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This presentation is prepared by Dr. Jyotirmay Mathur and Shivraj Dhaka from the Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, in collaboration with Sha Yu and Meredydd Evans from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
The authors are grateful for research support provided by the Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the U.S. Department of Energy.
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• Introduction
• Trends in energy efficiency of buildings
• About ECBC
• Case Study
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Agriculture 18%
Industry 46%
Others 7%
Buildings 29%
Breakdown of Electricity Consumption in India
Source: CEA 2009
Building sector accounts for 29% of total electricity consumption in India
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, 0%
Residential, 21%
Commercial, 8%
Industry, 46%
Public Lighting, 1%
Railway, 2% Agriculture, 18% Public Water Works & Sewage
Pumping, 2%
Miscellaneous, 2%
Sector-Wise Electricity Consumption in India
(2007- 2008)
Source: CEA 2009
Commercial sector accounts for 8% of total electricity consumption in India
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Commercial Buildings Growth Forecast
Currently, ~ 659 million m2
In 2030,~ 1,900 million m2 (estimated)*
66% building stock in 2030 is yet to be constructed
Year: 2010
Yet to be built
659 million
m2
Year: 2030
* Assuming 5-6% Annual Growth
Current 34%
Yet to be Built 66%
1,900 million m2
Year: 2030
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65
9
69
2
72
8
76
5
80
5
84
7
89
2
94
0
99
0
1,0
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1,1
02
1,1
63
1,2
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1,2
98
1,3
72
1,4
50
1,5
34
1,6
24
1,7
20
1,8
22
1,9
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33 35 37 40 42 45 48 51
54 57
61 65
69 74
79 84
90 96
102 109
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
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Mill
ion
sq
. m.
Total Commercial Floor Space (Estimated) (M. sq. m.) Floor Space Added Annually (Estimated) (M. sq. m.)
(Source: USAID ECO- III Project) * Assuming 5-6% Annual Growth
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28201 31381
35965
40220
46685
11.3
14.6 11.8
16.1
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
GW
h
Growth in % over the previous year
SOURCE: Central Electricity Authority (2009).
Commercial building sector electricity consumption grows at 12-14% annually on average
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Source: Central Electricity Authority General Review 2006 & 2009 and Planning Commission’s Integrated Energy Policy Report 2006
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100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Elec
tric
Pow
er in
kW
Generation Capacity Requirements vs Achievements
Actual Generation capacity from 2004-2008
Generation Capacity Required for a Sustained Economic Growth at a Rate of 8%
Linear Projection
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Dense compact settlement
Sun controlled by orientation
Stone texture on wall surfaces
decreases effect of solar radiation
Heavy thermal mass increases time lag
Courtyards provide shade and ventilation
Evaporative cooling
Low window wall ratio
Zali as a shading device
Potted roof insulation
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Source: http://www.bienvenueaurajasthan.com/city-jaipur.php Source: http://www.ignca.nic.in/coilnet/asp/showbig.asp?projid=ag03
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Development of the code
Launch and revision of ECBC after the first year
Development of user guide
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Building Code prescribed by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
ECBC is the only code for the construction of energy efficient buildings
ECBC provides minimum requirements for energy efficient design & construction of buildings
8 % of the total energy consumption is consumed by commercial sector
Energy efficient buildings consume 30-40% less energy in comparison to buildings constructed conventionally.
ECBC is applicable for new commercial buildings having a connected load of 100 kW & more or contract demand of 120 kVA or more
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ECBC
Energy Savings for
project
Legal Requirements
Long Term Benefits
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Mandatory
Provisions
(required for most
compliance options)
Building System Compliance Options
Energy Code Compliance
Prescriptive
Option
Energy Cost
Budget
Trade Off
Option
Envelope
HVAC
SWH
Lighting
Power
Other
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Component-based (prescriptive): requires little energy expertise; provides
minimum performance requirements; no flexibility
System-based (trade-off): allows some flexibility through the balance of some
high efficiency components with other lower efficiency components
Whole building design analysis (performance): allows flexibility in meeting or
exceeding energy efficiency requirements (as compared to a baseline
building)
Approaches Mandatory Provisions for ECBC
Flexibility Expert Knowledge
Linear Approach
Use of Energy Simulation
1. Prescriptive Required Low Low Yes No
2. Trade-off Required Medium Medium No No
3. Performance-based
Required High High No Yes
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Sets minimum energy efficiency standards for design and construction
Encourages energy efficient design or retrofit of buildings
Ensures that the building design does not constrain the building function, comfort, health, or the productivity of the occupants
Has appropriate regard for economic considerations
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Building envelope
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Service hot water & pumping
Interior and exterior lighting
Electrical power and motors
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Insulation on roof, wall, windows
High reflective and emissive coating on roof
Low heat gain, high visible transmittance glass
Attempt to discourage high glazing area
Relaxation for better shape, shading devices etc.
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Maximum LPD defined as per application area as W/sqm
Occupancy sensor to automatically switch on/off the lights for office area more than 30 Sq. m
Each space with ceiling height partition to have a control device to independently control lighting
Lighting for exterior application to be controlled by photo sensors/an astronomical switch
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Equipment should meet minimum efficiency standard
Use of minimum insulation on piping, ducts
Controls for cooling towers, condenser fans, chilled water pumps
Use of economizer
20% hot water requirement to be met through solar applications
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Minimum efficiencies of the transformers and motors prescribed
Motor name plate is to list full load efficiency & power factor
All electricity supplies exceeding 100 A, 3 phases shall maintain their power factor between 0.98 & unity
The power cabling to be adequately sized to limit the distribution losses within 1 % of the total power usage
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40% 40% 39%
27% 29%
37% 36%
34% 33% 34%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Delhi Ahmedabad Kolkata Bangalore Shillong
% S
avin
g V
s T
ypic
al Buildin
gs
24 Hr Operation Buildings Daytime Use Buildings
National Energy Savings
Code Stringency
Level of Compliance
Adoption Rate = X X
Buildings use 40% of world energy and 25% of world available water
17% of the building energy consumption is used to provide water heating service
Improved building energy efficiency with better water heating service would reduce both the water and energy consumption greatly
ECBC does not include water efficiency.
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Source: UNEP. (2013). Why Buildings. United Nation’s Environment Programme’s Sustainable Building and Climate Initiative. Retrieved October 24, 2013, from http://www.unep.org/sbci/AboutSBCI/Background.asp; UNEP. (2009). Buildings and Climate Change: Summary for Decision-makers. Paris, France: United Nations Environment Programme.; Cohen, Ronnie, Ortez, Kristina, & Pinkstaff, Crossley. (2009). Making Every Drop Work : Increasing Water Efficiency in California’s Commercial, Industrial and Institutional (CII) Sector. New York: Natural Resource Defense Council.
Mandatory requirements
All Govt. notifications related to energy conservation or mandatory use of any product/process/equipment shall be an integral part of ECB directives
Any event/function/temporary arrangement exceeding the duration up to 3 days shall have to comply the requirements of Lighting, HVAC and Electrical equipments
Norms for applicability and technical specifications in ECBC as and when modified by BEE would become applicable in the State of Rajasthan
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New buildings
In case of mixed use of buildings if the connected load of the
commercial part qualifies for the applicability of code/directives then commercial part of the building need to be ECB code/directives compliant
Climate Zone map of India
Single climatic classification of district should be done in case the district is falling in two climatic zones based on more % coverage in the particular climatic zone. Based on this list of all the districts of Rajasthan with their climatic classification is attached for identification
Designing of buildings as per the micro climatic conditions can be considered after review of the measured climatic data submitted to RRECL on case by case basis
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Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning
Evaporative cooling system should not use any potable water but their water requirement should be met from either on site collected rain water or the treated waste water
Evaporative cooling system using on site treated water or any other passive cooling systems such as Earth Air Tunnel (EAT) shall be used to pre cool the fresh air supplied to the building by at least 10 degree C under peak summer temperature
Automatic door closure and the door gaps sealing arrangement should be provided in all air conditioned rooms.
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Lighting
The lighting power density in case of signage/advertisement signage
should not exceed 5 Watts/Sq. ft for internally illuminated signage
and 2.5 Watts/Sq. ft for externally illuminated signage.
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40% Savings could be achieved in ECBC Compliant Buildings
Source: Dhaka, Shivraj, 2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Ele
ctri
city
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n k
Wh
/sq
m
Effect of ECBC Measures in Composite Climate
As is case Cool Roof Wall U valueRoof U value Glass SHGC value Glass U-value
32 Source: Energy and Buildings, 55 (351-360)
Energy Consumption before adoption of ECBC – 240 Unit/Sq. m/Year
Energy Consumption after adoption of ECBC – 98 Unit/Sq. m/Year
CESE Building IIT Kanpur
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EPI: 240 Units/Sq. m/Year
Hkou vkoj.k vuqdwyu
EPI: 208 Units/Sq. m/Year
Lighting measures
EPI: 168 Units/Sq. m/Year
HVAC measures
EPI: 133 Units/Sq. m/Year
Controls
EPI: 98 Units/Sq. m/Year
Building Envelope measures
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Energy Consumption before adoption of ECBC – 605 Unit/Sq. m/Year
Energy Consumption after adoption of ECBC
– 313 Unit/Sq. m/Year
Fortis Hospital, New Delhi
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Building Type Energy Savings (kWh/m2/yr)
Weighted Average Energy Savings (kWh/m2/yr)
Retail Mall 67
78.57
Private Office 128
Hospital 114
Hotel 101
Government Office 44
Institute 2
Source: A. Tulsyan, S. Dhaka, J.M., J.V. Yadav, Potential of Energy Savings Through Implementation of Energy Conservation Building Code in Jaipur City, India, Energy and Buildings (2010), doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.11.015
Six buildings in Jaipur City were identified and modeled for potential energy savings under ECBC in energy
simulation software eQUEST 3-64
Jaipur, Rajasthan
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Building Type
Percentage of Possible Energy Savings during 2014-2015 with ECBC
Projected Savings during 2011-2015 (MWh)
Total Projected Savings during 2011-2015 (MWh)
Retail Mall 32% 2658
62375
Private Office 33% 46768
Hospital 42% 1779
Hotel 34% 3283
Government Office
32% 4795
Institute 17% 2227
Others 30% 867
Source: A. Tulsyan, S. Dhaka, J.M., J.V. Yadav, Potential of Energy Savings Through Implementation of Energy Conservation Building Code in Jaipur City, India, Energy and Buildings (2010), doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.11.015
Jaipur, Rajasthan
Energy consumption before Honeywell retrofit: 328 Kwh/m2/year
Construction cost before Honeywell retrofit: 60 Cr
Energy Consumption after Honeywell retrofit: 197Kwh/m2/year
Construction cost after Honeywell retrofit: 63 Cr
Total payback period is estimated less than 2 years
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Conventional Office Building, Gujarat
• Office Building with 30,000 m2 floor area • Total 6 floors • Fully air-conditioned building, operating 24X7 • WWR – 65%, windows distributed equally on all
sides Source: Agrawal, Avlokita. (2012). Business Case for ECBC Implementation. Delhi, India: Honeywell.
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Feature
Wall
Roof slab
Glazing- WWR
Glazing properties
Shading
Conventional Case
9” thick brick wall with plaster on both sides
U value - 1.722 W/m2K
200mm concrete slab
U value - 3.535 W/m2K
65% glass on all sides
Single clear glass
No shade
Retrofits in Envelope
9” thick brick wall with 5cm XPS insulation on inside and
plaster on both sides
U value - 0.441 W/m2K
200mm concrete slab with 12cm XPS insulation inside
U value – 0.261 W/m2K
Overall 40%
Double glazed solar control glass
Horizontal overhang on 0.5m on all sides
Results: 3% total savings in energy consumption, 8% reduction in HVAC Tonnage, reduction of 30 kWh/m2 /year
Source: Agrawal, Avlokita. (2012). Business Case for ECBC Implementation. Delhi, India: Honeywell.
• Additional cost: 1.2 Cr
• Payback period: 1.242673 year
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Feature
LPD
Conventional Case
14 W/m2
Retrofits in Envelope +
Lighting
10 W/m2
Results: 18% total savings in energy consumption, 10% reduction in HVAC Tonnage, reduction of 75 kWh/m2 /year
Source: Agrawal, Avlokita. (2012). Business Case for ECBC Implementation. Delhi, India: Honeywell.
• Additional cost: 0.6 Cr
• Payback period: -0.00057 year
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Feature
System Type
Chiller COP
Central Cooling Coil Type
Total Fan Efficiency
Conventional Case
CAV
4.5
Chilled water flat model
50%
Retrofits in Envelope +
Lighting + HVAC
VAV
5.3
Chilled Water
60%
Results: 10% total savings in energy consumption, reduction of 19 kWh/m2/year
Source: Agrawal, Avlokita. (2012). Business Case for ECBC Implementation. Delhi, India: Honeywell.
• Additional cost: 0.3 Cr
• Payback period: 0.118293 year
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Feature
Lighting control
Economizer
Heat recovery
Conventional Case
None
None
None
Retrofits in Envelope +
Lighting + HVAC + BMS
Linear
Present, Return Air Temperature
Present
Results: 9% total savings in energy consumption, reduction of 27 kWh/m2 /year
Source: Agrawal, Avlokita. (2012). Business Case for ECBC Implementation. Delhi, India: Honeywell.
• Additional cost: 0.9 Cr
• Payback period: 0.391306 year
Government: Nodal agencies: BEE, MoUD
Government: Local bodies, PWD, Housing board
Private: Architects, Consultants, Developers
Product manufacturers
Professional bodies: ISHRAE, ISLE, IIID, IIA etc.
Training/educational institutes
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References 1. Energy Conservation Building Code. 2007. India.
2. Energy Conservation Building Code User guide. July 2009.
3. USAID INDIA ECO III Project.
4. Ankur Tulsyan, Shivraj Dhaka, Jyotirmay Mathur, Jaivardhan Yadav. ‘Potential of Energy Savings Through Implementation of Energy Conservation Building Code, India’. 2012. Energy and Buildings 58, 123-130.
5. Shivraj Dhaka, Jyotirmay Mathur, Vishal Garg. ‘Combined Effect of Energy Efficiency Measures and Thermal Adaptation on Air Conditioned Building in Warm Climatic Conditions of India’. 2012. Energy and Buildings 55, 351-360.
6. Avlokita Agrawal. Business Case for ECBC Implementation. 2012. Delhi, India: Honeywell.
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Thank You!
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Acknowledgment Shivraj Dhaka, Research Scholar, MNIT Jaipur