What do you think of when you hear "The Roaring Twenties"
● UNDERSTAND REASONS FOR THE RED
SCARE
● EXPLAIN THE RADICAL BOMBING AND
PALMER RAIDS
● ANALYZE THE IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS
● DESCRIBE CONFLICTS BETWEEN LABOR
AND MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVES
● FORMED AFTER THE REVOLUTIONISTS IN RUSSIA OVERTHREW
THE CZAR
o AMERICAN SAW THE INCREASE IN RADICAL POLITICAL
GROUPS IN U.S
o INCREASED FEAR OF THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM IN
AMERICA
● AMERICA RESPONDS TO STRESSFUL CONDITIONS BY FEARING
OUTSIDERS
o LED THE WAVE OF NATIVISM: PREJUDICE AGAINST FOREIGN-
BORN PEOPLE & ISOLATIONISM: PULLING AWAY FROM
WORLDLY AFFAIRS
WHAT IS COMMUNISM?
RED SCARE
● ONE PARTY ECONOMIC/POLITICAL GOV’T SYSTEM
o CONTROL OVER PROPERTY AND BUSINESS
o RUN BY WORKING CLASS
● INTENTIONS: FORM PERFECT SOCIETY = NO MONEY, VIOLENCE,
OR WAR
● SOCIAL EQUALITY = NO SOCIAL HIERARCHY
● ONLY WORK IN HIGHLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
o TO IMPLEMENT COMMUNISM IS VIA VIOLENT REVOLUTION.
● GOAL: TO ELIMINATE CAPITALISM IN THE WORLD
WHY THE FEAR FROM AMERICANS?
COMMUNISM
● COMMUNIST AND OTHER RADICAL PARTIES FORMING IN U.S.
● SAW THE VIOLENT REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA
● POSSIBLE REVOLUTION CAN HAPPEN ON U.S. SOIL
● ELIMINATES THE BI-PARTY SYSTEM
o DICTATOR RATHER THAN VOTED REPRESENTATIVE.
● GOV’T CONTROL OVER PROPERTY/BUSINESS → XING PRIVATE
BUSINESSES
o NO SOCIAL/ECONOMIC PROSPERITY
AMERICAN FEAR
● TARGETED POLITICAL/FAMOUS
FIGURES OF MAJOR CITIES W/ STRIKES
● ITALIAN RADICAL SETS OFF BOMB AT
GENERAL ATTORNEY Mitchell
PALMER’S HOME.
● WALL STREET BOMBING GAINED THE
MOST MEDIA ATTENTION
o REPORTED 33 DEAD AND 200
WOUNDED
RADICAL BOMBINGS
● LED BY PALMER AND J EDGAR HOOVER
● PALMER BLAMED BOMBINGS ON RADICALS
● SEEKED OUT COMMUNISTS, SOCIALISTS, AND ANARCHISTS
● INVADED PRIVATE HOMES, OFFICES, MEETING HALLS, ETC.
● ARRESTED, JAILED AND DEPORTED MANY FOREIGN RADICALS
WITHOUT TRIALS.
● BUT FAILED TO PROVE ANY REVOLUTIONARY CONSPIRACY
● LOST PUBLIC BACKING
PALMER RAIDS
SACCO AND VANZETTI
● SET UP A QUOTA SYSTEM: MAX NUMBER OF PEOPLE FROM
EACH COUNTRY
● LIMITED EUROPEANS TO 2% OF NATIONAL POP. OF THAT IN 1890
● DISCRIMINATED AGAINST EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPEANS.
● RESTRICTED ALL ASIAN IMMIGRATION.
● DID NOT APPLY TO THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
● GOAL: TO DRASTICALLY CUT EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION TO U.S
Why was the increase in Immigration negative?
EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT 1921
● ESTIMATED 5 MILLION MEMBERS, MEN AND WOMEN
● DEVOTED TO 100% AMERICANIZING THE COUNTRY
● PURPOSE WAS TO:
o KEEP MINORITIES IN THEIR PLACE
o DESTROYING SALOONS
o OPPOSING UNIONS
o DRIVING FOREIGN BORNS OUT OF THE COUNTRY
● LOST THEIR APPEAL B/C OF CRIMINAL ACTS
REVIVAL OF THE KKK
● GOV’T WOULDN’T ALLOW STRIKING
DURING WAR PERIOD
● AFTER WAR, AMERICA SAW MORE
THAN 3,000 STRIKES
o 4 MILLION PEOPLE
● DUE TO EMPLOYERS REFUSAL TO
INCREASE PAY, AND FORBIDDING
UNIONS
● EMPLOYERS PERSUADED PEOPLE
THAT STRIKES WAS COMMUNISM IN
ACTION
LABOR TENSION
● POLICE COMMISSIONER REFUSED UNION
RECOGNITION
● LED TO STRIKE OF 1,117 OUT OF 1,544
OFFICERS
● STRIKES BECAME VIOLENT, BROKE OUT INTO
RIOTS AND LOOTING
● GOVERNOR COOLIDGE CALLED IN STATE
GUARD
“There is no right to strike against the public
safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime”
● PARTICIPATING OFFICERS WERE FIRED
BOSTON POLICE STRIKE
● MEMBERSHIP DECLINED OVER THE DECADE
● REASONS FOR ITS DECLINE
o IMMIGRANTS WILLING TO WORK IN POOR CONDITIONS
o DIFFICULTY IN FORMATION DUE TO VARIETY OF LANGUAGES
o MIGRANTS FROM THE SOUTH RELIED ON THEMSELVES NOT
UNIONS
o MOST UNIONS EXCLUDED AFRICAN AMERICANS
DECLINE OF UNION’S
● PRESIDENT HARDING INVITED MAJOR POWERS TO WASHINGTON
NAVAL CONFERENCE.
o SECRETARY OF STATE CHARLES EVANS HUGHES PUSHED THE
IDEA FOR NO WARSHIPS TO BE BUILT FOR 10 YEARS
o BRITAIN FRANCE U.S. JAPAN AND ITALY WERE TO SCRAP
MOST OF THEIR BATTLESHIPS, CRUISERS AND AIRCRAFTS.
o AGREED AND SIGNED THE KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT
RENOUNCED WAR AS NATIONAL POLICY
NO WAY TO ENFORCE IT
HARDING PRESIDENCY
● FRANCE AND BRITAIN OWED $10 BILLION TO U.S.
● THE FORDNEY-MCCUMBER TARIFF PREVENTED THEM FROM
DOING SO
o RAISED TAXES ON SOME U.S. IMPORTS TO 60%
● BRITAIN AND FRANCE LOOKED TOWARDS GERMANY BUT UNABLE
TO PAY
o U.S GAVE GERMANY $2.5 BILLION TO PAY BACK BRITAIN AND
FRANCE
B&F PAID BACK U.S WITH ITS OWN MONEY
● SOLUTION CAUSED RESENTMENT TOWARDS U.S.
REPARATIONS
● PRESIDENTS FRIENDS WHO HARDING APPOINTED TO HIS
CABINET
o FRIENDS WERE CORRUPT, USED THEIR OFFICES TO BECOME
WEALTHY
● BIGGEST SCANDAL WAS TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL
o OIL-RICH PUBLIC LAND AT TEAPOT DOME WYOMING FOR U.S
NAVY
o SECRETARY OF INTERIOR ALBERT B. FALL TRANSFERRED OIL
RESERVES FROM NAVY TO INTERIOR DEPARTMENT
SECRETLY LEASED LAND TO TWO PRIVATE OIL
COMPANIES
o RECEIVED MORE THAN $400,000 IN LOANS BONDS AND
CASH.
OHIO GANG
WHAT TECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS IMPACT YOUR LIFE AND SOCIETY TODAY?
● AUTOMOBILE CHANGED THE LANDSCAPE AND LIFESTYLE OF
AMERICANS DRASTICALLY
● CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS FROM DIRT TO PAVEMENT MADE
TRAVELING EASY IN ALL WEATHER
● AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING GREW INTO ONE OF THE
NATION’S LARGEST AND MOST IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES.
● ROUTE 66 CONNECTED CHICAGO TO L.A.
o AS TRAVELERS CROSSED THE COUNTRY, MANY UPROOTED IN
TOWNS ALONG THE WAY
IMPACT OF THE AUTOMOBILE
● NEW ARCHITECTURE STARTED TO BE
BUILT
o HOMES STARTED TO BE
CONSTRUCTED WITH GARAGES
AND DRIVEWAYS.
o GAS STATIONS WERE POPPING UP
ALL OVER AMERICA
o THE FIRST CLOVERLEAF
INTERSECTION WAS BUILT IN
WOODBRIDGE NJ
o HOLLAND TUNNEL WAS
CONSTRUCTED TO CONNECT NYC
TO JERSEY CITY
AUTOMOBILES
● ALLOWED OPPORTUNITIES FOR
FAMILIES TO TRAVEL
● THE URBAN SPRAWL IMPACTED THE
CITIES
● INDEPENDENCE FOR WOMEN
● YOUTH OF AMERICA FOREVER
CHANGED
o ADULT CHAPERONES DWINDLED
o TOOK TO ROAD FOR PRIVATE TIME
o JOY-RIDING BECAME POPULAR
LIFESTYLE CHANGED
● REPRESENTED NEW FREEDOMS
● TO OTHERS REPRESENTED CRUMBLING MORAL STANDARDS
o ERODING AMERICAN FAMILIES
o MORALLY CORRUPTING THE YOUTH
● CITIES BEGAN TO HAVE AN ECONOMICAL BASE DUE TO AUTO
INDUSTRIES
o IMPACTED OTHER INDUSTRIES AS WELL.
LIFE-STYLE CONT.
● FIRST BEGAN AS MAIL CARRIERS FOR THE
U.S.P.S
● BECAUSE OF WWI AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPED RAPIDLY
● MEANT FOR PEACETIME MEANS OF
TRANSPORTATION
● TRANSATLANTIC FLIGHTS OF CHARLES
LINDBERGH PROMOTED THE CARGO AND
COMMERCIAL AIRLINES.
● PAN AMERICA AIRLINES WAS THE FIRST
TRANSATLANTIC PASSENGER FLIGHT
AIRPLANES
● USE OF ELECTRICITY ALLOWED
FACTORIES TO RELY MORE ON
MACHINERY
● ELECTRICITY SPREAD OVER LONGER
DISTANCES WITH ALTERNATING
ELECTRICAL CURRENT
● NUMBER OF ELECTRIFIED HOMES GREW
● ELECTRIFIED APPLIANCES IN HOMES
MADE LIVES EASIER.
ELECTRICITY
● ADVERTISING AGENCIES LOOKED TO PSYCHOLOGISTS TO LEARN
WHAT APPEALS TO PEOPLE’S DESIRES
● SPECIFICALLY TARGETED WOMEN
o ADVERTISED IN WOMENS MAGAZINES
o PRODUCT WILL MAKE THEM A GOOD WIFE/MOTHER
o PRODUCT WILL LESSEN WORKLOAD
● APPEAL TO BOTH MODERN LIFESTYLE AND ANTI-MODERN
LIFESTYLE.
ADVERTISEMENT
● Businesses expanded due to productivity and company mergers
● Rise in Chain stores
● national banks branched out within cities near their main office
● Income gap spread further away.
● farms nationwide suffered loses
o overproduction of goods caused prices to drop
SUPERFICIAL PROSPERITY
● People started to buy on credit
● Industries put into installment plans
o lured average to low wage earners to buy more goods
● Banks provided money on low interest rates.
● Some economists and business owners saw this as sign of
“central weakness of a superficial economic prosperity”
Superficial Prosperity Cont.