04/06/2018

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Does your perception change with race?

Prejudice is widely held negative attitudes toward a group (minority or majority) and its individual members.

• Discrimination is about behavior

• Prejudice usually leads to discrimination

• BUT discrimination can create prejudiced attitudes (stereotypes)

Ethnocentrism?

TYPICAL STEREOTYPES

• Pushy New Yorker• Stingy Jew• Terrorist Arab• Dumb Jock• Airhead Cheerleader• Flamboyant Gay• Polygamist Mormon• Glasses-wearing Nerd

How Prejudiced Are People?Support for interracial dating

Out-groups = “them” or those we perceive as

different/apart from “us”

In-groups = “us” or people we share a common identity

In-group Bias tendency to favor one’s own group

Scapegoat Theory theory that prejudice provides an outlet for

anger by providing someone to blame

Social Roots of Prejudice

• Just‐World Phenomenon

– Tendency of people to believe the world is just

– People get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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Cognitive Roots of Prejudice

• Categorization• Outgroup

homogeneity

• Other-race effect

• Vivid cases

Aggression

• Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

• Biology of Aggression• Genes

• Neurons

• Biochemical

Aversive Events

• Frustration-aggression principle• Frustration (blocking achievement of goal)

creates anger, which can create aggression

• Other aversive stimuli (heat)

• Aggression-replacement program

Parallels between Smoking and Media Violence Effects

• Not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer

• Smoking is only one cause of lung cancer; although an important one.

• The first cigarette can nauseate, but the sickening effect lessens with repetition.

• The short-term effect of one cigarette is minor and dissipates within an hour or so.

• The long-term, cumulative effect of smoking can be severe.

• Corporate interests have denied the smoking-lung cancer link.

• Not everyone who watches violence becomes aggressive.

• Violence viewing is only one cause of aggression; although an important one.

• The first violent exposure can upset, but the upset lessens with repetition.

• One violent TV program can prime aggressive thoughts an behaviors, but the effect dissipates within an hour or so.

• The long-term cumulative effect of violence viewing is increased likelihood of habitual aggression.

• Corporate interests have denied the violence-viewing-aggression link.

Attraction

• Proximity = grow to like; new = dangerous

• Physical Attractiveness

• Mere exposure effect• Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases

liking of them

• Similarity• correlation between

similarity and liking

• Reward theory of attraction

Romantic Love

• Love• Passionate love

• Companionate love

• Equity• You get what you give

• Self-disclosure

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Altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others

• Bystander Effect• Diffusion of responsibility

• Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

• Kitty Genovese

Decision making process for bystander intervention:

The Norms for Helping

• Social exchange theory• Social behavior is exchange process

• Aim to maximize benefits and minimize costs

• Reciprocity norm• We give as we receive

• Social-responsibility norm• We help those who need it

• Subordinate goals• Shared goals override differences among

people and require cooperation

Conflictperceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

• Social trap

• Enemy perceptions• Mirror-image perceptions view others as

they view us

• Self-fulfilling prophecy

Promoting Peace

• Cooperation• Contact alone doesn’t create

• Need superordinate goals

• Communication

• GRIT• Designed to decrease

international tensions