TheWars ofReligion
(1560s-1648)
TheWars ofReligion
(1560s-1648)
Civil War
In France
(1562-1598)
Civil War
In France
(1562-1598)
Politics, War and ReligionPolitics, War and Religion
• Consequences of the Reformation are terrible for FranceConsequences of the Reformation are terrible for France• Henri II ( Son is Francis I) was the last powerful Valois
-Many nobles become Protestant Huguenots (Pushing for more -Many nobles become Protestant Huguenots (Pushing for more power)power)
-Centered in the non-French speaking South-Centered in the non-French speaking South
-Crisis deepens from war with Spain 1522-1529-Crisis deepens from war with Spain 1522-1529
-Francis I is almost bankrupt, although war will eventually -Francis I is almost bankrupt, although war will eventually strengthen the Crownstrengthen the Crown
-Francis’ successors are young and broke-Francis’ successors are young and broke
The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End
The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End
Three weak sons followed: Francis II Charles IX Henri III
Catherine de Medici controlled the sons: Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty
Catherine de MediciCatherine de Medici
Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart
Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart
The French Civil WarThe French Civil War There were two sides:
Guise family led Catholics in North Greatest Threat is the Guise Family who are “ultra” Catholics Bourbon family led Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance
Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 Catherine tries to marry off her daughter to the protestant Henry of
Navarre and the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre results in the death of most Protestants in Paris
20,000 Huguenots (French Protestants)were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived Immense distrust between Prot. And Cath. Results War and International War for protestant survival
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
War of the 3 Henrys (Henry III, War of the 3 Henrys (Henry III, Navarre, Guise)Navarre, Guise)
• Henry III diesHenry III dies• Henry Guise assassinatedHenry Guise assassinated• Henry of Navarre converts to Catholicism and Henry of Navarre converts to Catholicism and
becomes Kingbecomes King
The French Civil WarThe French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.
Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
CatholicLeagueCatholicLeague
ProtestantUnion
ProtestantUnion
CIVILWAR
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul
Reubens
Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul
Reubens
Ended Spanish interference in France Converted to Catholicism :
Did this to compromise and make peace
Paris is worth a mass. This was an example of politique
[the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
Granted religious rights to Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for all Protestants
Protestants can hold public office and use public institutions
Henry is assassinated paving the way for an absolute monarch
Henry IV of FranceHenry IV of France
French Wars End and Dutch French Wars End and Dutch Wars BeginWars Begin
• England v. Spain in Holland follows French England v. Spain in Holland follows French WarsWars
• South is Catholic and North is Calvinist and South is Catholic and North is Calvinist and both are ruled by Spain until North revoltsboth are ruled by Spain until North revolts
• 1556 HRE Charles V resigns and his Brother 1556 HRE Charles V resigns and his Brother Ferdinand II) gets his German territory and Ferdinand II) gets his German territory and his son (Phillip II) gets Spain and Hollandhis son (Phillip II) gets Spain and Holland
Outcomes in the NetherlandsOutcomes in the Netherlands
• 1566 Calvinists riot and destroy 30 Churches, 1566 Calvinists riot and destroy 30 Churches, libraries and all things Catholiclibraries and all things Catholic
• Duke of Alva and then Duke of Parma ruthlessly Duke of Alva and then Duke of Parma ruthlessly reconquer the South (Belgium)reconquer the South (Belgium)
• Elizabeth sends 250,000 Pounds Sterling and 2000 Elizabeth sends 250,000 Pounds Sterling and 2000 troops and Phillip II sends out the Spanish Armadatroops and Phillip II sends out the Spanish Armada
• Smaller, faster English Ships win and Stalemate until Smaller, faster English Ships win and Stalemate until 1609 when Holland Is given independence1609 when Holland Is given independence
TheThirty Years
War (1618-1648)
TheThirty Years
War (1618-1648)
1618-16481618-1648
The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.
At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.
At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened.
Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
30 Years War30 Years War• HRE is traditionally elected by 7 Electors (3 Arch-Bishops and 4 HRE is traditionally elected by 7 Electors (3 Arch-Bishops and 4
Dukes)Dukes)• 80 Princes, 50 Bishops 30 Counts plus lesser nobles and 66 80 Princes, 50 Bishops 30 Counts plus lesser nobles and 66
free cities rule the restfree cities rule the rest• Reformation adds to the confusionReformation adds to the confusion• 1555 Charles V (HRE) and France end a war and Charles 1555 Charles V (HRE) and France end a war and Charles
abdicatesabdicates• Charles can’t wipe out protestantsCharles can’t wipe out protestants
– Too well established and too many foreign warsToo well established and too many foreign wars• Peace of Augsburg Peace of Augsburg allows each local ruler to choose the religion allows each local ruler to choose the religion
for his region (NO CALVINISTS!) (cuius regio, eius religio)for his region (NO CALVINISTS!) (cuius regio, eius religio)• What if somebody changes religion? A/B of Cologne does just What if somebody changes religion? A/B of Cologne does just
that.that.
Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants. Defenestration of Prague May, 1618 Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.
Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria. Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.
The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others. Danes invade 1625-29, but Austrian Hapsburgs win
and issue the Edict of Restitution to restore all Catholic lands
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622
Bohemian Phase
Bohemian Phase
Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy
Roman Empire. Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army. Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.
Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552. Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans,
of their religious and political rights.
German princes feared Ferdinand he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.
The Danish Phase: 1625-1629The Danish Phase: 1625-1629
Danish Phase
Albrechtvon
Wallenstein
France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support.
Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire. Brilliant General, terrific training and musket drill
Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was stopped. Gustavus Wins several battles, but is finally
killed by Austrian General Wallenstein German princes still feared Ferdinand II. Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.
The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
Swedish Phase
GustavusAdolphus
Looks like Catholics will win and Restore Germany to Catholicism
France & Sweden switched roles. All countries in Europe now participated. French (Catholics) fear the Austrian House of
Hapsburg (also Catholics) will become too powerful
French invade Germany to stop the Austrians (bizarre circumstance of one Catholic state actually preventing a Catholic victory in Germany)
Orgy of burning, looting and destruction follows
The French Phase: 1635-1648The French Phase: 1635-1648
The French Phase: 1635-1648
This phase was most destructive! German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed famine resulted. 8 million dead 1/3 of the population [from
21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648] Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe.
Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War
Political Provisions: Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of control
by the HR Emperor. Reestablishes Peace of Augsburg (but includes
Calvinists) The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially
independent so. part remained a Sp. possession. Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace. Sweden got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black
Sea coasts. Switzerland became totally independent of the HR
Emperor Swiss Confederation. Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp. Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in
central Germany.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same privileges
as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.
The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.
Religious Persecution, particularly of women becomes commonplace
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• Women are supposed to manage the home, Women are supposed to manage the home, be obedient, do charitable work and raise be obedient, do charitable work and raise childrenchildren
• Women are also viewed as the weaker sex Women are also viewed as the weaker sex and more vulnerable to the deviland more vulnerable to the devil
• Influential or non-conforming women must be Influential or non-conforming women must be trafficking with the deviltrafficking with the devil
• Persecution serves to explain bad fortune, Persecution serves to explain bad fortune, eliminate non-conformists and help to relieve eliminate non-conformists and help to relieve social anxiety about the influence of the devilsocial anxiety about the influence of the devil
Why the Religious Hysteria?Why the Religious Hysteria?
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
1688-1700
Many Protestants felt betrayed.
The pope denounced it.
Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!
For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.
Nobody Was Happy!Nobody Was Happy!
What were the long-
range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?
What were the long-
range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?