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The Wars of Religion 1530s-1648
“These are days of shaking and this shaking is universal.”
Three Key Issues
1. After the challenges of the Reformation, there are great questions about personal spirituality.
2. Rulers who had been getting stronger since the end of the Medieval try and control the religion of those inside their country.
3. Countries go to war- civil and foreign- to force others to conform to THEIR version of faith.
Germany Peasants War 1524 1540s- civil war between Catholic and
Protestant princes Resolved by Peace of Augsburg 1555
Cuius regio, cuius religio A temporary solution
Switzerland Fighting between cantons in 1529 and 1531. Peace allows each canton to select own religion,
but Protestantism becomes the dominant religion of Switzerland.
England Edward VI Mary (of Bloody fame)
Elizabeth is a politique Toleration; “I have no desire to make windows
into men’s souls.” Protestant theology with Catholic ritual.
But Spain plans to invade England and reclaim it for the true Church.
So she leads England to a defeat of Spain after the destruction of the Armada and saves Protestantism in England.
The Spanish Empire in Europe
Philip II Gets the Spanish and Dutch parts Has all that New World $ And a VERY strong faith Builds Escorial
He Uses Inquisition in Spain Tries to deal with revolt in Netherlands, but Spain
will lose it and it will become an independent PROTESTANT country.
Marries Mary Tudor Tries to marry Elizabeth Tudor Eventually goes to war with England But overextends, and Spain’s power begins ro fade
France’s Wars of Religion 1562-1593 Huguenots (calvinists) One roi, foi and loi Religious issues Political issues Family Issues
An effort at reconciliation in 1572. Arranged marriage between Henry Navarre and
Margaret of Valois. But……St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
August 24, 1572
Henry Navarre Wins He is a Bourbon, so a
new ruling family He is a Huguenot But converts to become
king “Paris is worth a mass!” Henry IV is a politique Edict of Nantes 1598
Everyone together now 30 Years War 1618-1648
Starts in Germany as Protestant vs. Catholic
Eventually…..Involves all of Europe including Denmark and Sweden
Becomes Catholic vs. Catholic. It is no longer religious but political
Treaty of Westphalia
Bottom Line Role of religion changes
In 1558, Protestantism was illegal in all of Western EuropeIn 1558, Protestantism was illegal in all of Western Europe In 1648, Protestantism is the state religion of Scotland, England In 1648, Protestantism is the state religion of Scotland, England
and the Dutch Republic, and only forbidden in Italy and Spainand the Dutch Republic, and only forbidden in Italy and Spain It is a personal choice not the center of life
Spain loses power but remains a strong Catholic state. Netherlands is separate Germany is divided France and England are very powerful Politiques are successful!