Towards Cleaner Fuel in Indonesia
Ridwan D. TaminAssistant Deputy for Mobile Source Emission Pollution
Control Deputy Minister for Environment Pollution Control
Ministry of Environment
Manila, 22 May 2006
Presidential Decree No. 5 Year 2006 on National Energy Policy
establish security of energy supply energy elasticity <1 by 2025 optimal primary energy mix by 2025 for
national consumption: oil<20%, gas>30%, coal>33%, biofuel>5%, geothermal>5%, other renewable energies>5%, liquified coal>2%
Energy blueprint: domestic security of supply, public service obligations (PSO), mgmt of energy resources
Stages in pricing policy incentives
Gasoline & Diesel Consumption in Indonesia
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
kL
Gasoline (kL)Diesel (kL)
Euro 2 emission standards for type approval
Vehicle Emission Standards/Technology
MoE Decree No. 141 Year 2003: Euro 2 Emission Standards
Petrol Light Duty and Diesel light Duty (GVW<3.5 ton ; Category : M1
Year
Enforce to New Model
Enforce to Existing Model
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Diesel Heavy Duty (GVW>3.5 ton ; Category : M2,M3,N2,N3,O3, & O4)
Idle
Idle ECE 49-02 (Euro-2)
ECE 49-02 (Euro-2)
Enforce to Existing Model
Year
Enforce to New Model
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
ECE 83-04 (Euro-2) Idle
Idle
2013 2014
(Euro-4)
(Euro-4)
2015
ECE 83-04 (Euro-2)
Gasoline Fuel Specification RON 88
Limits Test Method
No Characteristic Satuan Unleaded Leaded
Min. Max Min. Max ASTM Others
1 Octane Number
- Research Octane Number (RON) RON 88.0 - 88.0 - D 2699 - 86
- Motor Octane Number (MON) report report D 2700 - 86
2 Oxide Stability (Induction Period) min 360 - 360 - D 525 - 99
3 Sulfur content % m/m - 0,05 1) - 0,05 1) D 2622 - 98
4 Lead content (Pb) g/l - 0.013 - 0.3 D 3237 - 97
5 Distillation: D 86 - 99a
10% vol. Vaporization °C - 74 - 74
50% vol. Vaporizaton °C 88 125 88 125
90% vol. Vaporization °C 180 180
boiling point °C - 215 - 205
Residue % vol - 2.0 - 2.0
6 Oxygen content % m/m - 2,7 2) 2,7 2) D 4815 - 94a
7 Washed gum mg/100 ml - 5 - 5 D 381 - 99
8 Vapor pressure kPa - 62 - 62 D 5191-99 or D 323
9 Density (15 oC) kg/m3 715 780 715 780 D 4052-96 or D 1298
10 Copper corrosion min kelas I kelas I D 130 - 94
11 Doctor test Negative Negative IP 30
12 Sulfur Mercaptan % mass - 0.002 - 0.002 D 3227
13 Visibility Clear and bright Clear and bright
14 Color Red Red
15 Coloring g/100 l 0.13 0.13
16 Bau Odor Commercialized Commercialized
Gasoline Fuel Specification RON 91
No Satuan
Min. Maks. ASTM Lain
1 Angka Oktana Riset (RON) - 91.0 - D 2699 - 86
2 Stabilitas Oksidasi menit 480 - D 525 - 99a
3 Kandungan Sulfur % m/m - 0,05 1) D 2622 - 98
4 Kandungan Timbal (Pb) g/l - 0,013 2) D 3237 - 97
5 Kandungan Oksigen % m/m - 2.7 3) D 4815 - 94a
6 Kandungan Olefin % v/v - *) D 1319 - 99
7 Kandungan Aromatik % v/v - 50.0 D 1319 - 99
8 Kandungan Benzena % v/v - 5.0 D 4420 - 94
9 Distilasi : D 86 - 99a
10% vol. penguapan °C - 70
50% vol. penguapan °C 77 110
90% vol. penguapan °C 130 180
Titik didih akhir °C - 215
Residu % vol - 2.0
10 Sedimen mg/l - 1 D 5452 - 97
11 Unwashed gum mg/100 ml - 70 D 381 - 99
12 Washed gum mg/100 ml - 5 D 381 - 99
13 Tekanan Uap kPa 45 60 D 5191-99 atau D 323
14 Berat Jenis (pada suhu 15 ºC) kg/m3 715 770 D 4052-96 atau D 1298
15 Korosi bilah tembaga merit D 130 - 94
16 Uji Doctor IP 30
17 Sulfur Mercaptan % massa - 0.002 D 3227
18 Penampilan visual
19 Warna
20 Kandungan pewarna g/100 l - 0,13
Negatif
KarakteristikBatasan
Biru
kelas I
Jernih dan terang
Metode Uji
Gasoline Fuel Specification RON 95
No Satuan
Min. Maks. ASTM Lain
1 Angka Oktana Riset (RON) - 95.0 - D 2699 - 86
2 Stabilitas Oksidasi menit 480 - D 525 - 99a
3 Kandungan Sulfur % m/m - 0,05 1) D 2622 - 98
4 Kandungan Timbal (Pb) g/l - 0,013 2) D 3237 - 97
5 Kandungan Phosphor mg/l D 3231 - 99
6 Kandungan Logam (Mangan, Besi dll.) mg/l D 3831 - 94
7 Kandungan Silikon mg/kg
8 Kandungan Oksigen % m/m - 2,7 3) D 4815 - 94a
9 Kandungan Olefin % v/v - *) D 1319 - 99
10 Kandungan Aromatik % v/v - 40.0 D 1319 - 99
11 Kandungan Benzena % v/v - 5.0 D 4420 - 94
12 Distilasi : D 86 - 99a
10% vol. penguapan °C - 70
50% vol. penguapan °C 77 110
90% vol. penguapan °C 130 180
Titik didih akhir °C - 205
Residu % vol - 2.0
13 Sedimen mg/l - 1 D 5452 - 97
14 Unwashed gum mg/100 ml - 70 D 381 - 99
15 Washed gum mg/100 ml - 5 D 381 - 99
16 Tekanan Uap kPa 45 60 D 5191-99 atau D 323
17 Berat Jenis (pada suhu 15 ºC) kg/m3 715 770 D 4052-96 atau D 1298
18 Korosi bilah tembaga merit D 130 - 94
19 Uji Doctor IP 30
20 Sulfur Mercaptan % massa - 0.0020 D 3227
21 Penampilan visual
22 Warna
23 Kandungan pewarna g/100 l - 0,13
Karakteristik
tak terdeteksi
tak terdeteksi
tak terdeteksi
Batasan Metode Uji
kelas I
ICP-AES (Merujuk pada metode in-house dengan batasan deteksi = 1 mg/kg
Negatif
Jernih dan terang
Kuning
Diesel Specification Cetane 48
No SatuanMin. Maks. ASTM Lain
1 Cetane Number :
- Cetane Number or - 48 - D 613 - 95
- Cetane Index - 45 - D 4737 - 96a
2 Berat Jenis (pada suhu 15 oC) kg/m3 815 870 D 1298 atau D 4052-96
3 Viscosity (pada suhu 40 oC) mm2/s 2.0 5.0 D 445 - 97
4 Sulfur content % m/m - 0,35 1) D 2622 - 98
5 Distillation: D 86 - 99a
T 95 oC - 370
6 Titik Nyala oC 60 - D 93 - 99c
7 Titik Tuang oC - 18 D 97
8 Residu Karbon % m/m - 0.1 D 4530 - 93
9 Kandungan air mg/kg - 500 D 1744 - 92
10 Biological growth *) -
11 FAME content % v/v - 10
12 Kandungan metanol dan Etanol *) % v/v D 4815
13 Korosi Bilah Tembaga merit - kelas 1 D 130 - 94
14 Kandungan Abu % m/m - 0.01 D 482 - 95
15 Kandungan Sedimen % m/m - 0.01 D 473
16 Bilangan Asam Kuat mg KOH/g - 0 D 664
17 Bilangan Asam Total mg KOH/g - 0.6 D 664
18 Particulate mg/l - - D 2276 - 99
19 Penampilan visual -
20 Warna No. ASTM 3.0 D 1500
Jernih dan terang
Batasan
nihil
tak terdeteksi
Metode UjiCharacteristic
Diesel Specification Cetane 51
No UnitMin. Max ASTM Lain
1 Cetane Number:
- Cetane Number or - 51 - D 613 - 95
- Cetane Index - 48 - D 4737 - 96a
2 Berat Jenis (pada suhu 15 oC) kg/m3 820 1) 860 D 4052 - 96
3 Viskositas (pada suhu 40 oC) mm2/s 2.0 4.5 D 445 - 97
4 Kandungan Sulfur % m/m - 0,05 2) D 2622 - 98
5 Distilasi : D 86 - 99a
T 90 3) oC - 340
T 95 3) oC - 360
Titik Didih Akhir oC - 370
6 Titik Nyala oC 55 - D 93 - 99c
7 Titik Tuang oC - 18 D 97
8 Residu Karbon % m/m - 0.30 D 4530 - 93
9 Kandungan air mg/kg - 500 D 1744 - 92
10 Stabilitas Oksidasi g/m3 - 25 D 2274 - 94
11 Biological growth *) -
12 Kandungan FAME *) % v/v - 10
13 Kandungan metanol dan Etanol *) % v/v D 4815
14 Korosi Bilah Tembaga merit - Class 1 D 130 - 94
15 Kandungan Abu % m/m - 0.01 D 482 - 95
16 Kandungan Sedimen % m/m - 0.01 D 473
17 Bilangan Asam Kuat mg KOH/g - 0 D 664
18 Bilangan Asam Total mg KOH/g - 0.3 D 664
19 Partikulat mg/l - 10 D 2276 - 99
21 Lubrisitas (HFRR wear scar dia. @ 60oC mikron - 460 D 6079-99 CEC F-06-A-96
22 Penampilan visual -
23 Warna No. ASTM - 1.0 D 1500
Characteristic
tak terdeteksi
Jernih dan terang
Metode Uji
nihil
Limits
Cleaner Fuels
Unleaded gasolineDiesel with low sulfurAlternative Fuels:
CNG, BIOFUEL
Cleaner Fuel Plan
Unleaded gasoline to be introduced in phased in Bali, Batam Island, Surabaya and Semarang before 2005, nationally 2005
Open up private sector to provide unleaded gasoline.
Use of additives as gasoline
octane booster taking into account health, environment automotive industries views;
Increased use of natural gas for
transportation to reduce gasoline market demand
Reality
Nationwide 30% unleaded
Downstream regulation recently announced (Govt. Regulation No. 36/2004)
Requires ERA, at present only preliminary studies carried out
Draft Presidential Instruction (Decree) already submitted by MoEMR through stakeholders study by MoE. Jakarta already use CNG for busway
Unleaded Gasoline
July 2001 : Greater JakartaOct 2001 : CirebonJan 2003 : Bali June 2003: BatamSept 2005: Surabaya
Unleaded Gasoline in Indonesia
Existing
Balongan
Cilacap
Tuban
deficit
unleaded
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Demand Supply
MBCD
Unleaded Gasoline Fuel Availability
CITIES WITH ULG PREMIUM, ULG PERTAMAXAND ULG PERTAMAX PLUS.
CITIES WITH LEADED PREMIUM, ULG PERTAMAXAND ULG PERTAMAX PLUS.
CITIES WITH LEADED PREMIUM.
JAKARTA
BATAM
BALI
ACEH
MEDAN
PADANG
BENGKULU
LAMPUNG
PEKANBARU
BANDUNG
YOGYAKARTA
SEMARANG
PONTIANAK
LOMBOK
UJUNGPANDANG
BANJARMASIN
MENADO
AMBON
SORONG
KUPANG
MERAUKE
PALANGKARAYA
JAMBI
PALEMBANG
SAMARINDA
PALU
KENDARI
SURABAYA
Diesel Fuel Availability
CITIES WITH SULFUR CONTENT < 3500 PPM.
CITIES WITH SULFUR CONTENT < THAN 1000 PPM.
CITIES WITH SULFUR CONTENT < 500 PPM.
JAKARTA
BATAM
BALI
ACEH
MEDAN
PADANG
BENGKULU
LAMPUNG
PEKANBARU
BANDUNG
YOGYAKARTA
SEMARANG
PONTIANAK
LOMBOK
UJUNGPANDANG
BANJARMASIN
MENADO
AMBON
SORONG
KUPANG
MERAUKE
PALANGKARAYA
JAMBI
PALEMBANG
SAMARINDA
PALU
KENDARI
SURABAYA
Further developments:
Open up private sector to provide cleaner fuel (unleaded gasoline and clean diesel)
Draft Presidential Instruction on gas usage submitted in Oct 2005
Request to Mo State Coys to reduce automotive gas price from Rp.3000/ Premium Eq. Lt. (PEL) to Rp. 2200/PEL
Jakarta introduced CNG for Jakarta busway, recently launched by President
Jakarta to introduce three wheelers with CNG, initially 180
Clean Fuel Availability and Future Plan (Gaikindo, May 2006)
PT. Krida Petra Graha
RETAIL FUEL COMPANIES
PT. Petronas Niaga Indonesia
PT. Pandu Selaras
PT. Elnusa Petrofin
PT. Elnusa Harapan
PT. Raven Sejahtera
PT. Sigma Rancang Perdana
Shell Singapore
Petronas
GulfPetroleum
P’CIPALGASOLINE DIESEL
• Pertamina DEX (CEN = 53 ; S max=300ppm)
•ULG Super (RON : 92 )•ULG Super Extra (RON : 95 )•LG Prima 92 (RON : 92 )•ULG Primas PX2 (RON : 95 ) • ULG Petrol Super 95• ULG Petrol 92.
D-Xtra (CN=53 ;S. max.300ppm)
FUEL PUMP STATION
PT. Conoco Phillips Indonesia
ConocoPhillips
• ULG Pertamax (RON:92 )
• ULG Pertamax Plus (RON:95 )
• Unleaded Gasoline Super 97
PT. Premindo Mitra Kencana
• ULG Race Power 91• ULG Super Power 98
Singapore
Until 2006 Until 2010
Jakarta (18)
Jakarta (6)
Jakarta (12)
Jakarta (10)
Jakarta (2)
PT. Duta Karya Industry
Singapore • ULG Race Power 91• ULG Super Power 95 Jakarta (5)
Java (300)
Java (200)
Java (390)
Java (100)
Java (10)
Java (60)
Pertamina
PRODUCT NAME
Available Fuel in the Market
Bus way
Trans Jakarta Busway Plan up to 2010 with CNG
Biofuel Development
Resources and production: the case of Jatropa Curcas
Specification and standardsTechnology: automotive issue,
biofuel (abundant source) vs. hybrid (reduced fuel consumption)
Pricing policy and incentives: vs existing subsidy on diesel fuel
Distribution mechanismSocialization and communication
Presidential Instruction No.1/2006 on the Supply and Usage of Biofuel as Alternative Fuel
Coordinating Minister for Economics mandated to coordinate acceleration for the supply and utilization of biofuel
12 ministeries, governors and regents/city mayors to execute specific related measures
Trial Biodiesel
BiofuelBiodiesel
Biodiesel Riau Pilot Plant, capacity 8 ton/day
Estimate biodiesel need in year 2010
• If 2% of diesel fuel use biofuel~ 800.000 kl
Will require ~ 25 plants w/ capacity of 30.000 ton/day
Alternative Fuel
PERTAMINA recently introduced Biosolar into the market
The need for a Clean Air Act ?
Dominant source
The Path Ahead
Manage and develop on-line AQMS
Bigger role of MoE in fuel quality and promotion of alternative fuel for motor vehicles
Integration of emission standard requirement to annual vehicle registration
Promotion of mass rapid transport
Increased public awareness and participation on various alternative mode of transportation in urban areas health effects of air pollution use of environmentally “green” vehicles
• Proposed new Indonesia Clean Air Act:
address stationary and mobile sources, air quality, transboundary air pollution (haze), climate change, acid rain, ODS issues
Coordination meeting with multi stakeholders
Justification on needs of Clean Air Act, 5-7 July 2006
Academic draft
Revision of Environment Act No. 23 Year 1997
Institutional Capacity
MoE to enlarge its mandate and be more instrumental in facilitating enforcement through local government
Environmental institutions in local government to be empowered based on the autonomy law No. 32 Year 2004
MoE instrumental in the establishment of a multi-stakeholders forum (MEB, Clean Emission
Partnership) to address issues on air pollutions
Draft of national action plan (NAP) to reduce air pollution from vehicles
Development of National Action Plan and local Strategic Action Plan by ADB
BAQ 2006 speed up the process?
Better Air Quality (BAQ) 2006 Yogyakarta
13–15 September, 2006
“A CELEBRATION OF EFFORTS”
to pay tribute to what has been achieved in air quality management in Asia while highlighting the efforts that are still required to improve air quality in Asia
BAQ 2006 hosted by
Sustainable Urban Mobility in AsiaA CAI-Asia Program
20 March 2006