: There is a need for training. The learning events are well-designed. Quality training materials are
developed. Learning events are implemented using
appropriate strategies or approaches. Learning events are evaluated to
ensure that learning has taken place.
Why Instructional Design?
She is working on new ways to teach the kids next week and
next year. She is drawing upon her knowledge of
something called instructional design in her
thinking.
Instructional Design is a Process
1. Where are we going?
2. How do we know when we have arrived?
3. How do will we get there?
ID Major Activities
1. Perform an instructional analysis to determine “where we are going.”
2. Develop an instructional strategy to determine “how we’ll get there.”
3. Develop and conduct an evaluation to determine “how we’ll know when we’re there.”
When these parts are articulated we can create a model.
What is a Model?
Models, like myths and metaphors, help us to make sense of our world.
They are used to explain complex systems Give us structure and meaning to a
problem.
19
What are Instructional Design Models?
Prescriptive set of procedures for developing instructional materials
A method for the organization and management of instructional process
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODEL
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN MODEL
Selected Characteristics
Classroom Orientation Product Orientation
System Orientation
Typical output One or a few hours of instruction
Self-instructional or instructor-delivered package
Course or entire curriculum
Resources committed to development
Very low High High
Team or Individual Individual Usually a team Team
ID skill/experience Low High High/very high
Emphasis on development or selection
Select Develop Develop
Amount of analysis Low Low to medium Very high
Technological complexity
Low Medium to high Medium to high
Amount of revision Low to medium Very high Medium to high
Amount of distribution None High Medium to high
Elements of ID Models
from Branch & Gustafson (1997)
EXAMPLES OF ID MODELEXAMPLES OF ID MODEL
EXAMPLES OF ID MODEL
ADDIE Model ASSURE Model Dick & Carey Model Hannafin & Peck Model Waterfall Model Rapid Prototyping Model Hypermedia Design ModelMultimedia Design Model Lesson Plan ModelKemp’s Instructional Design modelGerlach and Ely Model, etc
Jerrold Kemp Design Model
takes a holistic approach to instructional design.
Virtually all factors in the learning environment are taken into consideration
including subject analysis, learner characteristics, learning objectives, teaching activities, resources (computers, books, etc.), support services and evaluation.
The process is iterative and the design is subject to constant revision.
This model is a more advanced one to design by and the most comprehensive for web-based course development.
[email protected] [email protected] 30
ASSURE Model
Heinich, Molenda, Russell & Smaldino
Classroom orientation Note the selection of
materials instead of development
Image from http://vig-fp.prenhall.com/bigcovers/0137132395.jpg
A Analyze LearnersS State ObjectivesS Select Strategies (Methods),
Technology, Media & Materials U Utilize Technology, Media &
Materials R Require Learner Participation E Evaluate & Revise
ASSURE MODEL
WATERFALL MODEL
The waterfall model is a model which was developed for software development; that is to create software. It is called as such because the model develops systematically from one phase to other in a downward fashion, like a waterfallAdvantages• It is easier to develop various software through this method in short span of time.
• It requires the fulfillment of one phase, before proceeding to the next
36Mostly used for world wide web Instruction
Hypermedia Design Model
Morrison, Ross & Kemp (MRK) Model
Classroom orientation It has been modified
over time
Images from http://www.borders.com.au/book/designing-effective-instruction/337124/
Rapid Prototyping Model
Originated in manufacturing ID hijacked from software
development Focused on development
primarily Rapid prototyping models
are essential for identifying design flaws and gaining valuable feedback during the design process. Functional rapid prototyping models allow product designers and engineers to see how their designs look and function in real world situations.
Types of prototypes Look-and-feel: colors,
effects, gross screen layouts
Media: use of sound effects, narration, 3D illustrations, video, etc.
Navigation: move through sections, access support (glossary, calculator, etc.)
Interactivity: content, activities, feedback
Gerlach-Ely Design Model
is a prescriptive model that is well suited to higher education.
The model includes strategies for selecting and including media within instruction.
It also handles the allocation of resources.
LESSON PLAN MODEL
(i) Needs Assessment(ii) Determination of Constraints.(iii) Derivation of General Objectives(iv) Derivation of Specific Objectives(v) Administration of a Pre-test(vi) Selection of Learning Experiences(vii) Selection of Method(viii) Selection of Media(ix) Implementation of instruction(x) Evaluation(xi) Feedback
Ogunlanti, Ihongbe, Babatunde, Akanbi, & Egwin, (1981)
Determine Constraints
Derive General Objectives
Specify Objectives
Administer Pretest
Select Method
Implement Instruction
Evaluate
Needs Assessment
Select Media
Select LearningExperiences
Feedback
LESSON PLANNING MODEL
APPLICATION OF ISD
Distance EducationTeacher EducationSpecial EducationGuidance and CounselingSkill Training and Materials productionCurriculum Development, Innovations, and
EvaluationEducational Management and
AdministrationLesson PlanningVocational -Technical Education, etc.
APPLICATION OF ADDIE MODEL TO ODL COURSE
MATERIAL
APPLICATION OF ADDIE MODEL TO ODL COURSE
MATERIAL
FIVE ESSENTIAL PHASES IN ADDIE MODEL
Analysis DesignDevelopment ImplementationEvaluation
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What happens in the Analyze Phase
Provides the framework for the rest of the ID process.
Uncover the problem, locate the source of the problem, and start to hypothesize solutions to fix the problem.
Research what is needed to solve problem? (Needs Analysis)
List instructional goals & the steps that need to be taken for the goals to be accomplished.
Cont…
Who is the audience and what are their characteristics?
Identification of the desired outcome or behaviour. What types of learning constraints exist? What are the delivery options? What are the pedagogical considerations? What is the timeline for course completion? What exactly is the (performance) problem? How do you know there is even a problem? Why is it a problem?
What happens in the Design Phase?
Use the research findings obtained from analysis phase to plan for the developing of the instruction.
Create detailed outlines illustrating how learners will complete instructional goals set out in the analysis phase
What Happens in the Design Phase? Part 2
Investigate your learners- Learning Analysis What is best way to reach audience? Consider the target population Consider different learning
perspectivesWrite out Objectives, testing strategies,
select how the instruction will be administered, and ultimately decide how instruction will be organized.
Cont…
How will the content be organized? How will it be presented to learners? What delivery format will be used? What types of activities and exercises will
be included? How will learners' accomplishments be
measured?
What Happens in the Develop Phase?
Apply all information from the analysis and design phases to produce lesson plans and materials.
Actual instruction is created.Develop any media that will be
employed in the instruction (hardware and software).
Generate supplementary materials to enhance instruction (reference guides, manuals, worksheets, etc.).
What Happens in the Implement Phase?
Essentially this phase describes the method in which the instruction will be delivered.
Materials are distributed to learnersUse findings from learning analysis to
determine best environment for the learner (face to face, online, etc.).
This part of the process is where learners must obtain the content that is needed to accomplish the instructional goals.
The books, equipment, tools, CD-ROMs and software are in place, & the learning application or Web site is functional.
What Happens in the Evaluate Phase?
Measure the effectiveness and the efficiency of the overall instruction.
Formative Evaluation: evaluation that is present in all phases of the process in order to catch errors and enrich the instruction.
Summative Evaluation: evaluation that takes place after the finalized instruction is presented. Recommendations provided to determine if the instruction will be adopted or rejected based on its overall effectiveness and efficiency.
ADVANTAGES OF ISD
It provides one of the best methods of combining content and resources to optimize learning.
It provides one of the best procedures for exposing the learner to instructional tasks, experiences, packages and so on.
The requirements for clearly stated objectives for a system will control and guide the planning, design, and development of a learning system.
It ensures that all relevant variables in an instructional situation are given proper and adequate consideration
Cont…
It encourages the adoption of self correcting strategies in the management of instruction.
It provides opportunities for improving upon the system and the performance of the system operations.
It allows for a continuous wholistic perception of the instructional programme (or system) instead of the piecemeal view of the traditional approach.
It ensures efficiency and stability in the teaching – learning process because it emphasizes the need to consider all input variables at the planning stage.
Cont…
It emphasizes and allows more rational basis for allocating financial, material, time, human and other resources.
It promotes further innovations within the system; this can be in the form of materials, methods or techniques.
Various instructional variables which may lead, if uncontrolled, to confused and wasteful performance can be specified, considered and taken care of.
Cost effective
Cont…
It allows the participants to cope with the varying demands of modern technological products, processes and settings within the instructional enterprise if their use is well programmed.
Saves time and troublePromotes effective learningSystematic
DISADVANTAGES OF ISD
ISD require other personnel which is not available in most of our school system.
The variety and scope of media available in most schools is grossly inadequate.
The bureaucratic bottlenecks, the conservatism of some staff hinders the full implementation of ISD in Nigeria.
Cont..
Time-consuming to implement Poor funding may hinder media
procurement and maintenance. The successful application of ISD entails
much theoretical analysis of the prevailing instructional situation in line with scientific and educational principles in order to arrive at any solution. Our teachers are not so equipped for such in depth analysis.
[email protected] [email protected] 63
Group ActivityGet experience using the modelsComputer Science, Information
Technology, Cyber Security & General Studies Departments should:
Use the Dick and Carey model to design an effective instructional product for the client.
Science Education, Mathematics/Statistics & Chemistry, and Physics Departments should:
Use the Kemp, Morrison & Ross model to design an effective instructional product for the client.
15 minutes
Conclusions
The important thing to remember is to consider all of the factors that need to go into designing effective instruction.
It doesn’t matter what model you use, but some models are better suited to certain personalities and instructions.
