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04/06/2018
1
Does your perception change with race?
Prejudice is widely held negative attitudes toward a group (minority or majority) and its individual members.
• Discrimination is about behavior
• Prejudice usually leads to discrimination
• BUT discrimination can create prejudiced attitudes (stereotypes)
Ethnocentrism?
TYPICAL STEREOTYPES
• Pushy New Yorker• Stingy Jew• Terrorist Arab• Dumb Jock• Airhead Cheerleader• Flamboyant Gay• Polygamist Mormon• Glasses-wearing Nerd
How Prejudiced Are People?Support for interracial dating
Out-groups = “them” or those we perceive as
different/apart from “us”
In-groups = “us” or people we share a common identity
In-group Bias tendency to favor one’s own group
Scapegoat Theory theory that prejudice provides an outlet for
anger by providing someone to blame
Social Roots of Prejudice
• Just‐World Phenomenon
– Tendency of people to believe the world is just
– People get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
• Categorization• Outgroup
homogeneity
• Other-race effect
• Vivid cases
Aggression
• Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
• Biology of Aggression• Genes
• Neurons
• Biochemical
Aversive Events
• Frustration-aggression principle• Frustration (blocking achievement of goal)
creates anger, which can create aggression
• Other aversive stimuli (heat)
• Aggression-replacement program
Parallels between Smoking and Media Violence Effects
• Not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer
• Smoking is only one cause of lung cancer; although an important one.
• The first cigarette can nauseate, but the sickening effect lessens with repetition.
• The short-term effect of one cigarette is minor and dissipates within an hour or so.
• The long-term, cumulative effect of smoking can be severe.
• Corporate interests have denied the smoking-lung cancer link.
• Not everyone who watches violence becomes aggressive.
• Violence viewing is only one cause of aggression; although an important one.
• The first violent exposure can upset, but the upset lessens with repetition.
• One violent TV program can prime aggressive thoughts an behaviors, but the effect dissipates within an hour or so.
• The long-term cumulative effect of violence viewing is increased likelihood of habitual aggression.
• Corporate interests have denied the violence-viewing-aggression link.
Attraction
• Proximity = grow to like; new = dangerous
• Physical Attractiveness
• Mere exposure effect• Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases
liking of them
• Similarity• correlation between
similarity and liking
• Reward theory of attraction
Romantic Love
• Love• Passionate love
• Companionate love
• Equity• You get what you give
• Self-disclosure
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Altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others
• Bystander Effect• Diffusion of responsibility
• Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
• Kitty Genovese
Decision making process for bystander intervention:
The Norms for Helping
• Social exchange theory• Social behavior is exchange process
• Aim to maximize benefits and minimize costs
• Reciprocity norm• We give as we receive
• Social-responsibility norm• We help those who need it
• Subordinate goals• Shared goals override differences among
people and require cooperation
Conflictperceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
• Social trap
• Enemy perceptions• Mirror-image perceptions view others as
they view us
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
Promoting Peace
• Cooperation• Contact alone doesn’t create
• Need superordinate goals
• Communication
• GRIT• Designed to decrease
international tensions