Name_________________________________________________________Period__________Date_________________________

CellularRespirationNotesOutline

I. TheImportanceofFood

A. Foodprovideslivingthingswiththe:

B. Foodservesasasourceof:

C. Foodservesasasourceof:

II. TheRelationshipBetweenPhotosynthesisandRespiration

A. Energyflowsintoanecosystemas andleavesas .Energyisnot__________.Energyfollowsaone-waypaththroughourecosystem.

B. However,the essentialtolifearerecycled.

C. Photosynthesisconverts energyfromthesuninto energy,whichisstoredin andotherorganiccompounds.

D. Photosynthesisgeneratesthe and usedbythemitochondriaofeukaryotesasfuelfor .

E. Cellularrespirationbreaksdown intosimplersubstancesandreleasesthestored .

F. Someofthisenergyisusedtomake fromADP.Someofthisenergyislostas .

G. Thewasteproductsofrespiration, aretherawmaterialsfor .

H. IMPORTANTNOTE:Whileonlygreenplantscarryout

ALLlivingthingscarryout:

CellularRespirationNotesOutline

2

III. OverviewofRespiration

A. TheDefinitionofRespiration

1. Cellularrespirationistheprocessthat:

2. Itistheprocessofconverting:

B. EquationforRespiration:

C. Thereismuch storedinthismoleculeof .Thisenergymustbereleasedin steps.Ifalltheenergyfromglucosewerereleasedatonce,mostofitwouldbelostas .Theenergystoredinglucosewillbereleasedbitbybitandthisenergywillbeusedtoproduce .Theenergycannotbereleasedfromtheglucoseallatonce.Itwouldbetheequivalentofthegastankinyourcarexplodinginonesinglereaction,ratherthaninthesmallcontrolledcombustionsthatdriveyourcar.

D. Therearetwotypesofrespiration:

1.

2.

E. CellularRespirationtakesplaceinthreemainstages

1.

2.

3.

F. Glycolysisoccursinthe___________________,buttheKrebscycle,andelectrontransportchainoccursinthe__________________________.

CellularRespirationNotesOutline

3

IV. Step1:Glycolysis

A. Glyco= Lysis=

B. Where:

C. Uses:

D. Makes:

1.

2.

3.

E. Attheendofglycolysis,about90%ofthechemicalenergythatwasavailableintheglucosemoleculeisstillunused.

F. Thisenergyislockedinthehigh-energyelectronsof .

V. StructureoftheMitochondria

Itissurroundedbyadoublemembrane.

1.

2.

3.

4.

B. Theinnermembranehasfoldsandloopscalled .

Thecristae:

C. The isthespaceinsidetheinnermembrane.Itcontains neededforthereactionsoftheKrebscycleaswellasmitochondrialDNAandribosomes.

D. TheKrebscycleoccursinthe andtheelectrontransportchainoccursalongthe .

CellularRespirationNotesOutline

4

VI. Stage2:KrebsCycle

A. Where:

B. Uses:

C. Makes:

1.

2.

3.

4.

D. Butremember:

Sothetotalsfromonemoleculeofglucoseare:

1.

2.

3.

4.

VII. Stage3:ElectronTransportChain

A. Where:

B. Uses:

1.

2.

C. Makes:

1.

2.

GuessWhat?:

CellularRespirationNotesOutline

5

D. StepsoftheElectronTransportChain

1. NADH&FADH2dropoff

2. Oxygen,an ,pullselectronsdowntheETC

3. Hydrogenions throughATPsynthasemakingATPsynthasespinwhichattachesaphosphatetoADPtocreateATP.

E. RecapofElectronTransport:

1. Thissystemcouplesthemovementof withtheproductionof .

2. Asthehigh-energyelectronsmovedowntheelectrontransportchain,theyrelease .

3. Thisenergyisusedtomove acrossthemembrane.

4. Theseionsthenrushbackacrossthemembrane,producingenoughforcetospin andgenerateenormousamountsof .

Innermembrane space

Innermembrane

Mitochondrialmatrix

CellularRespirationNotesOutline

6

VIII. ATPAccounting

A. Let’ssummarizewhathashappenedpriortotheelectrontransportchain:

1. Glycolysis!

2. Bridgereaction!

3. Krebscycle!

B. EachNADHhasenoughenergytoproduce .EachFADH2hasenoughenergytoproduce .

a. 10NADH=

b. 2FADH2=

C. Glycolysis!

Krebscycle!

ElectronTransportChain!

D. Onemoleculeofglucosehasproduced .

E. Onlyabout40%oftheenergycontainedintheglucosemoleculehasbeenconvertedto .Theremaining60%isgivenoffas .

CellularRespirationNotesOutline

7

IX. Howdoesrespirationcompareinprokaryoticandeukaryoticcells?

A. Inprokaryoticcells,theKrebscycleandtheelectrontransportchainoccurinthe andalongspecialstructuresofthe .

B. Ineukaryoticcells,thesereactionsoccurinsidethe .

1. Ifoxygenisavailable,thepyruvatethatwasproducedduringglycolysiswillenterthemitochondriaforaerobicrespiration.

X. Fermentation

A. Fermentationoccurswhen .

B. Sincenooxygenisrequired,fermentationisan process.

1. Theanaerobicpathwaysarenotveryefficient.

2. Fermentationwillyieldonlyagainof permoleculeof .

C. Therearetwomaintypesoffermentation:

1.

2.

D. AlcoholicFermentation

1. performalcoholicfermentation.Yeastsconvert into whentheyrunoutof .

2. Yeastsareusedtomakebreadsandalcohol.

3.

4. Yeastsareusedinthiswayinboththe andthe industries.The isreleasedcausingthebreaddoughto .Thesetrappedgasbubblesmaketheairpocketsinbakedbread.(Thealcoholevaporatesinthebakingprocess.)

IfnoO2

available

CellularRespirationNotesOutline

8

E. LacticAcidFermentation

1. isconvertedto by cellswhenthereisashortageof .

2. Itisproducedinmusclecellsduringstrenuousexercisebecausethemusclesareusingupthe thatispresentandthebodyisnotsupplyingthemuscletissuewithenoughadditionaloxygen.

3. Thiscauses becauseitlowersthe ofthemuscleandreducesthemuscle’sabilityto .

4. Whenoxygen tothemuscles,the willbeconvertedbackto .Thepyruvatewillthengointo respiration.

5. Awidevarietyoffoodsareproducedbybacteriausinglacticacidfermentation:

F. EvolutionofAnaerobicPathways

1. The pathwaysprobablyevolvedveryearlyinthehistoryoflifeonEarth.

2. Thefirstorganismswere andtheyproducedalloftheir through .

3. IttookoverabillionyearsforthefirstphotosyntheticorganismstoappearonEarth.

4. Thesephotosyntheticorganismsbegantofilltheatmospherewith ,whichstimulatedtheevolutionoforganismsthatuse respiration.

5. Theanaerobicpathwaysprovideenoughenergyforonly .

6. Largerorganismshavemuchgreater thatcannotbesatisfiedby respirationalone.Largerorganismsrelyonthemoreenergyefficientpathwaysof respiration.

CellularRespirationNotesOutline

9

XI. ComparingPhotosynthesistoRespiration

Photosynthesis Respiration

Function

Location

Reactants

Products

Equation