Transcript
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Samir Amin 1

Third World ForumDakar (Senegal)World Forum of Alternatives – WFAMadrid (Spain)

THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO, 170 YEARS LATER

Abstract: No text written in the mid-nineteenth century has held the road until today as well as the Communist Manifesto of 1848. Even today entire paragraphs of the text cor-respond to the contemporary reality even better than in 1848. Starting from the premises which were hardly visible in the era, Marx and Engels drew the conclusions which the deployment of 170 years of history fully consolidated. In this article I will give further enlightening examples.

Keywords:: historical materialism, revolution, decadence; globalisation, homogeni-zation, polarisation; imperialism; capitalist parenthesis in history; bourgeois democratic revolution, popular democratic revolution.

1.There is no any other text written in the middle of the Nineteenth century which

retained validity until this day as well as the Manifesto of the Communist Party. Even today entire paragraphs of the text correspond to the contemporary reality even better than in 1848. Starting from the premises which were hardly visible in the era, Marx and Engels drew the conclusions which the deployment of 170 years of history fully consolidated. In this article I will give further enlightening examples.

Were Marx and Engels inspired prophets, magicians able to read in a crystal ball, ex-ceptional beings in respect of their intuition? No. They have only better understood than anybody else, in their time and for our time still, the essence of that which defines and characterizes capitalism. Marx has devoted his entire life to deepen this analysis through the double examination of the new economy (starting from the example of England) and of the new politics (starting from the example of France).I wrote about this subject in Oc-tober 1917 Revolution, a century later (Amin, 2017, p. 41)2.

Marx’s major workβ€”Capitalβ€”presents a rigorous scientific analysis of the capitalist mode of production and capitalist society and how they differ from earlier society forms. Volume 1 delves into the heart of the problem. It directly clarifies the meaning of the generalization of commodity exchanges between private property owners (and this char-1 [email protected] In chapter three, β€œReading Capital”.

UDC 316.323.73327.323.1

321.74Original Scientific Paper

Submitted 22/01/2018Accepted 16/06/2018

doi: 10.5937/socpreg52-16323

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acteristic is unique to the modern world of capitalism, even if commodity exchanges had existed earlier), specifically the emergence and dominance of value and abstract social labour. From that foundation, Marx leads us to understand how the proletarian’s sale of his or her labour power to the β€œman with money” ensures the production of surplus value that the capitalist expropriates, and which, in turn, is the condition for the accumulation of capital. The dominance of value governs not only the reproduction of the economic sys-tem of capitalism; it governs every aspect of modern social and political life. The concept of commodity alienation points to the ideological mechanism through which the overall unity of social reproduction is expressed.  

The intellectual and political instrument, confirmed by the development of Β« Marx-ism Β», demonstrated itself to be the best for predicting in a correct way the general line of the historical evolution of the capitalist reality. No attempt to think this reality outside of Marxism - or often against it– had lead to comparable results. The mistake of the bourgeois thought and in particular of its Β«economic scienceΒ» (described by Marx with good reason as Β«vulgarΒ») is masterful. Since it is incapable to understand what capitalism is in its essen-tial reality, this alienated thought is also not able to imagine where the capitalist societies are going. Will the future be forged by socialist revolutions which will put an end to the domination of capital? Or will capitalism succeed to prolong its days, opening thus the way to decadence of society? Bourgeois thought ignores this question, posed by the Manifesto.

Indeed we read in Manifesto (Marx, 1995, p. 7):Β«  ...a war which always ends by a revolutionary transformation of the society, of by

destruction of the two classes in conflict. Β»This sentence has attracted my attention since long time. Starting from it I have pro-

gressively come to formulate a reading of the movement of history focused on the concept of unequal development and possible different processes for its transformation starting most probably from its peripheries rather than from its centres. I also made some attempts to clarify the meaning of each of the two models of response to the challenge: the revolu-tionary way and the way of decadence.

I have further written about this question in the book Β« Class and Nation Β» (Amin, 1979, pp 250-252; 254-255)3.

Choosing to derive the laws of historical materialism from the universal experi-ence, we have proposed an alternative formulation of one unique pre capitalist mode, the tributary mode, toward which all class societies tend. The history of the West – the construction of Roman antiquity, its disintegration, the establishment of feudal Europe, and, finally, the crystallization of absolutist states of the mercantilist era - thus expresses in a particular form the same basic tendency which elsewhere is expressed in the less discontinuous construction of complete, tributary states, of which China is the strongest expression. The slave mode is not universal in our reading of history, as are the tributary and capitalist modes; it is particular and appears strictly in connection with the extension of commodity relations. In addition, the feudal mode is the primitive, incomplete form of the tributary mode. .

This hypothesis views the establishment and subsequent disintegration of Rome, as a premature attempt at tributary construction. The level of development of the productive

3 Chapter β€œRevolution or decadence”.

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forces did not require tributary centralization on the scale of the Roman Empire. This first abortive attempt was thus followed by a forced transition through feudal fragmentation, on the basis of which centralization was once again restored within the framework of the absolutist monarchies of the West. Only then did the mode of production in the West ap-proach the complete tributary model. It was, furthermore, only beginning with this stage that the level of development of the productive forces in the West attained that of the com-plete tributary mode of imperial China; this is doubtless no coincidence.

The backwardness of the West, expressed by the abortion of Rome and by feudal fragmentation, certainly gave it its historic advantage. Indeed, the combination of specific elements of the ancient tributary mode and of barbarian communal modes characterized feudalism and gave the West its flexibility. This explains the speed with which Europe passed through the complete tributary phase, quickly surpassing the level of development of the productive forces of the East, which it overtook, and passing on to capitalism. This flexibility and speed contrasted with the relatively rigid and slow evolution of the complete tributary modes of the Orient.

Doubtless the Roman-Western case is not the only example of an abortive tributary construction. We can identify at least three other cases of this type, each with its own specific conditions: the Byzantine-Arab-Ottoman case, the Indian case, the Mongol case. In each of these instances, attempts to install tributary systems of centralization were too far ahead of the requirements of the development of the productive forces to be firmly established. In each case the forms of centralization were probably specific combinations of state, para feudal, and commodity means. In the Islamic state, for instance, commod-ity centralization played the decisive role. Successive Indian failures must be related to the contents of Hindu ideology, which I have contrasted with Confucianism. As to the centralization of the empire of Genghis Khan, it was, as we know, extremely short-lived.

The contemporary imperialist system is also a system of centralization of the surplus on the world scale. This centralization operated on the basis of the fundamental laws of the capitalist mode and in the conditions of its domination over the pre capitalist modes of the subject periphery. I have formulated the law of the accumulation of capital on the world scale as a form of expression of the law of value operating on this scale. The imperialist system for the centralization of value is characterized by the acceleration of accumulation and by the development of the productive forces in the centre of the system, while in the periphery these latter are held back and deformed. Development and underdevelopment are two sides of the same coin.

Only people make their own history. Neither animals nor inanimate objects control their own evolution; they are subject to it. The concept of praxis is proper to society, as ex-pression of the synthesis of determinism and human intervention. The dialectic relation of infrastructure and superstructure is also proper to society and has no equivalent in nature. This relation is not unilateral. The superstructure is not the reflection of the needs of the infrastructure. If this was the case, society would be always alienated and it would not be possible to see how it could succeed to liberate itself.

This is the reason for which we propose to differentiate two qualitatively different types of transition from one mode of production to another. If this transition envelops in unconsciousness, or with alienated consciousness, that is if ideology which influences classes does not allow them to control the process of change, this process appears as if it

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operates in the way analogous to natural change, while ideology becomes part of this na-ture. For this type of transition we reserve the expression Β« model of decadence Β».On the other hand, if ideology manages to offer total and real dimension of the desired change, and only then, we can speak of revolution. 

The bourgeois thought has to ignore this question in order to be able to think of capi-talism as a rational system for entire future time, to be able to think Β« the end of history Β».

2.Marx and Engels, on the contrary, strongly suggest - from the time of the Manifesto

– that capitalism constitutes only a brief parenthesis in the history of humanity. However the capitalist mode of production in their time did not surpass England, Belgium and a small region of northern France as well as the western part of the Prussian Westphalia. In other regions of entire Europe nothing comparable did exist. In spite of this, Marx already imagined that socialist revolutions will happen in Europe β€œsoon”. This expectation tran-spires from each line of the Manifesto.

Marx did not know of course from which country the revolution will begin. Eng-land, the only country already advanced in capitalism ? No. Marx did not think this was possible except if the English proletariat emancipated itself from its alignment to the sup-port to the colonization of Ireland. France, less advanced in terms of its capitalist devel-opment, but more in terms of political maturity of its people, inherited from its Great revolution? Maybe, The Paris Commune (1871) has confirmed his intuition. For the same reason Engels expected much from β€œbackward” Germany: the proletarian revolution and the bourgeois revolution could here collide together. The Manifesto writes in this connec-tion (Marx, 1995, p. 54) the following:

Β«  The Communists turn their attention chiefly to Germany, because that country is on the eve of a bourgeois revolution that is bound to be carried out under more advanced conditions of European civilization and with a much more developed proletariat than that of England was in the seventeenth, and France in the eighteenth century, and because the bour-geois revolution in Germany will be but the prelude to an immediately following proletarian revolutionΒ».

This did not happen: the unification under the crook of reactionary Prussia, the po-litical mediocrity of the German bourgeoisie and its cowardice permitted that nationalism triumphs and marginalizes popular revolt. Marx turned his glance towards the end of his life in the direction of Russia, which he expected could engage on a revolutionary path, as his correspondence with Vera Zassoulitch testifies.

Marx thus did have the intuition that the revolutionary transformation could begin starting from the periphery of the system – the Β« weak links Β» Β» in the ulterior language of Lenin. Marx, however, did not draw in his time all the conclusions which imposed themselves in this respect. It was necessary to wait that the history advances into the XXth century, in order to see, with Lenin and Mao, the communists becoming able to imagine a new strategy qualified as Β« the construction of socialism in one country Β». This is an inap-propriate expression, to which I prefer a long periphrasis: β€œunequal advances on the long path of the socialist transition, localized in some countries which the strategy of dominant imperialism isolates and fights continuously and severely”.

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The debate pertaining to this problem related to the long historic transition to so-cialism in direction of communism and to the universal scope of this movement poses a series of questions concerning the transformation of the proletariat from the class in itself to the class for itself, the conditions and effects of capitalist globalization, the place of the peasantry in the long transition, the diversity of expressions of the anti-capitalist thought, all questions which I address in the following section.

3. Marx, more than anyone, understood that capitalism had the mission to conquer the

world. He wrote about it at a time when this conquest was far from being completed. He considered this mission from its origins, the discovery of the Americas which inaugurated the transition of the three centuries of mercantilism to the final full- fledged form of capi-talism.

He wrote in the Manifesto:Β« Modern industry has established the world market, for which the discovery of Amer-

ica paved the way…through exploitation of the world market it has given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption of each country Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 11).

Marx welcomed this globalization, the new phenomenon in the history of humanity. Numerous passages in the Manifesto testify to this. .For example:

Β« The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations … Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 10).

And:Β« The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns … and has thus

rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life … as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilized ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West … Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 13).

Words are clear. Marx has never been past oriented, regretting the β€œgood old days”. He always expressed a modern point of view, to the point of appearing as a Euro centrist. He went a long way in this direction. Yet was not the barbarization of the village labour replaced with the urban labour not less stultifying for the proletarians? Marx does not ignore the urban poverty which had accompanied capitalist expansion.

Has Marx of the Manifesto measured correctly the political consequences of the de-struction of the peasantry, in Europe itself, and even more, in the colonized countries? I return to these questions in direct relation with the unequal character of the worldwide deployment of capitalism.

Marx and Engels, in the Manifesto, still do not know that the worldwide deployment of capitalism is not the one which they imagined, homogenizing, that is, giving to the conquered East its chance to get out of the dead lock in which its history has closed it and to become, in accordance with the image of the Western countries, Β« civilized Β» nations, that is, industrialized countries. Few later texts of Marx present the colonization of India in consoling light. But Marx later changed his mind. These allusions, rather than a sys-tematically elaborated argumentation, witness about the destructive effects of the colonial conquering. Marx gradually becomes aware of what I call Β«unequal developmentΒ», i.e.

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systematic construction of the contrast between the dominant centres and dominated pe-ripheries, and, with it, the impossibility to Β« catch upΒ» within the framework of capitalist globalization (in fact imperialistic by its nature), and with the tools of capitalism.

In that respect I said that if it were possible to Β«catch up Β» within capitalist globaliza-tion, no political, social or ideological force would be able to oppose it successfully.

With respect to the question of the β€œopening” of China, Marx of the Manifesto says:Β« The cheap prices of commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all

Chinese walls, with which it forces the barbarians’ intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulateΒ» (Marx, 1995, p. 12)..

We know that this was not how this opening operated: it was the canons of the British navy which β€œopened” China. Chinese products were often more competitive than western. We know also that it was not English more advanced industry that permitted the suc-cessful domination of India (again Indian textiles were of better quality than English). On the contrary, it was the domination of India (and the organized destruction of Indian industries) which gave to Great Britain its hegemonic position in the capitalist system of the XIX th century.

However, older Marx learned how to abandon the Euro centrism of his youth. Marx knew how to change his opinion, in the light of the evolution of the world.

In 1848 Marx and Engels therefore imagined the strong possibility of one or more socialist revolutions in Europe of their time, confirming with this that capitalism repre-sents only a short parenthesis in history. The facts soon proved him right. The Paris Com-mune (1871) was the first socialist revolution. However, it was as well the last revolution accomplished in a developed capitalist country. With the establishment of the Second Internationale Engels did not lose the hope in new revolutionary advances, in Germany in particular. History proved him wrong. However the treason of the Second Internatio-nale in 1914 should not have surprised anyone. Beyond their reformist drift, alignment of workers’ parties of entire Europe of the time with the expansionistic imperialist and colonial politics of their bourgeoisies indicated that there was not much to expect from for the parties of the Second Internationale. The front line for the transformation of the world moved towards the East, to Russia in 1917 and then to China. Certainly Marx did not Β« predict Β» this; but his later texts allow us to suppose that he probably would not have been surprised by the Russian revolution.

On the other hand, Marx thought, with respect to China, that it was the bourgeois revolution which was on the agenda. After the intervention of European forces in response to the rebellion of the Boxers, he reminded that next time when European armies will try to enter China, they will be stunned with the front board on which they will read: Β« Atten-tion, you are entering into the Bourgeois Republic of China! Β». The Kuo Min Tang of the 1911 revolution, of Sun Yat Sen, has also imagined, like Marx, proclaiming the (bourgeois) Republic of China. However, Sun did not succeed neither to defeat the forces of the old regime whose war-lords regained the territory, nor to push away the dominance of the im-perialist forces, especially of Japan. The drift of the KMT of Tchang Kai-chek, confirmed Lenin’s and Mao’s points of view: there is no more place for an authentic bourgeois revolu-tion, our era is the one of the socialist revolution. Just as the Russian February revolution of 1917 did not have future, since it was not able to triumph over the old regime calling therefore for the October revolution, the Chinese revolution of the 1911 called for the

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revolution of the Maoist communists, only capable to answer to the expectations of libera-tion which is simultaneously national and social.

It was thus Russia, the Β« weak link Β» of the system, which initiated the second social-ist revolution after the Paris Commune. Yet the Russian October was not supported, but fought by the European workers’ movement. Rosa Luxembourg used harsh expressions for the drifts of the European workers movements. She speaks of their Β«deficiency Β», of Β« the incapacity of the German proletariat to realize its historic missionΒ», of Β« treason Β» (Luxemburg, 2017, pp. 10, 59).

I have for my part proposed the analysis of this withdrawal of the working class in the developed West, abandoning their revolutionary traditions of the XIXth century, by put-ting the accent on the devastating effects of the imperialistic character of the worldwide expansion of capitalism and of the benefits which the entirety of the concerned societies (and not only their bourgeoisies) draw from their dominant positions. I have therefore considered it necessary, to dedicate an entire chapter within my reading of the universal importance of the 1917 October Revolution (Amin, 2017)4, to the analysis of the develop-ment which had lead the European working classes to renounce their historic mission, expressed in terms of Rosa Luxemburg. I refer the reader to this text.

4.Revolutionary advances on the long road of the socialist or communist transition will

therefore probably start exclusively in the societies of the periphery of the world system, precisely in the countries in which an avant-garde would understand that it is not possible to Β« catch up Β» by integrating into capitalist globalization, and that for this reason Β« something else should be done Β», that is, go ahead within a transition of socialist nature. Lenin and Mao have expressed this conviction proclaiming that our time is not any more the epoch of bour-geois revolutions but that it is from then on the epoch of the socialist revolutions.

This conclusion calls for another: socialist transitions will happen necessarily Β« in one country Β», which will additionally remain fatally Β« isolated Β» through the counter-attack of world imperialism. There is no alternative; there will be no Β« world revolutionΒ». Therefore the nations and states engaged on this road will be confronted with the double challenge: resist to the permanent war (hot or cold) conducted by the imperialist forces, and associate successfully the peasant majority in the advances on the new road to socialism. Neither the Manifesto, not even Marx and Engels subsequently had been in position to tell something on these questions. It belongs to the living Marxism to do this instead of them.

These reflections lead me to assess the considerations which Marx and Engels de-veloped in the Manifesto concerning the peasants. Marx situates himself within his time which was still the time of bourgeois unfinished revolutions in Europe itself. In this con-text we read in the Manifesto:

Β« At this stage, therefore, the proletarians do not fight their enemies, but the enemy of their enemies, the remnants of absolute monarchy, the landowners…every victory so ob-tained is a victory for the bourgeoisieΒ».(Marx, 1995, p. 18).

But the bourgeois revolution gave the land to the peasants as shown in the exemplary case of France in particular. Therefore the peasantry in its great majority becomes the 4 Chapter four β€œRevolutions and counter revolutions from 1917 to 2017”

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ally of the bourgeoisie within the camp of the defenders of the sacred character of private property and becomes the adversary of the proletariat.

However, the transfer of the centre of gravity of the socialist transformation of the world, emigrating from dominant imperialist centers to dominated peripheries radically modifies the peasant question. Nevertheless revolutionary advances become possible in the conditions of societies which remained still in great part peasant only if socialist van-guards are able to implement strategies which integrate the majority of peasantry within the fighting block against imperialistic capitalism.

5.Marx and Engels never believed, neither for the editing of the Manifesto nor later, in

the spontaneous revolutionary potential of the working classes, since Β« The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 34). Due to this fact the workers like others subscribe to the ideology of Β« competition Β», corner stone for the functioning of the capitalist society, and, hence, Β« the organisation of the proletarians into a class, and, consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the com-petition between the workers themselves Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 20).

Therefore the transformation of the proletariat from the class in itself into the class for itself implicates the active intervention of a communist vanguard : Β« practically, the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over the great mass of the proletariat the advantage of clearly understanding the line of march, the condi-tions, and the ultimate general results of the proletarian movement.Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 25).

The affirmation of the unavoidable role of the vanguards does not mean for Marx an advocacy in favour of the Β« single party Β». One reads in the Manifesto:

Β« The Communists do not form a separate party opposed to the other working-class par-ties. ..They do not set up any sectarian principles of their own, by which to shape and mould the proletarian movementΒ» (Marx, 1995, p. 25).

And later in his conception of what should be a Proletarian Internationale, Marx considered it necessary to integrate into it all the parties and current of thought and action which benefit from a real popular and worker audience. The First Internationale included in its membership the French Blanquists, the German Lassalians, English trade-unionists, Proudhon, anarchists, Bakounin. Marx certainly did not spare his criticisms, often harsh, for many of his partners. And one might say that probably the violence of these conflic-tual debates is at the root of the brief life of this Internationale. Let it be as it may. This organisation has nevertheless been the first school for the education of the future cadres engaged in the fight against capitalism.

Two observations lead to the question of the role of the party and the communists.The first is related to the relationship between the communist movement and the

Β« nation Β». We can read in the Manifesto:Β« The working men have no country. We cannot take from them what they have not

got. Since the proletariat must first of all acquire political supremacy, must rise to be the leading class of the nation, must constitute itself the nation, it is so far, itself national, though not in the bourgeois sense of the word. Β», Β« The fight of the proletariat against the

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bourgeoisie, even though it is not in its basis national, takes up however a national form” (Marx, 1995, p. 33).

In the capitalist world the proletarians do not share the nationalism, of their country; they do not belong to that nation. The reason is that in the bourgeois world the only func-tion of nationalism is to give legitimacy on the one side to the exploitation of workers of the given country and on the other hand to the fight of the bourgeoisie against its foreign com-petitors and fulfil its imperialistic ambitions. However with the triumph of eventual socialist revolution, all would change. What I said above concerns the first long stages of the socialist transition in the societies of the peripheries. It also expresses the respect for the necessary diversity of the roads taken. Additionally the concept of the final objective of communism, strengthens the importance of this national diversity of the proletarian nations. The Mani-festo already formulated the idea that communism is built on diversity of individuals, collec-tives and nations. Solidarity does exclude but implies free development of all. Communism is the antithesis of capitalism which, in spite of its advocating β€œindividualism”, produces in fact, through competition clones formatted by the domination of capital.

I will proceed now by citing in this connection that which I have wrote in the Β«Octo-ber 1917 Revolution, a century later Β» (Amin, 2017, pp 83-85):

β€œThe support or the rejection of national sovereignty gives rise to severe misunderstand-ings as long as the class content of the strategy in the frame of which it operates is not identi-fied. The dominant social bloc in capitalist societies always conceives national sovereignty as an instrument to promote its class interests, i.e. the capitalist exploitation of home labour and simultaneously the consolidation of its position in the global system. Today, in the con-text of the globalized liberal system dominated by the financialized monopolies of the Triad (USA, Europe, Japan) national sovereignty is the instrument which permits ruling classes to maintain their competitive positions within the system. The government of the USA offers the clearest example of that constant practice: sovereignty is conceived as the exclusive pre-serve of US monopoly capital and to that effect the US national law is given priority above international law. That was also the practice of the European imperialist powers in the past and it continues to be the practice of the major European states within the European Union”5.

Keeping that in mind, one understands why the national discourse in praise of the virtues of sovereignty hiding the class interests in the service of which it operates has al-ways been unacceptable for all those who defend the labouring classes.

Yet we should not reduce the defence of sovereignty to that modality of bourgeois na-tionalism. The defence of sovereignty is no less decisive for the protection of the popular alternative on the long road to socialism. It even constitutes an inescapable condition for advances in that direction. The reason is that the global order (as well as its sub- global European order) will never be transformed from above through collective decisions of the ruling classes. Progress in that respect is always the result of the unequal advance of struggles from one country to another. The transformation of the global system (or the subsystem of the European Union) is the product of those changes operating within the frame of the various states which, in their turn, modifies the international balances of forces between them. The nation state remains the only frame for the deployment of the decisive struggles which ultimately transform the world.5 I have discussed this question specific to Europe in The implosion of contemporary capitalism

(Amin, 2013), chapter 4 β€œImplosion of the European System”.

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The peoples of the peripheries of that system, polarising by nature, have a long ex-perience of that positive progressive nationalism which is anti-imperialist, rejects the global order imposed by the centres, and therefore is potentially anti-capitalist. I say only potentially because this nationalism may also inspire the illusion of a possible building of a national capitalist order able to catch up with the national capitalisms ruling the centres. Nationalism in the peripheries is progressive only at that condition, as long as it remains anti-imperialist, i.e. today conflicting with the global liberal order. Any other nationalism (which in this case is only a façade) which accepts the global liberal order is the instru-ment of local ruling classes aiming at participating in the exploitation of their peoples and eventually of other weaker partners, operating therefore as sub-imperialist powers.

The confusion between these two antonymic concepts of national sovereignty and therefore the rejection of any nationalism annihilates the possibility of moving out of the global liberal order. Unfortunately, the leftβ€”in Europe and elsewhereβ€”does often make such a confusion”.

The second point concerns the segmentation of the working classes, in spite of the Β« simplification of the society connected with the advancement of capitalism, evocated in the Manifesto page 7 :

Β« Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinct feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other – Bourgeoisie and ProletariatΒ» (Marx, 1995, p.7).

This double movement - of the generalisation of the proletarian position and simul-taneously the segmentation of the world of workers –is today considerably more visible than it was in 1848, when it barely was appearing.

We have witnessed during the prolonged XXth century, up to our days a generalisa-tion without precedent of the proletarian condition. Today in centres almost totality of the population is reduced to the status of employees selling their working force. And in the peripheries the peasants are integrated more then ever before within commercial nets which have annihilated their status of independent producers to make them dominated subcontractors, reduced in fact to the status of sellers of their labor force.

This movement is associated with pauperization processes. Β« The worker falls into pauperization and impoverishment increases faster than population and wealth (Marx, 1995, p. 23). This pauperisation thesis, retaken and amplified in Capital, was the object of sarcastic critics of the vulgar economists. And still, at the level of the world capitalist system, the only level which gives the full sense to the analysis of the reality, this pauperi-sation is considerably more visible and real than Marx had imagined. However, and in parallel, the capitalist forces have succeeded to weaken the danger which generalised po-letarianisation represented by implementing systematic strategies aiming at segmenting the working classes on all levels, from national to international.

6.The section III of the Manifesto, entitled Β« Socialist and communist literature Β» could

appear to a contemporary reader to belong truly to the past. Marx and Engels offer us here commentaries concerning historical subjects and their intellectual production which

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Samir Amin, The Communist Manifesto, 170 years later

belong to their time. Forgotten, these questions seem to day to be the subject matter for exclusively archivists of the past.

However I am struck by the persistent analogies with the movements and the dis-courses more recent, in fact contemporary. Marx denounces Β« reformists Β» of all furs, who had understood nothing of the logics of capitalist deployment. Have these disappeared from the scene? Marx denounced the lies of those who denounce the wrong doings of capitalism, but nevertheless, as the Manifesto says Β«  in the political fight, they take com-pletely part in all violent measures against the working classΒ» (Marx, 1995, p. 39). Are the fascists of the XX th century and of today, the β€œpasseist” allegedly religious movements (the Muslim Brothers, the fanatics of Hinduism and Buddhism) different ?

Marx’s criticisms of the competitors of Marxism, of their ideologies, his efforts to identify the social milieus of which they are the spokes persons, does not imply that for Marx, nor for us, authentic anti-capitalist movements should not be necessarily diversified in their sources of inspiration. I address the reader on this subject to some of my recent writings conceived from the perspective of the reconstruction of a new Internationale, as a condition for the efficacy of the popular struggles and visions of the future6.

7.I shall conclude with words which follow my reading of the Manifesto.The Manifesto is on one side the hymn to the glory of the capitalist modernity, of the

dynamism which it inspires, having no parallel during the long history of civilization. But it is at the same time the swan song of this system whose own movement is nothing more than to generate chaos, like Marx has always understood and reminded. The historical reason of capitalism is no other than having produced in a brief time all the conditions, material, political, ideological and moral which impose its overcoming.

I have always shared that point of view which I believe to be that of Marx, since the Manifesto to the first epoch of the Second Internationale lived by Engels. The analyses which I proposed, concern the long ripening of the capitalism – ten centuries– and the contributions of the different regions of the world to this maturation (China, the Islamic East, Italian cities, and finally Atlantic Europe), its short zenith (the XIX th century), final-ly its long decline which manifests itself through two long systemic crises (the first from 1890 to 1945, the second from the 1975 to our days). These analyses have the ambition to deepen that which was in Marx only an intuition (see Amin, 2013).

This vision of the place of capitalism in history was abandoned by the Β« reformist Β» currents within Marxism of the Second Internationale and then outside Marxism. It was substituted by a vision according to which capitalism will have accomplished its task only when it will have succeeded to homogenize the planet according to the model of its devel-oped centres. To this persisting vision of the globalised deployment of capitalism, which is simply unrealistic since capitalism is in its nature polarizing, we oppose the vision of the transformation of the world through revolutionary processes, instead of submission to the deadly vicissitudes of the decadence of the civilization.

6 See β€œUnitΓ© et diversitΓ© des mouvements populaires au socialisme” (in Amin, 2014; see Amin, 2017a)

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Π‘ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄, vol. LII (2018), nΠΎ. 2, стр. 430–452

Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ€ Амин 1

Π€ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠΌ Π’Ρ€Π΅Ρ›Π΅Π³ свСтаДакар (Π‘Π΅Π½Π΅Π³Π°Π»)БвСтски Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠΌ Π·Π° Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΠœΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΠ΄ (Шпанија)

КОМУНИБВИЧКИ ΠœΠΠΠ˜Π€Π•Π‘Π’, 170 Π“ΠžΠ”Π˜ΠΠ ΠšΠΠ‘ΠΠ˜ΠˆΠ•(ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ In Extenso)

Π‘Π°ΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ: НијСдан тСкст написан срСдином дСвСтнаСстог Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° нијС ΠΎΡ‡ΡƒΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ валидност Π΄ΠΎ данас Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠšΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ манифСст ΠΈΠ· 1848. МоТС сС ΡƒΠΎΡ‡ΠΈ-Ρ‚ΠΈ Π΄Π° Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈ тСкста ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΡΠ°Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ˜ стварности, Ρ‡Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ вишС Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ 1848. ΠŸΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ›ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ прСмиса којС јСдва Π΄Π° су Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ™ΠΈΠ²Π΅ Ρƒ ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ЕнглСс ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ су Π·Π°ΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ који су Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΎ-сти ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π²Ρ€Ρ’Π΅Π½ΠΈ. Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‡Π»Π°Π½ΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΡ›Ρƒ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ‚Ρ™ΡƒΡ˜ΡƒΡ›Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅.

ΠšΡ™ΡƒΡ‡Π½Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈ: ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ, Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°; Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°-Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρ…ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°; ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ; капиталистичка Π·Π°Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° Ρƒ исто-Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ; бурТоаска дСмократска Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½Π° дСмократска Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°.

1.НС ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜ΠΈ нијСдан Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ тСкст написан срСдином дСвСтнаСстог Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° који јС

ΠΎΡ‡ΡƒΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ ваљаност Π΄ΠΎ данас Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚ ΠšΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈ тСкста ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΡΠ°Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ˜ стварности, Ρ‡Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ вишС Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ 1848. ΠŸΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ›ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ прСмиса којС су Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ јСдва Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ™ΠΈΠ²Π΅ Ρƒ ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ЕнгСлс су ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ којС јС Π½Π°Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρƒ потпуности ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ. Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‡Π»Π°Π½ΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΡ›Ρƒ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡƒΡ‡Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΡƒΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅.

Π”Π° Π»ΠΈ су ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ЕнгСлс Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ инспирисани ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ†ΠΈ, Ρ‡Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΡšΠ°Ρ†ΠΈ способни Π΄Π° Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Ρƒ кристалну ΠΊΡƒΠ³Π»Ρƒ, ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ·Π΅Ρ‚Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΡ›Π° Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρƒ својС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚ΡƒΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅? НС. Они су јСдино Ρƒ својС Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρƒ нашС Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Ρ™Π΅, Π±ΠΎΡ™Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡƒΡˆΡ‚ΠΈ-Π½Ρƒ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡ˜Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ. ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ јС посвСтио свој Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡƒ-ΠΏΠ°Π½ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Ρƒ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ двоструког ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ СкономијС (ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ›ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π° ЕнглСскС) ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ (ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ›ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π° Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†Ρƒ-скС). Ја сам писао ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρƒ Ρƒ ΠžΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ€ΡΠΊΠΎΡ˜ Π Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ 1917. јСдан Π²Π΅ΠΊ послС (Amin, 2017, p. 41)2.

ΠšΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π», ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ, прСдставља Ρ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ·Π½Ρƒ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½Ρƒ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈ-талистичког Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ капиталистичког Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ сС 1 [email protected] Π£ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ›Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²Ρ™Ρƒ, β€žΠ§ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ Kапитал”.

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Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ€ Амин, ΠšΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ манифСст, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° каснијС

ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈΡ… Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ сС ΡƒΠΏΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π° Ρƒ срцС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°. Он нСпосрСдно Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ˜Π°ΡˆΡšΠ°Π²Π° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΡšΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΠΏΡˆΡ‚Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ° Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ власникÒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½Π΅ својинС (Π° ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° јС Ρ˜Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π° Ρƒ саврСмСном свСту ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π° јС Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π°Π»Π° ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ˜Π΅), ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π²Ρ€Π΅Π΄-ности ΠΈ апстрактног Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°. Из Ρ‚Π΅ основС, ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ нас Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ° Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡšΡƒ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° који ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ˜Π° њСговС ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ њСнС Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ снагС β€žΡ‡ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡƒ са Π½ΠΎΠ²-цСм” осигурава ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡšΡƒ вишка врСдности који капиталиста ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΠ²Π°Ρ˜Π°, ΠΈ који, са својС странС, прСдставља услов Π·Π° Π°ΠΊΡƒΠΌΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π°. Π’Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° врСдности Π½Π΅ Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ само Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ Скономског систСма ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°; ΠΎΠ½Π° Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π° сва-ΠΊΠΈΠΌ аспСктом ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π°. Појам Ρ„Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡˆΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Π½Π° идСолошки ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ којСг сС ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΎΠΏΡˆΡ‚Π΅ Ρ˜Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆ-Ρ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π΅ Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅.

Π˜Π½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ инструмСнт ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π²Ρ€Ρ’Π΅Π½ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π΅ΠΌ β€žΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°β€ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ сС ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ˜Π±ΠΎΡ™ΠΈ Π·Π° исправно ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΡ’Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡˆΡ‚Π΅ линијС ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ капиталистичкС стварности. НијСдан ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡƒΡˆΠ°Ρ˜ Π΄Π° сС Ρ‚Π° стварност ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ марксизма – ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ чСсто ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² њСга – нијС Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°. ΠŸΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅Ρˆ-ΠΊΠ° бурТоаскС мисли ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ њСнС β€žΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ΅ наукС” (ΠΊΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ јС ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ с Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ описао ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ β€žΠ²ΡƒΠ»Π³Π°Ρ€Π½Ρƒβ€) Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅ ΡΡƒΡˆΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°. ΠŸΠΎΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π°, Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅, нијС способ-Π½Π° Π΄Π° Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅ ΡˆΡ‚Π° јС ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ Ρƒ својој ΡΡƒΡˆΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ΡƒΡ’Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π΅ΡšΠ΅ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ’Π΅ нијС способно Π΄Π° замисли ΠΊΡƒΠ΄Π° капиталистичка Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π° ΠΈΠ΄Ρƒ. Π”Π° Π»ΠΈ Ρ›Π΅ будућност ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ којС Ρ›Π΅ зауставити Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π°? Или Ρ›Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒ успСти Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΆΠΈ својС Π΄Π°Π½Π΅, ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ€Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π°Ρ˜ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π°. БурТоаска мисао ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° која поставља Мани-фСст.

Ми доиста Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΎ (Marx, 1995, p. 7):β€ž[...] Π±ΠΎΡ€Π±Ρƒ коај сС ΡƒΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π·Π°Π²Ρ€ΡˆΠ°Π²Π°Π»Π° Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡƒΡ€Π΅Ρ’Π΅ΡšΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π°,

ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡˆΡ›Ρƒ класа којС су сС Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π΅.β€ΠžΠ²Π° Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° јС ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΌΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°ΠΆΡšΡƒ. ΠŸΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ›ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ њС, прогрСсив-

Π½ΠΎ сам дошао Π΄ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ усрСдсрСђСног Π½Π° појам нСјСднаког Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π° свСта ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ… процСса њСговог ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Ρ˜Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ›ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ˜Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ са ΡšΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡšΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ’Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡƒΡˆΠ°ΠΎ сам Π΄Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ˜Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΡšΠ΅ сваког ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΎ-Π²Π΅: Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅.

Ја сам Π΄Π°Ρ™Π΅ писао ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΡƒ Ρƒ књизи Класа ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° (Amin, 1979, pp. 200–252, 254–255)3.

ΠžΠ΄Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡƒΡ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π·Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ искуства, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ смо Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρƒ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ јСдног Ρ˜Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚-капиталистичког Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡšΠ΅, Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°, којСм Ρ‚Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ сва клас-Π½Π° Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π°. Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° – ΠΈΠ·Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡšΠ° римскС Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, њСна Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΡƒΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Ρ™Π°ΡšΠ΅ Ρ„Π΅ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅, ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ, ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° апсолутистичких Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° мСркантилистичког Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π° – Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Ρƒ особСном ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒ истС основнС Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ којС су сС Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Ρƒ мањС Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ΡƒΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΎΡ˜ ΠΈΠ·Π³Ρ€Π°ΡšΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ…, Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈΡ… Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ којима јС Кина Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π°Π½ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·. Ропски Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡšΠ΅

3 ΠŸΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²Ρ™Π΅ β€žΠ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°β€.

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Π‘ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄, vol. LII (2018), nΠΎ. 2, стр. 430–452

нијС ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π·Π°Π»Π°Π½ Ρƒ нашСм Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΡƒ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ су Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ-стички Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½; ΠΎΠ½ јС особСн ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²Ρ™ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ сС искључиво Ρƒ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ са ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅ΡšΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡ… односа. ΠŸΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π°, Ρ„Π΅ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ јС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½, Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°.

Ова Ρ…ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π·Π° Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° Π½Π° ΡƒΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Ρ™Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Π ΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡƒΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡƒΡˆΠ°Ρ˜ ΡƒΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Ρ™Π°ΡšΠ° Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Ниво Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎ-Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… снага нијС Π·Π°Ρ…Ρ‚Π΅Π²Π°ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡƒ РимскС ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. ΠŸΡ€Π²ΠΈ нСуспСли ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡƒΡˆΠ°Ρ˜ јС Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π°Ρ›Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ Ρ„Π΅ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅, Π½Π° основу којС јС Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ успостављСна Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ апсолутистичких ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°. ЈСдино сС Ρ‚Π°Π΄Π° Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΏΡƒ-Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρƒ. ΠŸΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π°, јСдино с ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΡšΠ°, Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ… снага Π½Π° Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρƒ достигао јС онај Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½Π΅ КинС, Π° Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΡƒΠΌΡšΠΈΠ²ΠΎ нијС ΠΏΡƒΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°.

Заосталост Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°, ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Ρƒ распаду Π ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Ρ„Π΅ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΡ˜ Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ, Π΄Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΡƒ јС ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΡƒ прСдност. Доиста, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° спСцифичних Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ варварских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ су Ρ„Π΅ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ су Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρƒ ΡšΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρƒ флСксибилност. Π’ΠΎ објашњава Π±Ρ€Π·ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ којом јС Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎ-шла свСобухватни Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½, Π±Ρ€Π·ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ›ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎ-Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… снага Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ°, који јС сустигла ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡˆΠ»Π° Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ. Π’Π° флСксибилност ΠΈ Π±Ρ€Π·ΠΈΠ½Π° прСдстављалС су контраст с Ρ€Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ спором Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎ-Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΡƒ.

ΠΠ΅ΡΡƒΠΌΡšΠΈΠ²ΠΎ римски β€žΠ—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜β€ нијС јСдини ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ-Π±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. МоТСмо Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡ˜Π΅ΠΌΠΎ најмањС Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π° ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜Π° Ρ‚Π΅ врстС, сваки са својим властитим спСцифичним условима: Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΎ-арапско-отомански ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜, индијски ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜ ΠΈ монголски ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜. Π£ сваком ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ‚ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡƒΡˆΠ°Ρ˜ΠΈ ΡƒΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Ρ™Π°ΡšΠ° Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ систСма Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ су ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°Ρ…Ρ‚Π΅Π²Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ… снага Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ чврсто успостављСни. Π£ сваком ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ‚ΠΈΡ… ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜Π΅Π²Π°, ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ су Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ особСнС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅, ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ„Π΅ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡ… Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°. Π£ Исламској Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, Ρ€ΠΎΠ±-Π½Π° Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Π»Π° јС ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡƒΡ˜ΡƒΡ›Ρƒ ΡƒΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρƒ. БукцСсивнС нСуспСхС Ρƒ Индији Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° довСсти Ρƒ Π²Π΅Π·Ρƒ са ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ˜Π΅ΠΌ Ρ…ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρƒ-идСологијС, ΠΊΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ сам контрастирао са ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π¨Ρ‚ΠΎ сС Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Џингис Кана, ΠΎΠ½Π° јС, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠΎ, Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ·Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ˜Π½Π°.

Π‘Π°Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ систСм јС Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ’Π΅ систСм Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ суфи-Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π° Π½Π° свСтском Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡƒ. Π’Π° Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° јС Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π½Π° основу Ρ„ΡƒΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° капиталистичког Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Ρƒ условима Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄ прСткапиталистич-ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’Π΅Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Ѐормулисао сам Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π°ΠΊΡƒΠΌΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°-Π»Π° Π½Π° свСтском Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡšΠ° Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° врСдности који Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡƒ. Π˜ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ систСм Π·Π° Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ врСдности ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡ˜Π΅ ΡƒΠ±Ρ€Π·Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡƒΠΌΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ… снага Ρƒ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Ρƒ систСма, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ јС ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ заустављСн ΠΈ дСформисан. Развој ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ су Π΄Π²Π΅ странС истог Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‡ΠΈΡ›Π°.

Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎ Ρ™ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ. Ни ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡšΠ΅ Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΡˆΡƒ властити Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ су ΠΌΡƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’Π΅Π½ΠΈ. Појам праксС јС ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Ρƒ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π· синтСзС Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ људскС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Π”ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ однос Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΈ

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Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ€ Амин, ΠšΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ манифСст, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° каснијС

Π½Π°Π΄Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡšΠ΅ јС Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ’Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Ρƒ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»Π΅Π»Π΅ Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. Вај однос нијС Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°Π½. ΠΠ°Π΄Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡšΠ° нијС ΠΏΡƒΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π°Π· ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅. Π”Π° јС Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜, Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΡƒΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ΡƒΡ’Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›Π΅ Π΄Π° сС саглСда ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ сСбС ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° ос-Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ.

Π’ΠΎ јС Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π·Π±ΠΎΠ³ којСг ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡ˜Π΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ‡ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° прСласка ΠΈΠ· јСдног Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡšΠ΅ Ρƒ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ. Π£ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ сС Ρ‚Π°Ρ˜ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Π· одвија нСсвСсно, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ са ΠΎΡ‚ΡƒΡ’Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡˆΡ›Ρƒ, Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚ ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ идСологија која ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°-сС њима Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ™Π°Π²Π° Π΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡˆΡƒ процСс ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅, овај процСс ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Π½Π° Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°Π½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ идСологија ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ˜Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅. Π—Π° Ρ‚Ρƒ врсту ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Π·Π° ΠΌΠΈ користимо ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π· β€žΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π» Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅β€. Π‘ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΅ странС, ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ идСологија успСва Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈ ΡƒΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»Π½Π΅ димСнзијС ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅Ρ™Π΅Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅, ΠΈ само ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°, ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ.

БурТоаска мисао ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Ρƒ ΡΡ‚Π°ΡšΡƒ Π΄Π° мисли ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ систСму Π·Π° Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ›Π΅ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅, Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Ρƒ ΡΡ‚Π°ΡšΡƒ Π΄Π° мисли ΠΎ β€žΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅β€.

2.ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ЕнгСлс, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ², снаТно ΡΡƒΠ³Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡˆΡƒ, ΠΎΠ΄ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°, Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°-

ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ°Ρ‡ΠΈΡšΠ°Π²Π° само ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΡƒ Π·Π°Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Ρƒ Ρƒ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ човСчанства. ΠšΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡšΠ΅, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, Ρƒ ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ нијС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΎ ЕнглСску, Π‘Π΅Π»Π³ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ сСвСрнС ЀранцускС, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΠŸΡ€ΡƒΡΠΊΠ΅ Π’Π΅ΡΡ‚Ρ„Π°Π»ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Π£ осталим Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ½Π΅ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅, Π½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π° слично нијС ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΎ. Упркос Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ΅, ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ јС Π²Π΅Ρ› Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π°ΠΎ Π΄Π° Ρ›Π΅ сС ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ускоро Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ Ρƒ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈ. Π’ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π·Ρ€Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· сваког Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π° ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°.

ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ свакако нијС Π·Π½Π°ΠΎ Ρƒ којој Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ™ΠΈ Ρ›Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ. Π£ Π•Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡ˜, јСдиној Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ™ΠΈ која јС Π²Π΅Ρ› Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒ? НС. ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ нијС мислио Π΄Π° јС Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›Π΅ осим Ρƒ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π΄Π° сС СнглСски ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚ ослободи ΠΎΠ΄ својСг ΡΠ²Ρ€ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ° ΡƒΠ· Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΡˆΡ†ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π˜Ρ€ΡΠΊΠ΅. Π£ Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΡƒΡΠΊΠΎΡ˜, ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π° мањС Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ˜ Ρƒ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ° капиталистичког Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π°, Π°Π»ΠΈ вишС Ρƒ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ зрСлости својСг Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°, наслСђСнС ΠΈΠ· њСнС Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅? МоТда. ΠŸΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½Π° (1871) јС ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ²Ρƒ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‚ΡšΡƒ. ЕнгСлс јС ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ β€žΠ½Π°Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅β€ НСмачкС: ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€-ска Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈ бурТоаска Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅ Π±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Π΄Π΅ зајСдно Π΄Π° сС ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ. Π£ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ с Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚ истичС слСдСћС:

β€žΠΠ° НСмачку ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ›Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ комунисти ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρƒ ΠΏΠ°ΠΆΡ™Ρƒ Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ НСмачка ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜ΠΈ ΡƒΠΎΡ‡ΠΈ бурТоаскС Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π²Ρ€ΡˆΠΈ овај ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈΠΌ ус-Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° СвропскС Ρ†ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΡƒΠΎΠΏΡˆΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ са ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρƒ XVII ΠΈ Ѐранцуска Ρƒ XVIII столСћу, Ρ‚Π΅, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ΅, Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‡ΠΊΠ° Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎ-азска Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅ само нСпосрСдна ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π° пролСтСрскС Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅β€ (Marx, 1995, p. 54).

Π’ΠΎ сС нијС Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ: ΡƒΡ˜Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡšΠ΅ΡšΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½Π΅ ΠŸΡ€ΡƒΡΠΈΡ˜Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡-ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡšΠΎΡΡ‚ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ њСн ΠΊΡƒΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ‡Π»ΡƒΠΊ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ су Π΄Π° Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡƒΠΌΡ„ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Ρ€Π³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ½Ρƒ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π°, ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ јС скрС-Π½ΡƒΠΎ свој ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Ρƒ смСру Π ΡƒΡΠΈΡ˜Π΅, Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ јС ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° Π΄Π° сС Π°Π½Π³Π°ΠΆΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Π½Π° Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ ΠΈ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ свСдочи њСгова ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° са Π’Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ Π—Π°Π·ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ‡.

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ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ јС, Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ»Π΅, ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚ΡƒΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ сматрао Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅Ρ›ΠΈ с ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ систСма, ΠΎΠ΄ β€žΡΠ»Π°Π±Π΅ карикС” Ρƒ каснијСм Ρ˜Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡƒ Π›Π΅ΡšΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, нијС Ρƒ својС Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΠΎ свС Π·Π°ΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ који су сС Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρƒ. Π‘ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ јС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° сС сачСка Π΄Π° ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ двадСсС-Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ, са Π›Π΅ΡšΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Маом, ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° сС Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ комунисти који су постали способни Π΄Π° замислС Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρƒ ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ β€žΠΈΠ·Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡšΠ° ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρƒ јСдној зСмљи”. Π’ΠΎ јС Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·, којСм ја прСтпостављам Π΄ΡƒΠ³Π°Ρ‡ΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π·Ρƒ: β€žΠ½Π΅Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Π·Π°, Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½o Ρƒ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ™Π°ΠΌΠ° којС ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ с којима сС Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡˆΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎ бори”.

Π”Π΅Π±Π°Ρ‚Π° која сС односи Π½Π° Ρ‚Π°Ρ˜ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·Π°Π½Π° јС са Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Π·Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ Ρƒ смСру ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ° ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π·Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°; ΠΎΠ½Π° поставља Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π²Ρƒ ΡΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° која сС Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Ρ˜Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈΠ· класС ΠΏΠΎ сСби Ρƒ класу Π·Π° сСбС, услова ΠΈ послСдица капиталистичкС Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅, мСста ΡΠ΅Ρ™Π°ΡˆΡ‚Π²Π° Ρƒ Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΡ˜ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½Π·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ, различитости ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·Π° антикапиталистичкС мисли. Π‘Π²Π΅ су Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° којима Ρ›Ρƒ сС Π±Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ Ρƒ Π½Π°Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ™ΠΊΡƒ.

3.ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ јС вишС ΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ³ Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ²-

Π»Π°Π΄Π° свСтом. Писао јС ΠΎ ΡšΠ΅ΠΌΡƒ Ρƒ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° јС Ρ‚ΠΎ освајањС Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅ΡšΠ°. Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΎ јС ΠΎΠ²Ρƒ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡšΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ›Π° АмСрикС којС јС устоличило ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»Π°Π· ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ˜ΡšΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.

Он јС написао Ρƒ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Ρƒ:β€ž ΠšΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡƒΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π° створила јС свСтско Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π΅, којС јС Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΡ™Π΅Π½ΠΎ

ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ›Π΅ΠΌ АмСрикС [...] Π‘ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π° јС Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ°Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ свСтског Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π° Π΄Π°Π»Π° космо-политски ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡšΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΡšΠΈ свих зСмаља” (Marx, 1995, p. 11).

ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ јС ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Ρ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Ρƒ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ, Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ Ρƒ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ човСчанства. Π‘Ρ€ΠΎΡ˜Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Ρƒ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Ρƒ свСдочС ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΠ΅. На ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ ΠΌΠΈ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΎ:

β€ž Π“Π΄Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ јС дошла Π½Π° власт, Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π° јС Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π° свС Ρ„Π΅ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»Π½Π΅, ΠΏΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ…Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π΅ односС... ” (Marx, 1995, p. 10).

И: β€žΠ‘ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π° јС сСло ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π° господству Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° [...] ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‚Π°Π½ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ станов-

Π½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π²Π° ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° сСоског ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π°. Као ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ јС сСло ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π° зависним ΠΎΠ΄ Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Π°, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ јС ΠΎΠ½Π° варварскС ΠΈ полуварварскС Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ™Π΅ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π° зависнима ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ†ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ-Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ™Π°, сСљачкС Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ бурТоаских Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°...” (Marx, 1995, p. 13).

Π Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈ су јаснС. ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° нијС Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎΡΡ‚, ΠΆΠ°Π»Π΅Ρ›ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΠΌ старим Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°. Он јС ΡƒΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π΅, Π΄ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ СвропоцСнтриста. ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΡˆΠ°ΠΎ јС Π΄ΡƒΠ³ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ смСру. Па, ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, нијС Π»ΠΈ Π²Π°Ρ€Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ сСоског Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎ градски Ρ€Π°Π΄ који нијС Π±ΠΈΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π° мањС ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ›ΡƒΡ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅? ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ градско ΡΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡˆΡ‚Π²ΠΎ којС јС ΠΏΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ капиталистичко ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅ΡšΠ΅.

Π”Π° Π»ΠΈ јС ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Π° Ρ‚Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ послСдицС ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ™Π°ΡˆΡ‚Π²Π° Ρƒ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈ самој, ΠΈ још вишС, Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ™Π°ΠΌΠ°?

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Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ€ Амин, ΠšΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ манифСст, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° каснијС

Π’Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ›Ρƒ сС Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρƒ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ˜ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ с нСјСднаким ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠΌ свСтског Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.

ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ЕнгСлс Ρƒ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Ρƒ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Ρ™Π΅ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π΄Π° свСтско ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅ΡšΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° нијС ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ су Π³Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π°Π»ΠΈ, Π΄Π° Ρ…ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ˜Π΅, Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚ Π΄Π° освојСном Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ° ΡˆΠ°Π½ΡΡƒ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ’Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ћорсокака Ρƒ који Π³Π° јС ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π·Π°Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π° сС усклади са сликом Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ™Π°, β€žΡ†ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ…β€ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡƒΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ™Π°. НСколико ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈΡ… ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… тСкстова ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Ρ™Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ИндијС Ρƒ ΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ свСтлу. ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ јС каснијС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎ својС ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π΅ΡšΠ΅. Π’Π΅ Π°Π»ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΡ˜Π΅, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ систСматски Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Ρ’Π΅Π½Π° Π°Ρ€Π³ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, свСдочС ΠΎ дСструктивним послСдицама колонијалног освајања. ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ постСпСно ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ˜Π΅ свСстан ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ ја Π½Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΌ β€žΠ½Π΅Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π΅ΠΌβ€. Π’ΠΎ јС систСматска ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° контраста ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ‚-Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Π° Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ нСмогућности Π΄Π° сС β€žΡΡƒΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π½Π΅β€ ΡƒΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Π° капиталистичкС Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ (Ρƒ ствари ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ својој ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ), ΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ капиталистичких срСдстава.

Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρƒ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ сам Π΄Π° ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›Π΅ Π΄Π° сС β€žΡΡƒΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π½Π΅β€ Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ капиталистичкС Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ°, Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ идСолошка сна-Π³Π° Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Ρƒ ΡΡ‚Π°ΡšΡƒ Π΄Π° јој сС ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎ супротстави.

Π£ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρƒ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° β€žΠΎΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ€Π°ΡšΠ°β€ КинС, ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ Ρƒ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Ρƒ пишС: β€žΡ˜Π΅Ρ„Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Ρ†Π΅Π½Π΅ ΡšΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π° Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡƒ Ρ‚Π΅ΡˆΠΊΠ° Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ™Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π° којом ΠΎΠ½Π° Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠΈ свС кинСскС Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅, којом ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΌΡ€ΠΆΡšΡƒ Π²Π°Ρ€Π²Π°Ρ€Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² странаца присиљава Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒβ€ (Marx, 1995, p. 12).

Ми Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° сС ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ нијС одвијало Π½Π° описани Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½: Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π±Ρ€ΠΈ-танскС ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ су Ρ‚ΠΈ који су β€žΠΎΡ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈβ€ ΠšΠΈΠ½Ρƒ. КинСски ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ су чСсто Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ…. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ’Π΅, Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° нијС СнглСска Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄-Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡƒΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ‚Π° која јС ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½Ρƒ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Π½Π°Π΄ Индијом (ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚, индијски тСкстил јС Π±ΠΈΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡ™Π΅Π³ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΠ΄ СнглСског). Напротив, Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π°Π΄ Индијом (ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ индијскС ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡƒΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅) ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΠ»Π° јС Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ˜ Π‘Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ Ρ…Π΅Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Ρƒ капиталистичком систСму дСвСтнаСстог Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°.

ΠœΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠΎ јС ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° напусти Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²Ρ€Π΅-ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° својС младости. Он јС Π·Π½Π°ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ својС ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π΅ΡšΠ΅ Ρƒ свСтлу Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ свСта.

Π£ 1848. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ЕнгСлс су стога са Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΡˆΡ›Ρƒ прСтпостављали Π΄Π° Ρ›Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡ›ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ јСднС ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ вишС ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρƒ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅-Π½Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π²Ρ€Ρ’ΡƒΡ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ прСдставља јСдино ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΡƒ Π·Π°Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄Ρƒ Ρƒ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ. Π§ΠΈΡšΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ†Π΅ су ускоро ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Ρ‚Ρƒ прСтпоставку. ΠŸΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½Π° (1871) Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° јС ΠΏΡ€Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. ΠœΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, Ρ‚ΠΎ јС Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° истоврСмСно ΠΈ послСдња Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° остварСна Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ˜ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΡ˜ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ™ΠΈ. Π‘Π° ΡƒΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Ρ™Π°ΡšΠ΅ΠΌ Π”Ρ€Ρƒ-Π³Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅ ЕнгСлс нијС ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡƒΠ±ΠΈΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄Ρƒ Ρƒ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎ-сСбно Ρƒ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‡ΠΊΠΎΡ˜. Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π° јС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° Π΄Π° нијС Π±ΠΈΠΎ Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Ρƒ. Издаја Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°-Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅, 1914. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, нијС Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π°Π΄ΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄ ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ рСформистичког ΡƒΡΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΡšΠ°, ΡΠ²Ρ€ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρƒ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΎΡ˜ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° са Скспанзионистичким ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ колонијалним ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ јС Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡˆΡ‚Π° ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π° сС ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊΡƒΡ˜Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅. Π›ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π° Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Ρ˜ свСта ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ»Π° сС ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΡƒ, ΠΊΠ° Π ΡƒΡΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ, 1917. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΈ Кини. Π‘Π²Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ Ρ‚ΠΎ нијС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎ: Π°Π»ΠΈ њСгови каснији

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Π‘ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄, vol. LII (2018), nΠΎ. 2, стр. 430–452

тСкстови Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ™Π°Π²Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π½Π°ΠΌ Π΄Π° прСтпоставимо Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π°Ρ’Π΅Π½ руском Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ.

Π‘ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΅ странС, Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρƒ КинС, ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ јС сматрао Π΄Π° јС Π½Π° Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π΅Π΄Ρƒ Π±ΡƒΡ€-Тоаска Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. Након ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Свропских сила ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡƒΠ½Ρƒ БоксСра, ΠΎΠ½ јС подсСтио Π΄Π° Ρ›Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ СвропскС Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡƒΡˆΠ°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π΄Π° ΡƒΡ’Ρƒ Ρƒ ΠšΠΈΠ½Ρƒ, Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π°Ρ’Π΅Π½Π΅ истакнутом Ρ‚Π°Π±Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° којој Ρ›Π΅ писати: β€žΠŸΠ°ΠΆΡšΠ°, ΡƒΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρƒ бурТоаску Π Π΅ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΠšΠΈΠ½Ρƒ!”. ΠšΡƒΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π½Π³ ΠΈΠ· Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ 1911. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»Ρƒ са Π‘ΡƒΠ½ ΠˆΠ°Ρ‚ Π‘Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ’Π΅ јС Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π°ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΡ‚ ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡΠ°, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡˆΠ°Π²Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ бурТоаску Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΠšΠΈΠ½Ρƒ. ΠœΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, Π‘ΡƒΠ½ нијС успСо Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Π·ΠΈ снагС старог Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°, Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ су господари Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡƒΠ·Π΅Π»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ, Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ Π΄Π° потиснС Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… снага, Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ Јапана. Π›ΡƒΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° КМВ Π§Π°Π½Π³ Каи Π¨Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΠΈ-Π»Π° су Π›Π΅ΡšΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Маово ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π΅ Π΄Π° вишС Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° простора Π·Π° Ρ˜Π΅Π΄Π½Ρƒ Π°ΡƒΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρƒ буТоаску Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ, Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ јС наша Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ…Π° Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ…Π° ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Као ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ ЀСбруарска Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρƒ Π ΡƒΡΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ нијС ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π° будућност, ΠΏΠΎΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ нијС Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Ρƒ ΡΡ‚Π°ΡšΡƒ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈ стари Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ стога ΠžΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ€ΡΠΊΡƒ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ, Ки-нСска Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° 1911. ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π»Π° јС Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠœΠ°ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… комуниста, јСдино спо-собну Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ’Π΅ΡšΠ° којС јС истоврСмСно Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ.

Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎ јС Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Π ΡƒΡΠΈΡ˜Π°, β€žΡΠ»Π°Π±Π° карика” систСма, која јС ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π°Π»Π° Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Ρƒ со-Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΡƒ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ послС ΠŸΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½Π΅. Руски ΠžΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ€, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, нијС Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½, Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ странС Свропског Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°. Π ΠΎΠ·Π° ЛуксСмбург јС користила ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅ Π·Π° ΡΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΡšΠ° Свропског Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°. Она Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ β€žΠ½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΡƒβ€, ΠΎ β€žΠ½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π΄Π° схвати ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΡƒ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡ˜Ρƒβ€, ΠΎ β€žΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ˜ΠΈβ€ (Luxemburg, 2017, p. 10, 5, 9).

Ја сам са својС странС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Ρ‡Π΅ΡšΠ° Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ класС Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρƒ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° властитС Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ дСвСтнаСстог Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Ρ™Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡ†Π΅Π½Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π°Ρ€Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›Π΅ послСдицС ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° свСтског ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅ΡšΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ користи којС јС Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΡ… Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π°Π²Π° (Π° Π½Π΅ само ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π΅) ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ· ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ полоТаја. Π‘Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π° сам сматрао Π΄Π° јС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²Ρ™Π΅ Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€-Π·Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜Π° ΠžΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ€ΡΠΊΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ (Amin, 2017)4 посвСтим Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π° који јС Свропску Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΡƒ класу Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΈΡ†Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ својС ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠ΅ мисијС, ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρƒ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π ΠΎΠ·Π΅ ЛуксСмбург. Π§ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΎΡ†Π° ΡƒΠΏΡƒΡ›ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π°Ρ˜ тСкст.

4.Π Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ Π½Π° Π΄ΡƒΠ³Π°Ρ‡ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈ-

стичкС Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½Π·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄Π° Ρ›Π΅ Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π½Π΅ искључиво Ρƒ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ свСтског систСма, ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎ Ρƒ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ™Π°ΠΌΠ° Ρƒ којима Π±ΠΈ Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°Ρ€Π΄Π° Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π»Π° Π΄Π° нијС ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›Π΅ Π΄Π° сС ΠΎΠ½ β€žΠ΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π½Π΅β€ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρƒ капиталистичку Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ. Из Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° β€žΠ½Π΅ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° сС учини”, Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚ Π΄Π° сС настави Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Ρ†Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅-ласка ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°. Π›Π΅ΡšΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Мао су ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡƒΠ±Π΅Ρ’Π΅ΡšΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡˆΠ°Π²Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ Π΄Π° нашС Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ вишС нијС ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ бурТоаских Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Π²Π΅Ρ› Π΄Π° јС ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ‚Π°Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π»Π° Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ…Π° ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°.4 Π§Π΅Ρ‚Π²Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²Ρ™Π΅ β€žΠ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 1917. Π΄ΠΎ 2017”.

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Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ€ Амин, ΠšΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ манифСст, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° каснијС

Вај Π·Π°ΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡ΠΊΡƒ: ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½Π·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρ›Π΅ сС Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ’Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ β€žΡƒ јСдној зСмљи”, која Ρ›Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π° Π΄Π° останС β€žΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π°β€ услСд ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°-Π΄Π° свСтског ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. НСма Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π΅; Π½Π΅Ρ›Π΅ Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ β€žΡΠ²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΠΊΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅β€. Π‘Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π° Ρ›Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡƒΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ суочСнС са двоструким ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ: Π΄Π° сС ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΏΡ€Ρƒ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρƒ (Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ…Π»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ) који Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ снагС ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·ΡƒΡ˜Ρƒ сСљачку Π²Π΅Ρ›ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ Ρƒ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡšΡƒ Π½Π° ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒ. Како Π½ΠΈ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½ΠΈ ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ Π½ΠΈ ЕнгСлс нису Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡƒ Π½Π΅ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠΈΠΌΠ°. Π’ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ марксизму Π΄Π° ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ умСсто ΡšΠΈΡ….

Π’Π° Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΡšΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ™Π°ΡˆΡ‚Π²Π° којС су ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ЕнгСлс Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρƒ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Ρƒ. ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ЕнгСлс су ситуирани Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ свог Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° којС јС ΠΈ Π΄Π°Ρ™Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ… бурТоаских Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Ρƒ самој Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈ. Π£ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ контСксту, ΠΌΠΈ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΎ Ρƒ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Ρƒ: β€žΠΠ° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΡšΡƒ, Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ»Π΅, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡ€Π±Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜ΠΈΡ… Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ™Π°, Π²Π΅Ρ› ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ™Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜ΠΈΡ… Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ™Π°, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² остатака апсолутнС ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡ˜Π΅, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² зСмљопосСдника [...] свака ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Π° која сС Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ˜ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Π° Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π΅β€ (Marx, 1995, p. 18).

БурТоаска Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, Π΄Π°Π»Π° јС Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ™Ρƒ сСљацима, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ јС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ ЀранцускС. Π‘Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π° јС ΡΠ΅Ρ™Π°ΡˆΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Ρƒ својој вСликој Π²Π΅Ρ›ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ поста-Π»ΠΎ савСзник Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π±Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ™Π° свСтС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½Π΅ својинС ΠΈ постало јС Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ™ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π°.

ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π° Π³Ρ€Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Ρ˜Π° свСта, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, ΠΎΠ΄Π»Π°Π·Π°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ™Π° Ρƒ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅, Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡ˜Π΅ сСљачко ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ΅. Упркос свСму, Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ Π½aΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ†ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ Ρƒ условима Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π°Π²Π° која су ΠΈ Π΄Π°Ρ™Π΅ остала Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ сСљачка, ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°Ρ€Π΄Π΅ Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡƒ способнС Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ којС ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅-Π³Ρ€ΠΈΡˆΡƒ Π²Π΅Ρ›ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ ΡΠ΅Ρ™Π°ΡˆΡ‚Π²Π° Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€ Π±ΠΎΡ€Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈ-Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.

5.ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ЕнгСлс Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΄ нису Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, Π½ΠΈ Ρƒ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ објавивања ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°, Π° Π½ΠΈ

каснијС, Ρƒ спонтани Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π» Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ класС; стога су β€žΠ’Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›Π΅ идСјС Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ су ΡƒΠ²Π΅ΠΊ само идСјС Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›Π΅ класС” (Marx, 1995, str. 34). УслСд Ρ‚Π΅ Ρ‡ΠΈΡšΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ†Π΅, Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ остали, ΡƒΡΠ²Π°Ρ˜Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ β€žΡ‚Π°ΠΊΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡšΠ°β€, Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°-Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ™Ρ†Π° Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡšΠ° капиталистичког Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π° ΠΈ стога β€žΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° Ρƒ класу, Π° Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ, Π±ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚ сваког Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½ΡƒΡ‚ΠΊΠ° Ρ€Π°Π·Π±ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡƒΡ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ самим радницима” (Marx, 1995, p. 34).

ΠžΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Ρ˜ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈΠ· класС ΠΏΠΎ сСби Ρƒ класу Π·Π° сСбС ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ-Ρ€Π° Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρƒ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π²Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ комунистичкС Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°Ρ€Π΄Π΅: β€žΡƒ пракси ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π° свих Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ™Π° који јС Π½Π°Ρ˜Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ, који стално Π³ΡƒΡ€Π° Π΄Π°Ρ™Π΅, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρƒ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρƒ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ˜Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎ прСимућство Π½Π°Π΄ осталом масом ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Ρ˜Ρƒ усло-Π²Π΅, Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡˆΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ пролСтСрског ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°. ” (Marx, 1995, p. 25).

ΠΡ„ΠΈΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Π΅ ΡƒΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°Ρ€Π΄Π΅ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡΠ° Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ β€žΡ˜Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π΅β€. Π£ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Ρƒ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΎ:β€žΠšΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈ нису Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ° посСбна ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π΄Ρ€Ρƒ-Π³ΠΈΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π°ΠΌΠ° [...] Они Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Ρ™Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π΅ посСбнС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ Ρƒ којС Π±ΠΈ Ρ…Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π»ΡƒΠΏΠ΅ пролСтСрски ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚. ” (Marx, 1995, p. 25).

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Π‘ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄, vol. LII (2018), nΠΎ. 2, стр. 430–452

Π£ каснијој замисли ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° пролСтСрска ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°-Π»Π°, ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ јС Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ’Π΅ сматрао Π΄Π° јС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° сС Ρƒ ΡšΡƒ ΡƒΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡Π΅ свС ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π΅ΡšΠ° ΠΈ дСлања којС доиста ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρƒ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒ. ΠŸΡ€Π²Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°-Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π° ΡƒΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° јС Ρƒ својС чланство францускС бланкистС, Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‡ΠΊΠ΅ ласаловцС, СнглСскС синдикалистС, прудонистС, анархистС, Π±Π°ΠΊΡƒΡšΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚Π΅. ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ сигурно нијС ΡˆΡ‚Π΅Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ својС ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, чСсто ΠΎΡˆΡ‚Ρ€Π΅, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°. Могло Π±ΠΈ сС Ρ€Π΅Ρ›ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π° јС Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π½ΠΎ силовитост Ρ‚ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΈΡ… Π΄Π΅Π±Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρƒ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Ρƒ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π° Ρ‚Π΅ ΠŸΡ€Π²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅. Π‘ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΊ јС Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡ€Π²Π° школа Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π° Π°Π½Π³Π°ΠΆΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.

Π’Π° опаТања Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΎ ΡƒΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΈ комуниста.ΠŸΡ€Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ΅ Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ сС односа ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ комунистичког ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ β€žΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅β€. Π£ Ма-

нифСсту ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΎ: β€žΠ Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΠΎΡ‚Π°ΡŸΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅. Њима сС Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΡƒΠ·Π΅-Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ˜Ρƒ. Али ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π° Π΄Π° освоји ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΡƒ власт, Π΄Π° сС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ³Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ класС, Π΄Π° сС сам ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠΈΡˆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Ρ‚ΠΎ јС ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ још Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°Π½, ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π° Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρƒ смислу Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π΅β€; β€žΠ‘ΠΎΡ€Π±Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π΅, ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π° нијС Ρƒ својој основи Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π°, задобија, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ облик” (Marx, 1995, p. 33).

Π£ капиталистичком свСту ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ™Π΅; ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ˜ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ јС ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Ρƒ бурТоаском свСту јСдина Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π°-Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈ лСгитимност, с јСднС странС, Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ°Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ™Π΅ ΠΈ, с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΅ странС, Π±ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈ Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² ΡšΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ… иностраних Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΌΠ°Ρ†Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡƒΡšΠ΅ΡšΡƒ њСнС ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ›ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, свС Π±ΠΈ сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ. Оно ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ сам Π³ΠΎΡ€Π΅ истакао Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ сС ΠΏΡ€Π²Π΅ Π΄ΡƒΠ³Π°Ρ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ„Π°Π·Π΅ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρƒ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ. Π’ΠΎ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ’Π΅, ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡˆΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρƒ разноликост ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ·Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅Π²Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎ појам ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ˜ΡšΠ΅Π³ Ρ†ΠΈΡ™Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π°Ρ‡Π°Π²Π° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ разноликости пролСтСрских Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚ јС Π²Π΅Ρ› формулисао ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ˜Ρƒ Π΄Π° јС ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ’Π΅Π½ Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈ-тости ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°. Болидарност Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ слободан Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜ свих, Π²Π΅Ρ› Π³Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π°. ΠšΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ јС Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π·Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, који, ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅-Π΄Π° β€žΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌβ€, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Ρƒ ствари, ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ· Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡšΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π°.

Π£ наставку Ρ›Ρƒ Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ, Ρƒ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ контСксту, ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ сам написао Ρƒ својој књизи ΠΎ ΠžΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ€ΡΠΊΠΎΡ˜ Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ 1917, Π²Π΅ΠΊ каснијС:

β€žΠŸΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π±Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ сувСрСнитСта ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ·Π±ΠΈΡ™Π½Π΅ Π½Π΅-споразумС Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ класни ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ˜ ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ којС ΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ још нијС ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈ-ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½. Π”ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ Ρƒ капиталистичким Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡƒΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π° Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ сувСрСнитСт ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ инструмСнт ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡšΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜ΠΈΡ… класних интСрСса, Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚ капиталистичког ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π±Ρ™ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ›Π΅Π³ Ρ€Π°Π΄Π° ΠΈ, истоврСмСно, ΡƒΡ‡Π²Ρ€ΡˆΡ›ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° својСг полоТаја Ρƒ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ систСму. Данас, Ρƒ контСксту Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ систСма којим Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Ρ„ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π’Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π΄Π΅ (БАД, Π•Π£, Јапан) Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎ-Π½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ сувСрСнитСт прСдставља инструмСнт који Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ™Π°Π²Π° Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΠΌ класама Π΄Π° ΠΎΡ‡ΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ својС такмичарскС ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ систСма. Π’Π»Π°Π΄Π° БАД Π½ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈ најјаснији ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ сталнС праксС: сувСрСнитСт сС Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ искључиви Ρ€Π΅Π·Π΅Ρ€Π²Π°Ρ‚ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Π° БАД, Π° Ρƒ складу са ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ јС ΠΈ Π΄Π° јС Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ БАД Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°-конодавству Π΄Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Ρƒ односу Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½. Π’ΠΎ јС Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ’Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° пракса

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Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ€ Амин, ΠšΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ манифСст, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° каснијС

eвропских ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ… сила Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ наставља Π΄Π° Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅ пракса Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… Свропских Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ ЕвропскС ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ˜Π΅β€ (Amin, 2017, pp. 83–85)5.

Π˜ΠΌΠ°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡƒΠΌΡƒ, Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π·Π°ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ јС Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ дискурс који Ρ…Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²Ρ€Π»ΠΈ-Π½Π΅ сувСрСнитСта, ΡΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ класнС интСрСсС Ρƒ слуТби ΠΊΠΎΡ˜ΠΈΡ… Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΡ˜Π΅, ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π±ΠΈΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ™ΠΈΠ² Π·Π° свС ΠΎΠ½Π΅ који Π±Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ класС.

Па ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° свСдСмо ΠΎΠ΄Π±Ρ€Π°Π½Ρƒ сувСрСнитСта Π½Π° Ρ‚Π°Ρ˜ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ бурТоаског Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠžΠ΄Π±Ρ€Π°Π½Π° сувСрСнитСта нијС мањС ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡƒΡ‡Π½Π° Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π±Ρ€Π°Π½Ρƒ народскС Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Ρƒ Ρƒ ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ. Π‘ΡƒΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ‡Π°ΠΊ прСдставља Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π½ услов Π·Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ смСру. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π·Π° Ρ‚ΠΎ јС Ρ‡ΠΈΡšΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ†Π° Π΄Π° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ (ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ њСгов ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Свропски ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ) Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° Π½Π΅Ρ›Π΅ Π±ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°-ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎ, ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡƒΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΡ… класа. НапрСдак Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ смислу ΡƒΠ²Π΅ΠΊ јС Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ нСјСднаког Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° Π±ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ јСднС Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ™Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΅. Π’Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ систСма (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ подсистСма ЕвропскС ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ˜Π΅) Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ‚ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° којС сС ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ… Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°. Π’Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅, са својС странС, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ снага ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ Π΄Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°. Π”Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ˜Π΅ јСдини ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€ Π·Π° одвијањС ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡƒΡ˜ΡƒΡ›Π΅ Π±ΠΎΡ€Π±Π΅ која Ρƒ ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ˜ΡšΠΎΡ˜ линији ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡ˜Π΅ свСт.

Народи ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ систСма, који јС ΠΏΠΎ својој ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π΄ΡƒΠ³Π°Ρ‡ΠΊΠΎ искуство Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ прогрСсивног Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° који јС Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ-ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π±Π°Ρ†ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ који Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ›Ρƒ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ ΠΈ стога јС ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ антикапиталистички. КаТСм само ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ, Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°Ρ˜ Π½Π°-Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ›ΠΎΡ˜ ΠΈΠ·Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΡšΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈ-талистичког ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° способног Π΄Π° сустигнС Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΡ… Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π°. Национализам Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅ прогрСсиван јСдино ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ условом Π΄Π° останС Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ, Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚ Π΄Π° јС данас Ρƒ сукобу са Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»-Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΌ. Π‘Π²Π°ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ (који Ρƒ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅ само фаса-Π΄Π°), који ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ, прСдставља инструмСнт Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ… Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈΡ… класа. ОнС ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π·Π° Ρ†ΠΈΡ™ Π΄Π° ΡƒΡ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡ˜Ρƒ Ρƒ ΠΈΠ·Ρ€Π°Π±Ρ™ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΡƒ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜ΠΈΡ… Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡƒΠ· ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°, Π΄Π΅Π»ΡƒΡ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ силС.

ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ„ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’Ρƒ Ρ‚Π° Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‡Π½Π° појма Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ сувСрСнитСта ΠΈ стога ΠΎΠ΄Π±Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ сваког Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π°Π²Π° могућност ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°. На нСсрСћу, Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ†Π° – Ρƒ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΄Π΅ – чСсто ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Ρƒ Π·Π°Π±ΡƒΠ½Ρƒ.

Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ сС ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ класС, упркос β€žΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°-Π²Ρ™ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΡƒβ€ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ са Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, којС јС Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρƒ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Ρƒ:

β€žΠΠ°ΡˆΠ° Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ…Π°, Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ…Π° Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡƒΡ˜Π΅, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, слСдСћу особСну ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΡƒ: ΠΎΠ½Π° јС ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° класнС Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅. Π”Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° сС свС вишС Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ›ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ™ΡΠΊΠ° Ρ‚Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°, Ρƒ Π΄Π²Π΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ класС којС сС нСпосрСдно ΡΡƒΠΎΡ‡Π°Π²Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ – Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚β€ (Marx, 1995, p. 7).

Π’ΠΎ двоструко ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΠΏΡˆΡ‚Π°Π²Π°ΡšΠ° полоТаја ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π° ΠΈ, истоврСмСно, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ свСта Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° – данас јС Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ™ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ јС Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ˜ 1848, ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° сС јСдва ΠΏΠΎΡ˜Π°Π²Ρ™ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ.

Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ двадСсСтог Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π΄Π°Π½Π°, Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ смо свСдоци Π³Π΅Π½Π΅-Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π±Π΅Π· прСсСдана услова ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π°. Данас јС Ρƒ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡƒΠΊΡƒΠΏ-5 Дискутовао сам ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΡƒ спСцифично Π·Π° Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡƒ Ρƒ Имплозији саврСмСног ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°

(Amin, 2013), ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²Ρ™Π΅ 4.

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Π‘ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄, vol. LII (2018), nΠΎ. 2, стр. 430–452

Π½ΠΎ ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π²ΠΎ свСдСно Π½Π° статус најамника који ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½Ρƒ снагу. На ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Ρ™Π°ΡˆΡ‚Π²ΠΎ јС интСгрисано вишС Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎ сада Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π³ΠΎ-Π²Π°Ρ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΌΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ° којС су збрисалС њСгов статус нСзависног ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ’Π°Ρ‡Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π²Π°Ρ€Π°Ρ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ Π³Π° Ρƒ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ‡ΠΈΡšΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€Π°Ρ‡Π°, свСдСног, Ρƒ ствари, Π½Π° статус ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ†Π° својС Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½Π΅ снагС.

Вај Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·Π°Π½ јС с процСсом ΠΎΡΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡˆΠ΅ΡšΠ°. β€žΠ Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ˜Π΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡƒΠΏΠ΅Ρ€, Π° ΠΏΠ°-ΡƒΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ сС Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π° још Π±Ρ€ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΈ богатство.” (Marx, 1995, p. 23). Π’Π° Ρ‚Π΅Π·Π° ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡˆΠ΅ΡšΡƒ, која јС ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΡƒΠ·Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΈΡ€Π΅Π½Π° Ρƒ ΠšΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»Ρƒ, Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° јС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ саркастичних ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²ΡƒΠ»Π³Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈΡ… Скономиста. Па ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡƒ свСт-ског капиталистичког систСма, Π½Π° јСдином Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡƒ који ΠΏΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ° ΠΏΡƒΠ½ΠΈ смисао Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ-Π·ΠΈ стварности, Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡƒΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° јС Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΎ вишС Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ™ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ стварна Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ јС ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π°ΠΎ. Π‘ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΅ странС, ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ с Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌ, капиталистичкС снагС успС-Π»Π΅ су Π΄Π° ослабС опасност ΠΊΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ прСдставља ΠΏΠΎΠΎΠΏΡˆΡ‚Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡšΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° систСматских ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π³ΠΈΡ˜Π° којС Ρ†ΠΈΡ™Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°-сС Π½Π° свим Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³, Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³.

6. Π’Ρ€Π΅Ρ›ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ™Π°ΠΊ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°, Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ β€žΠ‘ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ комунистичка Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°-

тура”, ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΎ Π±ΠΈ саврСмСном Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΎΡ†Ρƒ Π΄Π° сС ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° доиста ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎ-сти. ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ЕнгСлс Π½ΡƒΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΌ Ρƒ ΡšΠ΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π΅ који сС Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Ρƒ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ који ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρƒ. Π—Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π°Π²Ρ™Π΅Π½Π°, Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ данас ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ° искључиво Π·Π° Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ€Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ.

Ја сам, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ снаТним утиском сталних аналогија с Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅-Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ дискурсима који су, Ρƒ ствари, саврСмСни. ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡƒΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΡ€Π° β€žΡ€Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡΡ‚Π΅β€ свих боја, који Π½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π° нису Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ капиталистичког Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜Π°. Π”Π° Π»ΠΈ су ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ нСстали са сцСнС? ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Π»Π°ΠΆΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ… који Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π·Π»Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ пишС Ρƒ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Ρƒ β€žΡƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΡ˜ Π±ΠΎΡ€Π±ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρƒ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡ˜Ρƒ Ρƒ свим насилним ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² Ρ€Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅ класС” (Marx, 1995, p. 39). Π”Π° Π»ΠΈ су Ρ„Π°-ΡˆΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈ двадСсСтог Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ данашњи, β€žΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠ»ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈβ€ ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Π½ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈ Π½Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ вСрски ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ (муслиманска Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ›Π°, Ρ„Π°Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ Ρ…ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡƒΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°) Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ?

ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΌΠ°Ρ†Π° марксизма, ΡšΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ²Π΅ идСологијС, њСгови Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π΅ срСдинС ΠΊΠΎΡ˜ΠΈΡ… су ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ гласноговорници, Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π·Π° ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊ-са, Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ Π·Π° нас, Π°ΡƒΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ антикапиталистики ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈ Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π±ΡƒΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρƒ својим ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Ја ΡƒΠΏΡƒΡ›ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ΠΌ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΎΡ†Π° Ρƒ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ са ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° мојС тСкстовС новијСг Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡˆΡ™Π΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ· пСрспСктивС Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ин-Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ услова Π·Π° Сфикасност ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ€Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΡ€Π±Π΅ ΠΈ визија будућности6.

7.Π—Π°ΠΊΡ™ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ›Ρƒ Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠ° којС слСдС мојС Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Π°. ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚ јС, с јСднС странС, Ρ…ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π° вСличанствСности капиталистичкС ΠΌΠΎ-

дСрности, динамичности ΠΊΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΏΠΈΡ€ΠΈΡˆΠ΅, која нијС ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΡ†Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡƒΠ³Π΅ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρ†ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅. Али ΠΎΠ½Π° јС истоврСмСно Π»Π°Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π° пСсма систСма Ρ‡ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Π²Π»Π°-

6 Π’. β€žΠˆΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΈ различитост Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡƒβ€ (Ρƒ Amin, 2014; Π². Amin, 2017a)

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Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ€ Амин, ΠšΠΎΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ манифСст, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° каснијС

стито ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π°ΡšΠ΅ нијС Π½ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π° вишС Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ хаоса, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ јС Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡ ΡƒΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Ρ€Π°-Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎ подсСћао. Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° нијС нијСдан Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅, Π·Π° ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅, свС условС, ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π»Π½Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅, идСолошкС ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎ-Ρ€Π°Π»Π½Π΅, који Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ›Ρƒ њСгово ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ΅ΡšΠ΅.

Π£Π²Π΅ΠΊ сам Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎ Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡˆΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° којС Π²Π΅Ρ€ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ΠΌ Π΄Π° јС ΠΈ ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄ ΠœΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π²Π΅ Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ…Π΅ Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ˜Ρƒ јС Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅ΠΎ ЕнгСлс. АнализС којС сам ја ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄-Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Ρƒ сС Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° – дСсСт Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° βˆ’ ΠΈ доприноса Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈ-Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° свСта Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°ΡšΡƒ (Кина, Исламски Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ, Π˜Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ˜Ρƒ Атлантска Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ°), њСговог ΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π·Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π° (дСвСтнаСсти Π²Π΅ΠΊ), ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ, њСговог Π΄ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ опадања којС сС ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ„Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π²Π΅ Π΄ΡƒΠ³Π΅ систСм-скС ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π΅ (ΠΏΡ€Π²Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 1890. Π΄ΠΎ 1945, ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 1975. Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π΄Π°Π½Π°). Π’Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ˜Ρƒ Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ±Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ шо јС ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° само ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚ΡƒΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° (ΡƒΠΏ. Amin, 2013).

ΠžΠ²Ρƒ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ мСста ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρƒ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ˜ΠΈ напустилС су β€žΡ€Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ΅β€ ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ Ρƒ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ€Ρƒ марксизма Π”Ρ€ΡƒΠ³Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅, Π° Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π°, ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ марксизма. Она јС замСњСна визијом ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° којој Ρ›Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ испунити свој Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ само ΠΊΠ°Π΄ успС Π΄Π° Ρ…ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ˜Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ˜Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ€Π°. Вој ΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΡ˜ визији Π³Π»ΠΎ-Π±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ’ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, која јС просто нСрСалистична с ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎ својој ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, Ρ˜Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ˜ΡƒΡ›ΠΈ, ΠΌΠΈ супротстављамо Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ˜Ρƒ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ свСта ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ· Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΈ процСс, умСсто ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Ρ’ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° смрто-носним нСизвСсностима Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π΅ Ρ†ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°.

REFERENCES / Π›Π˜Π’Π•Π ΠΠ’Π£Π Π

Amin, S. (1980). Class and Nation. New York: Monthly Review Press Amin, S. (2013). The implosion of contemporary capitalism. New York: Monthly Review

PressAmin S. (2014). Egypte, nassΓ©risme et communisme. Paris: Les Indes SavantesAmin, S (2017). October 1917 Revolution, a century later. Montreal (CA): Daraja PressAmin S. (2017a). L’indispensable reconstruction de l’Internationale des travailleurs et

des peoples. Available at http://www.grila.org/index_grila.php?gri=ref&ref=200036 &lang=fr

Luxemburg, R. (2017). The Russian Revolution. Paris, Edition l’Aube [In French] Marx, K. (1995). Manifesto of the Communist Party (translated by Laura Lafargue). Paris:

Le Temps des Cerises [In French]


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