Bones An introduction The human skeleton consists of 206 bones.
We are actually born with more bones (about 300), but many fuse
together as a child grows up. These bones support your body and
allow you to move.human skeleton The longest bone in our bodies is
the femur (thigh bone). The smallest bone is the stirrup bone
inside the ear. Each hand has 26 bones in it. Your nose and ears
are not made of bone; they are made of cartilage, a flexible
substance that is not as hard as bone.stirrup bone inside the
ear
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
The Axial & Appendicular Skeleton The skeleton is split
into these 2 categories: Appendicular Skeleton Limbs, wings and
pelvis Axial Skeleton Skull, vertebral column and ribcage COMPLETE
WORKSHEET 1 C
Slide 6
The Vertebral Column Is there movement? Yes Very limited
movement to create a stable structure for the organs found inside
the ribcage 2 lumbar vertebrae are moveable, 3 are fused, therefore
no movement Fused, therefore no movement
Slide 7
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS 1.How many bones are there in the human
body? 2.What is the longest bone in the body? 3.Where in the body
is the smallest bone? 4.Your nose and ears arent made of bone but
what other substance? 5.The skeleton is defined into two
categories, what are they? 6.How many sections make up the
vertebral column? 206 femur the ear cartilage axial &
appendicular 5
Slide 8
Joints What is a joint? A place where two or more bones meet
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWo9-
3GJpr8&feature=PlayList&p=1D1576CEF4196B76&index=5 What
are the types of joint? There are 3 types of joint: Freely Moveable
/ Synovial Slightly Moveable / Cartilaginous Immoveable /
Fixed
Slide 9
There are 6 types of freely moveable or synovial joints joints
in which we need to know 3 of them: 1.BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS
2.HINGE JOINTS 3.PIVOT JOINT 4.CONDYLOID- AS IN WRIST 5.GLIDING- AS
IN ANKLE AND HAND 6.SADDLE- AS IN THUMB
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXoMa2bVC18&feature
=related
Slide 10
Slide 11
Types of JointMovementExample of Joint Fixed joints (Fibrous)No
movementCranium Sacrum Slightly moveable joints (cartilaginous)
Limited movementVertebral column (thoracic vertebrae) Carpals /
Tarsals Synovial joint / freely movableFree movementBall and socket
Hinge Sliding Saddle Pivot
Slide 12
Activity Write down 5 sports actions and beside each write down
the main parts of the body that Move, the bones and the type of
joint and joint action and movement possible for that action E.g.
Snooker. Cueing the white ball. Right arm humerus, ulna, radius,
carpal, metacarpal, phalanges. Elbow, synovial, hinge lots of
movement
Slide 13
Function of the Skeleton worksheet 1e Your skeleton has many
different functions to enable you to live and survive. These
include: Protection Movement Shape Muscle/organ attachment Blood
cell production bone growth
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZxLfJRd4cs
Slide 14
Protection Many of the internal organs in your body are
protected by bone. The flat type bones of your body function in
this way (sternum, pelvis, cranium etc.) Movement Your body is able
to move because of the co-operation between its muscles and bones.
The muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton, creating a
lever and joints system that allows the body to move. Shape Your
skeleton provides the framework to give your body its shape.
Without it, you would look like a blob of jelly.
Slide 15
Muscle/organ Your body provides a support system to attach
muscles, organs, arteries, veins etc. Blood cell production Bone
also produces blood cells. This occurs in the marrow of the bone
that is found in the epiphysis (end) and diaphysis (shaft) of all
long bones. Bone growth As we discovered earlier bone has the
ability to be broken down and reformed. This is called
ossification.
Slide 16
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/human
body/body/index_interactivebody.sht ml
Slide 17
Bone Growth Bone is continually being broken down and replaced;
this process is done by 2 different cells: Osteoclasts break down
old bone and clean the bone environment. Osteoblasts are bone
forming cells that help to develop new bone throughout life. These
will replace about 10% of bone every year; this means that no
matter how old we are our skeleton is no older than 10 years old.
Bones start off as cartilage as a fetus. As the fetus develops,
mineral are laid down and the cartilage becomes harder and less
flexible. This process is called ossification and can continue
until you are 30 (although it usually stops between 18-21)
Slide 18
Slide 19
Structure of a Long Bone Epiphysis Ends of the bone. Diaphysis
Long shaft of the bone. Articular cartilage thin layer of blueish
cartilage covering each end of the bone. Periosteum thin outer
layer of the bone. It contains nerves and blood vessels that feed
the bone. Compact bone This is hard and resistant to bending.
Spongy bone this lies in layers within the compact bone. It has a
honeycomb appearance and gives bones their elastic strength.
Medullary cavity the hollow space down the middle of the compact
bone and contains bone marrow. Bone marrow produces blood cells and
store fat.
Slide 20
Types of Bone worksheet 1f Types of BoneExample found in
bodyExample of function Short bonesCarpals Metatarsals Small
movement Long bonesFemur Humerus Large movement Cell production
Irregular bonesVertebraeProtection Support Flat or plate
bonesPelvic girdle Cranium Attachment of muscle Protection Sesamoid
bonesPatella Under 1 st metatarsal in the foot Prevention of
hyper-extension of the femur. Protection of the tendon and increase
movement of the joint.
Slide 21
HOW DO WE CLASSIFY BONES ? Bones are classified according to
their function. 1.(Protection) FLAT BONES 2.(Protection) IRREGULAR
BONES 3.(Levers) LONG BONES 4.(Small movements)SHORT BONES
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Slide 29
Movement worksheet 1g Movement TermDescription of movement
AbductionThe limb moves away from the mid- line of the body
AdductionThe limb moves closer to the mid-line of the body
RotationThe limb rotates at the joint to cause movement at the
distal end. ExtensionThe joint angle of two or more bones
increases, or the limb straightens FlexionThe joint angle of two or
more bones decreases, which results in a bending position
Slide 30
Movement TermDescription of movement CircumductionCircumduction
is a movement in which flexion, abduction, extension and adduction
movements are combined in sequence RotationMedial rotation is to
turn inward. Lateral rotation is to turn outward.
PronationPronation is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces
backward. SupinationSupination is to rotate the forearm so that the
palm faces forward. Circumduction
Slide 31
Movement TermDescription of movement Plantar flexion the
movement which increases the angle between the foot and the
legfootleg Dorsiflexion the movement which decreases the angle
between the foot and the legfootleg Inversion The act of turning
from outside to inside Eversion The act of turning inside out Hyper
Extension Hyperextension is a straightening movement that goes
beyond the normal, healthy boundaries of the joint.
Slide 32
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Effects of Exercise The skeletal system changes due to
exercise. However, the changes depend on the type of exercise that
individuals may participate in. The changes can be short or long
term: Short term: When you participate in exercise your body moves
more rapidly which means that joints need to work more. This extra
demand on the joints causes a release of synovial fluid around the
joint site that helps movement occur more easily. Long term:
Hyaline cartilage increases in its thickness around the joint site
as exercise continues. This can help with preventing the surface of
the bones from wearing away too soon. Regular participation in
weight bearing exercises also helps to increase bone density,
resulting in the bones becoming stronger.
Slide 47
Describing the bodys parts and position Superior Inferior
AnteriorPosterior Lateral Medial Proximal Distal Anterior Front of
body Posterior Back of body Superior closer to head Inferior
further away from head Medial closer to midline of body Lateral
further away from midline of the body Midline Proximal nearer point
of attachment of main structure of body Distal further away from
point of attachment to the main structure of the body