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Political Ideologies

Rey Ty

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Source:•Michael G. Roskin, Robert L. Cord, James A. Medeiros, & Walter S. Jones. (2012). Political Science: An Introduction. New York: Pearson Longman.

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Ideology

A belief system PragmaticNot scientific,

but prescription

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Ideologies1

Classical Liberalism

2 Classical

Conservatism

3 Modern

Liberalism

4 Modern

Conservatism

5 Marxist Socialism

6 Social Democracy

7 Communism

8 Mao Zedong Thought &

Titoism

9 Nationalism

10 Fascism

11 Collapse of Soviet

Socialism

12 Neo-Conservatism

13 Libertarianism

14 Feminism

15 Environmentalism

16 End of Ideology?

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Classical Liberalism

Locke

Life, Liberty, & Property

Adam Smith

Competitive Markets

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Problem with Smith’s Free Markets

Competition leads to cartels & monopolies

Creates few rich & many poor

Firms use free goods (airs & water) lead to shortages &

pollution

Firms’ bad practices can damage public

safety (melamine in Chinese milk)

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Classic Conservatism

Edmund Burke

Humans are

corrupt, irrational,

& passionate

Long-held institutions

& traditions

Local issues must be decided locally when

possible

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Modern Liberalism

J. M. Keynes: Reliance on government

Thomas Green (1880s): Free market takes away freedom; need positive freedom

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Modern Conservatism

Developed from Classical Liberalism!

Reagan & Thatcher: minimal government

Edmund Burke: importance of tradition (esp. religion)

Smith’s free markets

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Marxist Socialism

Marx: workers oppressed in 19C capitalist

industrial societies

With class consciousness

& misery, proletariat

will overthrow capitalism

High level of production

sufficient goods

Communism: withering

away of the state

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Social DemocracyEduard

Bernstein led Social

Democrats to elect

Reichstag members

Improve conditions of masses with social programs

After WW2,

abandoned revolution, Marxism,

& state ownership of industry

Welfare states:

high taxes to support

social programs

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CommunismOpposed to imperialism,

mostly European

Organization: as they are defenseless to secret

police, organization is small, secretive, & tightly organized

Comintern: under former Soviet Union

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Mao & TitoMao Zedong

Thought: Guerrilla warfare & cultural

revolution

Titoism: Mild, decentralized form

of socialism

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NationalismInflated conviction in one’s country’s superiority

Nation as crucial human value in 19th C

Resent rule by a different population or country

May lead to isolationism

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Fascism20th C

nationalism: Mussolini & Hitler

Individuals serve the state

Countries compete with one

another

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Collapse of Soviet Socialism

1980s, USSR exhausted

Gorbachev’s reform: Glasnost (openness),

Perestroika (econ. restructuring), &

democracy (with rule of law)

Efforts failed1991 Hard-line communists’

attempted coup failed

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Neo-Conservatism

Started as a liberals’ reaction to the Great

Society programs

Welfare does not work & creates a

perpetually dependent class

No to multiculturalism & relativism that

downgrades traditional U.S. values

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LibertarianismLibertarian: High

individual freedom, low government

intervention, & high open markets

No to conservatives: low personal freedom & high open markets

No to liberals: high personal freedoms &

low economic markets

Libertarians: no to taxes, bureaucracies, &

keep an eye on government intervention

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Feminism1960s Civil rights

movement inspired feminism

Socially constructed gender roles limited women’s social, pol, & econ advancement

Progress: ½ of university attendance

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Environmentalism

1960s: Rachel Carson’s Silent

Spring: pesticides

destroy the environment

Decrease consumption & slow down

environmental damage

Green movements & parties on the

rise

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End of Ideology?

Daniel Bell: End of USSR = End of Ideology

Fukuyama: End of History. Liberalism won.

Huntington disagrees. Clash of Civilizations

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Reference:•Michael G. Roskin, Robert L. Cord, James A. Medeiros, & Walter S. Jones. (2012). Political Science: An Introduction. New York: Pearson Longman.

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Political Ideologies

Rey Ty