Name_________________________________________________________Period__________Date_________________________
CellularRespirationNotesOutline
I. TheImportanceofFood
A. Foodprovideslivingthingswiththe:
B. Foodservesasasourceof:
C. Foodservesasasourceof:
II. TheRelationshipBetweenPhotosynthesisandRespiration
A. Energyflowsintoanecosystemas andleavesas .Energyisnot__________.Energyfollowsaone-waypaththroughourecosystem.
B. However,the essentialtolifearerecycled.
C. Photosynthesisconverts energyfromthesuninto energy,whichisstoredin andotherorganiccompounds.
D. Photosynthesisgeneratesthe and usedbythemitochondriaofeukaryotesasfuelfor .
E. Cellularrespirationbreaksdown intosimplersubstancesandreleasesthestored .
F. Someofthisenergyisusedtomake fromADP.Someofthisenergyislostas .
G. Thewasteproductsofrespiration, aretherawmaterialsfor .
H. IMPORTANTNOTE:Whileonlygreenplantscarryout
ALLlivingthingscarryout:
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III. OverviewofRespiration
A. TheDefinitionofRespiration
1. Cellularrespirationistheprocessthat:
2. Itistheprocessofconverting:
B. EquationforRespiration:
C. Thereismuch storedinthismoleculeof .Thisenergymustbereleasedin steps.Ifalltheenergyfromglucosewerereleasedatonce,mostofitwouldbelostas .Theenergystoredinglucosewillbereleasedbitbybitandthisenergywillbeusedtoproduce .Theenergycannotbereleasedfromtheglucoseallatonce.Itwouldbetheequivalentofthegastankinyourcarexplodinginonesinglereaction,ratherthaninthesmallcontrolledcombustionsthatdriveyourcar.
D. Therearetwotypesofrespiration:
1.
2.
E. CellularRespirationtakesplaceinthreemainstages
1.
2.
3.
F. Glycolysisoccursinthe___________________,buttheKrebscycle,andelectrontransportchainoccursinthe__________________________.
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IV. Step1:Glycolysis
A. Glyco= Lysis=
B. Where:
C. Uses:
D. Makes:
1.
2.
3.
E. Attheendofglycolysis,about90%ofthechemicalenergythatwasavailableintheglucosemoleculeisstillunused.
F. Thisenergyislockedinthehigh-energyelectronsof .
V. StructureoftheMitochondria
Itissurroundedbyadoublemembrane.
1.
2.
3.
4.
B. Theinnermembranehasfoldsandloopscalled .
Thecristae:
C. The isthespaceinsidetheinnermembrane.Itcontains neededforthereactionsoftheKrebscycleaswellasmitochondrialDNAandribosomes.
D. TheKrebscycleoccursinthe andtheelectrontransportchainoccursalongthe .
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VI. Stage2:KrebsCycle
A. Where:
B. Uses:
C. Makes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
D. Butremember:
Sothetotalsfromonemoleculeofglucoseare:
1.
2.
3.
4.
VII. Stage3:ElectronTransportChain
A. Where:
B. Uses:
1.
2.
C. Makes:
1.
2.
GuessWhat?:
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D. StepsoftheElectronTransportChain
1. NADH&FADH2dropoff
2. Oxygen,an ,pullselectronsdowntheETC
3. Hydrogenions throughATPsynthasemakingATPsynthasespinwhichattachesaphosphatetoADPtocreateATP.
E. RecapofElectronTransport:
1. Thissystemcouplesthemovementof withtheproductionof .
2. Asthehigh-energyelectronsmovedowntheelectrontransportchain,theyrelease .
3. Thisenergyisusedtomove acrossthemembrane.
4. Theseionsthenrushbackacrossthemembrane,producingenoughforcetospin andgenerateenormousamountsof .
Innermembrane space
Innermembrane
Mitochondrialmatrix
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VIII. ATPAccounting
A. Let’ssummarizewhathashappenedpriortotheelectrontransportchain:
1. Glycolysis!
2. Bridgereaction!
3. Krebscycle!
B. EachNADHhasenoughenergytoproduce .EachFADH2hasenoughenergytoproduce .
a. 10NADH=
b. 2FADH2=
C. Glycolysis!
Krebscycle!
ElectronTransportChain!
D. Onemoleculeofglucosehasproduced .
E. Onlyabout40%oftheenergycontainedintheglucosemoleculehasbeenconvertedto .Theremaining60%isgivenoffas .
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IX. Howdoesrespirationcompareinprokaryoticandeukaryoticcells?
A. Inprokaryoticcells,theKrebscycleandtheelectrontransportchainoccurinthe andalongspecialstructuresofthe .
B. Ineukaryoticcells,thesereactionsoccurinsidethe .
1. Ifoxygenisavailable,thepyruvatethatwasproducedduringglycolysiswillenterthemitochondriaforaerobicrespiration.
X. Fermentation
A. Fermentationoccurswhen .
B. Sincenooxygenisrequired,fermentationisan process.
1. Theanaerobicpathwaysarenotveryefficient.
2. Fermentationwillyieldonlyagainof permoleculeof .
C. Therearetwomaintypesoffermentation:
1.
2.
D. AlcoholicFermentation
1. performalcoholicfermentation.Yeastsconvert into whentheyrunoutof .
2. Yeastsareusedtomakebreadsandalcohol.
3.
4. Yeastsareusedinthiswayinboththe andthe industries.The isreleasedcausingthebreaddoughto .Thesetrappedgasbubblesmaketheairpocketsinbakedbread.(Thealcoholevaporatesinthebakingprocess.)
IfnoO2
available
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E. LacticAcidFermentation
1. isconvertedto by cellswhenthereisashortageof .
2. Itisproducedinmusclecellsduringstrenuousexercisebecausethemusclesareusingupthe thatispresentandthebodyisnotsupplyingthemuscletissuewithenoughadditionaloxygen.
3. Thiscauses becauseitlowersthe ofthemuscleandreducesthemuscle’sabilityto .
4. Whenoxygen tothemuscles,the willbeconvertedbackto .Thepyruvatewillthengointo respiration.
5. Awidevarietyoffoodsareproducedbybacteriausinglacticacidfermentation:
F. EvolutionofAnaerobicPathways
1. The pathwaysprobablyevolvedveryearlyinthehistoryoflifeonEarth.
2. Thefirstorganismswere andtheyproducedalloftheir through .
3. IttookoverabillionyearsforthefirstphotosyntheticorganismstoappearonEarth.
4. Thesephotosyntheticorganismsbegantofilltheatmospherewith ,whichstimulatedtheevolutionoforganismsthatuse respiration.
5. Theanaerobicpathwaysprovideenoughenergyforonly .
6. Largerorganismshavemuchgreater thatcannotbesatisfiedby respirationalone.Largerorganismsrelyonthemoreenergyefficientpathwaysof respiration.
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XI. ComparingPhotosynthesistoRespiration
Photosynthesis Respiration
Function
Location
Reactants
Products
Equation