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Samir Amin 1
Third World ForumDakar (Senegal)World Forum of Alternatives β WFAMadrid (Spain)
THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO, 170 YEARS LATER
Abstract: No text written in the mid-nineteenth century has held the road until today as well as the Communist Manifesto of 1848. Even today entire paragraphs of the text cor-respond to the contemporary reality even better than in 1848. Starting from the premises which were hardly visible in the era, Marx and Engels drew the conclusions which the deployment of 170 years of history fully consolidated. In this article I will give further enlightening examples.
Keywords:: historical materialism, revolution, decadence; globalisation, homogeni-zation, polarisation; imperialism; capitalist parenthesis in history; bourgeois democratic revolution, popular democratic revolution.
1.There is no any other text written in the middle of the Nineteenth century which
retained validity until this day as well as the Manifesto of the Communist Party. Even today entire paragraphs of the text correspond to the contemporary reality even better than in 1848. Starting from the premises which were hardly visible in the era, Marx and Engels drew the conclusions which the deployment of 170 years of history fully consolidated. In this article I will give further enlightening examples.
Were Marx and Engels inspired prophets, magicians able to read in a crystal ball, ex-ceptional beings in respect of their intuition? No. They have only better understood than anybody else, in their time and for our time still, the essence of that which defines and characterizes capitalism. Marx has devoted his entire life to deepen this analysis through the double examination of the new economy (starting from the example of England) and of the new politics (starting from the example of France).I wrote about this subject in Oc-tober 1917 Revolution, a century later (Amin, 2017, p. 41)2.
Marxβs major workβCapitalβpresents a rigorous scientific analysis of the capitalist mode of production and capitalist society and how they differ from earlier society forms. Volume 1 delves into the heart of the problem. It directly clarifies the meaning of the generalization of commodity exchanges between private property owners (and this char-1 [email protected] In chapter three, βReading Capitalβ.
UDC 316.323.73327.323.1
321.74Original Scientific Paper
Submitted 22/01/2018Accepted 16/06/2018
doi: 10.5937/socpreg52-16323
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acteristic is unique to the modern world of capitalism, even if commodity exchanges had existed earlier), specifically the emergence and dominance of value and abstract social labour. From that foundation, Marx leads us to understand how the proletarianβs sale of his or her labour power to the βman with moneyβ ensures the production of surplus value that the capitalist expropriates, and which, in turn, is the condition for the accumulation of capital. The dominance of value governs not only the reproduction of the economic sys-tem of capitalism; it governs every aspect of modern social and political life. The concept of commodity alienation points to the ideological mechanism through which the overall unity of social reproduction is expressed.
The intellectual and political instrument, confirmed by the development of Β« Marx-ism Β», demonstrated itself to be the best for predicting in a correct way the general line of the historical evolution of the capitalist reality. No attempt to think this reality outside of Marxism - or often against itβ had lead to comparable results. The mistake of the bourgeois thought and in particular of its Β«economic scienceΒ» (described by Marx with good reason as Β«vulgarΒ») is masterful. Since it is incapable to understand what capitalism is in its essen-tial reality, this alienated thought is also not able to imagine where the capitalist societies are going. Will the future be forged by socialist revolutions which will put an end to the domination of capital? Or will capitalism succeed to prolong its days, opening thus the way to decadence of society? Bourgeois thought ignores this question, posed by the Manifesto.
Indeed we read in Manifesto (Marx, 1995, p. 7):Β« ...a war which always ends by a revolutionary transformation of the society, of by
destruction of the two classes in conflict. Β»This sentence has attracted my attention since long time. Starting from it I have pro-
gressively come to formulate a reading of the movement of history focused on the concept of unequal development and possible different processes for its transformation starting most probably from its peripheries rather than from its centres. I also made some attempts to clarify the meaning of each of the two models of response to the challenge: the revolu-tionary way and the way of decadence.
I have further written about this question in the book Β« Class and Nation Β» (Amin, 1979, pp 250-252; 254-255)3.
Choosing to derive the laws of historical materialism from the universal experi-ence, we have proposed an alternative formulation of one unique pre capitalist mode, the tributary mode, toward which all class societies tend. The history of the West β the construction of Roman antiquity, its disintegration, the establishment of feudal Europe, and, finally, the crystallization of absolutist states of the mercantilist era - thus expresses in a particular form the same basic tendency which elsewhere is expressed in the less discontinuous construction of complete, tributary states, of which China is the strongest expression. The slave mode is not universal in our reading of history, as are the tributary and capitalist modes; it is particular and appears strictly in connection with the extension of commodity relations. In addition, the feudal mode is the primitive, incomplete form of the tributary mode. .
This hypothesis views the establishment and subsequent disintegration of Rome, as a premature attempt at tributary construction. The level of development of the productive
3 Chapter βRevolution or decadenceβ.
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forces did not require tributary centralization on the scale of the Roman Empire. This first abortive attempt was thus followed by a forced transition through feudal fragmentation, on the basis of which centralization was once again restored within the framework of the absolutist monarchies of the West. Only then did the mode of production in the West ap-proach the complete tributary model. It was, furthermore, only beginning with this stage that the level of development of the productive forces in the West attained that of the com-plete tributary mode of imperial China; this is doubtless no coincidence.
The backwardness of the West, expressed by the abortion of Rome and by feudal fragmentation, certainly gave it its historic advantage. Indeed, the combination of specific elements of the ancient tributary mode and of barbarian communal modes characterized feudalism and gave the West its flexibility. This explains the speed with which Europe passed through the complete tributary phase, quickly surpassing the level of development of the productive forces of the East, which it overtook, and passing on to capitalism. This flexibility and speed contrasted with the relatively rigid and slow evolution of the complete tributary modes of the Orient.
Doubtless the Roman-Western case is not the only example of an abortive tributary construction. We can identify at least three other cases of this type, each with its own specific conditions: the Byzantine-Arab-Ottoman case, the Indian case, the Mongol case. In each of these instances, attempts to install tributary systems of centralization were too far ahead of the requirements of the development of the productive forces to be firmly established. In each case the forms of centralization were probably specific combinations of state, para feudal, and commodity means. In the Islamic state, for instance, commod-ity centralization played the decisive role. Successive Indian failures must be related to the contents of Hindu ideology, which I have contrasted with Confucianism. As to the centralization of the empire of Genghis Khan, it was, as we know, extremely short-lived.
The contemporary imperialist system is also a system of centralization of the surplus on the world scale. This centralization operated on the basis of the fundamental laws of the capitalist mode and in the conditions of its domination over the pre capitalist modes of the subject periphery. I have formulated the law of the accumulation of capital on the world scale as a form of expression of the law of value operating on this scale. The imperialist system for the centralization of value is characterized by the acceleration of accumulation and by the development of the productive forces in the centre of the system, while in the periphery these latter are held back and deformed. Development and underdevelopment are two sides of the same coin.
Only people make their own history. Neither animals nor inanimate objects control their own evolution; they are subject to it. The concept of praxis is proper to society, as ex-pression of the synthesis of determinism and human intervention. The dialectic relation of infrastructure and superstructure is also proper to society and has no equivalent in nature. This relation is not unilateral. The superstructure is not the reflection of the needs of the infrastructure. If this was the case, society would be always alienated and it would not be possible to see how it could succeed to liberate itself.
This is the reason for which we propose to differentiate two qualitatively different types of transition from one mode of production to another. If this transition envelops in unconsciousness, or with alienated consciousness, that is if ideology which influences classes does not allow them to control the process of change, this process appears as if it
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operates in the way analogous to natural change, while ideology becomes part of this na-ture. For this type of transition we reserve the expression Β« model of decadence Β».On the other hand, if ideology manages to offer total and real dimension of the desired change, and only then, we can speak of revolution.
The bourgeois thought has to ignore this question in order to be able to think of capi-talism as a rational system for entire future time, to be able to think Β« the end of history Β».
2.Marx and Engels, on the contrary, strongly suggest - from the time of the Manifesto
β that capitalism constitutes only a brief parenthesis in the history of humanity. However the capitalist mode of production in their time did not surpass England, Belgium and a small region of northern France as well as the western part of the Prussian Westphalia. In other regions of entire Europe nothing comparable did exist. In spite of this, Marx already imagined that socialist revolutions will happen in Europe βsoonβ. This expectation tran-spires from each line of the Manifesto.
Marx did not know of course from which country the revolution will begin. Eng-land, the only country already advanced in capitalism ? No. Marx did not think this was possible except if the English proletariat emancipated itself from its alignment to the sup-port to the colonization of Ireland. France, less advanced in terms of its capitalist devel-opment, but more in terms of political maturity of its people, inherited from its Great revolution? Maybe, The Paris Commune (1871) has confirmed his intuition. For the same reason Engels expected much from βbackwardβ Germany: the proletarian revolution and the bourgeois revolution could here collide together. The Manifesto writes in this connec-tion (Marx, 1995, p. 54) the following:
Β« The Communists turn their attention chiefly to Germany, because that country is on the eve of a bourgeois revolution that is bound to be carried out under more advanced conditions of European civilization and with a much more developed proletariat than that of England was in the seventeenth, and France in the eighteenth century, and because the bour-geois revolution in Germany will be but the prelude to an immediately following proletarian revolutionΒ».
This did not happen: the unification under the crook of reactionary Prussia, the po-litical mediocrity of the German bourgeoisie and its cowardice permitted that nationalism triumphs and marginalizes popular revolt. Marx turned his glance towards the end of his life in the direction of Russia, which he expected could engage on a revolutionary path, as his correspondence with Vera Zassoulitch testifies.
Marx thus did have the intuition that the revolutionary transformation could begin starting from the periphery of the system β the Β« weak links Β» Β» in the ulterior language of Lenin. Marx, however, did not draw in his time all the conclusions which imposed themselves in this respect. It was necessary to wait that the history advances into the XXth century, in order to see, with Lenin and Mao, the communists becoming able to imagine a new strategy qualified as Β« the construction of socialism in one country Β». This is an inap-propriate expression, to which I prefer a long periphrasis: βunequal advances on the long path of the socialist transition, localized in some countries which the strategy of dominant imperialism isolates and fights continuously and severelyβ.
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The debate pertaining to this problem related to the long historic transition to so-cialism in direction of communism and to the universal scope of this movement poses a series of questions concerning the transformation of the proletariat from the class in itself to the class for itself, the conditions and effects of capitalist globalization, the place of the peasantry in the long transition, the diversity of expressions of the anti-capitalist thought, all questions which I address in the following section.
3. Marx, more than anyone, understood that capitalism had the mission to conquer the
world. He wrote about it at a time when this conquest was far from being completed. He considered this mission from its origins, the discovery of the Americas which inaugurated the transition of the three centuries of mercantilism to the final full- fledged form of capi-talism.
He wrote in the Manifesto:Β« Modern industry has established the world market, for which the discovery of Amer-
ica paved the wayβ¦through exploitation of the world market it has given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption of each country Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 11).
Marx welcomed this globalization, the new phenomenon in the history of humanity. Numerous passages in the Manifesto testify to this. .For example:
Β« The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations β¦ Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 10).
And:Β« The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns β¦ and has thus
rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life β¦ as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilized ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West β¦ Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 13).
Words are clear. Marx has never been past oriented, regretting the βgood old daysβ. He always expressed a modern point of view, to the point of appearing as a Euro centrist. He went a long way in this direction. Yet was not the barbarization of the village labour replaced with the urban labour not less stultifying for the proletarians? Marx does not ignore the urban poverty which had accompanied capitalist expansion.
Has Marx of the Manifesto measured correctly the political consequences of the de-struction of the peasantry, in Europe itself, and even more, in the colonized countries? I return to these questions in direct relation with the unequal character of the worldwide deployment of capitalism.
Marx and Engels, in the Manifesto, still do not know that the worldwide deployment of capitalism is not the one which they imagined, homogenizing, that is, giving to the conquered East its chance to get out of the dead lock in which its history has closed it and to become, in accordance with the image of the Western countries, Β« civilized Β» nations, that is, industrialized countries. Few later texts of Marx present the colonization of India in consoling light. But Marx later changed his mind. These allusions, rather than a sys-tematically elaborated argumentation, witness about the destructive effects of the colonial conquering. Marx gradually becomes aware of what I call Β«unequal developmentΒ», i.e.
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systematic construction of the contrast between the dominant centres and dominated pe-ripheries, and, with it, the impossibility to Β« catch upΒ» within the framework of capitalist globalization (in fact imperialistic by its nature), and with the tools of capitalism.
In that respect I said that if it were possible to Β«catch up Β» within capitalist globaliza-tion, no political, social or ideological force would be able to oppose it successfully.
With respect to the question of the βopeningβ of China, Marx of the Manifesto says:Β« The cheap prices of commodities are the heavy artillery with which it batters down all
Chinese walls, with which it forces the barbariansβ intensely obstinate hatred of foreigners to capitulateΒ» (Marx, 1995, p. 12)..
We know that this was not how this opening operated: it was the canons of the British navy which βopenedβ China. Chinese products were often more competitive than western. We know also that it was not English more advanced industry that permitted the suc-cessful domination of India (again Indian textiles were of better quality than English). On the contrary, it was the domination of India (and the organized destruction of Indian industries) which gave to Great Britain its hegemonic position in the capitalist system of the XIX th century.
However, older Marx learned how to abandon the Euro centrism of his youth. Marx knew how to change his opinion, in the light of the evolution of the world.
In 1848 Marx and Engels therefore imagined the strong possibility of one or more socialist revolutions in Europe of their time, confirming with this that capitalism repre-sents only a short parenthesis in history. The facts soon proved him right. The Paris Com-mune (1871) was the first socialist revolution. However, it was as well the last revolution accomplished in a developed capitalist country. With the establishment of the Second Internationale Engels did not lose the hope in new revolutionary advances, in Germany in particular. History proved him wrong. However the treason of the Second Internatio-nale in 1914 should not have surprised anyone. Beyond their reformist drift, alignment of workersβ parties of entire Europe of the time with the expansionistic imperialist and colonial politics of their bourgeoisies indicated that there was not much to expect from for the parties of the Second Internationale. The front line for the transformation of the world moved towards the East, to Russia in 1917 and then to China. Certainly Marx did not Β« predict Β» this; but his later texts allow us to suppose that he probably would not have been surprised by the Russian revolution.
On the other hand, Marx thought, with respect to China, that it was the bourgeois revolution which was on the agenda. After the intervention of European forces in response to the rebellion of the Boxers, he reminded that next time when European armies will try to enter China, they will be stunned with the front board on which they will read: Β« Atten-tion, you are entering into the Bourgeois Republic of China! Β». The Kuo Min Tang of the 1911 revolution, of Sun Yat Sen, has also imagined, like Marx, proclaiming the (bourgeois) Republic of China. However, Sun did not succeed neither to defeat the forces of the old regime whose war-lords regained the territory, nor to push away the dominance of the im-perialist forces, especially of Japan. The drift of the KMT of Tchang Kai-chek, confirmed Leninβs and Maoβs points of view: there is no more place for an authentic bourgeois revolu-tion, our era is the one of the socialist revolution. Just as the Russian February revolution of 1917 did not have future, since it was not able to triumph over the old regime calling therefore for the October revolution, the Chinese revolution of the 1911 called for the
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revolution of the Maoist communists, only capable to answer to the expectations of libera-tion which is simultaneously national and social.
It was thus Russia, the Β« weak link Β» of the system, which initiated the second social-ist revolution after the Paris Commune. Yet the Russian October was not supported, but fought by the European workersβ movement. Rosa Luxembourg used harsh expressions for the drifts of the European workers movements. She speaks of their Β«deficiency Β», of Β« the incapacity of the German proletariat to realize its historic missionΒ», of Β« treason Β» (Luxemburg, 2017, pp. 10, 59).
I have for my part proposed the analysis of this withdrawal of the working class in the developed West, abandoning their revolutionary traditions of the XIXth century, by put-ting the accent on the devastating effects of the imperialistic character of the worldwide expansion of capitalism and of the benefits which the entirety of the concerned societies (and not only their bourgeoisies) draw from their dominant positions. I have therefore considered it necessary, to dedicate an entire chapter within my reading of the universal importance of the 1917 October Revolution (Amin, 2017)4, to the analysis of the develop-ment which had lead the European working classes to renounce their historic mission, expressed in terms of Rosa Luxemburg. I refer the reader to this text.
4.Revolutionary advances on the long road of the socialist or communist transition will
therefore probably start exclusively in the societies of the periphery of the world system, precisely in the countries in which an avant-garde would understand that it is not possible to Β« catch up Β» by integrating into capitalist globalization, and that for this reason Β« something else should be done Β», that is, go ahead within a transition of socialist nature. Lenin and Mao have expressed this conviction proclaiming that our time is not any more the epoch of bour-geois revolutions but that it is from then on the epoch of the socialist revolutions.
This conclusion calls for another: socialist transitions will happen necessarily Β« in one country Β», which will additionally remain fatally Β« isolated Β» through the counter-attack of world imperialism. There is no alternative; there will be no Β« world revolutionΒ». Therefore the nations and states engaged on this road will be confronted with the double challenge: resist to the permanent war (hot or cold) conducted by the imperialist forces, and associate successfully the peasant majority in the advances on the new road to socialism. Neither the Manifesto, not even Marx and Engels subsequently had been in position to tell something on these questions. It belongs to the living Marxism to do this instead of them.
These reflections lead me to assess the considerations which Marx and Engels de-veloped in the Manifesto concerning the peasants. Marx situates himself within his time which was still the time of bourgeois unfinished revolutions in Europe itself. In this con-text we read in the Manifesto:
Β« At this stage, therefore, the proletarians do not fight their enemies, but the enemy of their enemies, the remnants of absolute monarchy, the landownersβ¦every victory so ob-tained is a victory for the bourgeoisieΒ».(Marx, 1995, p. 18).
But the bourgeois revolution gave the land to the peasants as shown in the exemplary case of France in particular. Therefore the peasantry in its great majority becomes the 4 Chapter four βRevolutions and counter revolutions from 1917 to 2017β
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ally of the bourgeoisie within the camp of the defenders of the sacred character of private property and becomes the adversary of the proletariat.
However, the transfer of the centre of gravity of the socialist transformation of the world, emigrating from dominant imperialist centers to dominated peripheries radically modifies the peasant question. Nevertheless revolutionary advances become possible in the conditions of societies which remained still in great part peasant only if socialist van-guards are able to implement strategies which integrate the majority of peasantry within the fighting block against imperialistic capitalism.
5.Marx and Engels never believed, neither for the editing of the Manifesto nor later, in
the spontaneous revolutionary potential of the working classes, since Β« The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 34). Due to this fact the workers like others subscribe to the ideology of Β« competition Β», corner stone for the functioning of the capitalist society, and, hence, Β« the organisation of the proletarians into a class, and, consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the com-petition between the workers themselves Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 20).
Therefore the transformation of the proletariat from the class in itself into the class for itself implicates the active intervention of a communist vanguard : Β« practically, the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over the great mass of the proletariat the advantage of clearly understanding the line of march, the condi-tions, and the ultimate general results of the proletarian movement.Β» (Marx, 1995, p. 25).
The affirmation of the unavoidable role of the vanguards does not mean for Marx an advocacy in favour of the Β« single party Β». One reads in the Manifesto:
Β« The Communists do not form a separate party opposed to the other working-class par-ties. ..They do not set up any sectarian principles of their own, by which to shape and mould the proletarian movementΒ» (Marx, 1995, p. 25).
And later in his conception of what should be a Proletarian Internationale, Marx considered it necessary to integrate into it all the parties and current of thought and action which benefit from a real popular and worker audience. The First Internationale included in its membership the French Blanquists, the German Lassalians, English trade-unionists, Proudhon, anarchists, Bakounin. Marx certainly did not spare his criticisms, often harsh, for many of his partners. And one might say that probably the violence of these conflic-tual debates is at the root of the brief life of this Internationale. Let it be as it may. This organisation has nevertheless been the first school for the education of the future cadres engaged in the fight against capitalism.
Two observations lead to the question of the role of the party and the communists.The first is related to the relationship between the communist movement and the
Β« nation Β». We can read in the Manifesto:Β« The working men have no country. We cannot take from them what they have not
got. Since the proletariat must first of all acquire political supremacy, must rise to be the leading class of the nation, must constitute itself the nation, it is so far, itself national, though not in the bourgeois sense of the word. Β», Β« The fight of the proletariat against the
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bourgeoisie, even though it is not in its basis national, takes up however a national formβ (Marx, 1995, p. 33).
In the capitalist world the proletarians do not share the nationalism, of their country; they do not belong to that nation. The reason is that in the bourgeois world the only func-tion of nationalism is to give legitimacy on the one side to the exploitation of workers of the given country and on the other hand to the fight of the bourgeoisie against its foreign com-petitors and fulfil its imperialistic ambitions. However with the triumph of eventual socialist revolution, all would change. What I said above concerns the first long stages of the socialist transition in the societies of the peripheries. It also expresses the respect for the necessary diversity of the roads taken. Additionally the concept of the final objective of communism, strengthens the importance of this national diversity of the proletarian nations. The Mani-festo already formulated the idea that communism is built on diversity of individuals, collec-tives and nations. Solidarity does exclude but implies free development of all. Communism is the antithesis of capitalism which, in spite of its advocating βindividualismβ, produces in fact, through competition clones formatted by the domination of capital.
I will proceed now by citing in this connection that which I have wrote in the Β«Octo-ber 1917 Revolution, a century later Β» (Amin, 2017, pp 83-85):
βThe support or the rejection of national sovereignty gives rise to severe misunderstand-ings as long as the class content of the strategy in the frame of which it operates is not identi-fied. The dominant social bloc in capitalist societies always conceives national sovereignty as an instrument to promote its class interests, i.e. the capitalist exploitation of home labour and simultaneously the consolidation of its position in the global system. Today, in the con-text of the globalized liberal system dominated by the financialized monopolies of the Triad (USA, Europe, Japan) national sovereignty is the instrument which permits ruling classes to maintain their competitive positions within the system. The government of the USA offers the clearest example of that constant practice: sovereignty is conceived as the exclusive pre-serve of US monopoly capital and to that effect the US national law is given priority above international law. That was also the practice of the European imperialist powers in the past and it continues to be the practice of the major European states within the European Unionβ5.
Keeping that in mind, one understands why the national discourse in praise of the virtues of sovereignty hiding the class interests in the service of which it operates has al-ways been unacceptable for all those who defend the labouring classes.
Yet we should not reduce the defence of sovereignty to that modality of bourgeois na-tionalism. The defence of sovereignty is no less decisive for the protection of the popular alternative on the long road to socialism. It even constitutes an inescapable condition for advances in that direction. The reason is that the global order (as well as its sub- global European order) will never be transformed from above through collective decisions of the ruling classes. Progress in that respect is always the result of the unequal advance of struggles from one country to another. The transformation of the global system (or the subsystem of the European Union) is the product of those changes operating within the frame of the various states which, in their turn, modifies the international balances of forces between them. The nation state remains the only frame for the deployment of the decisive struggles which ultimately transform the world.5 I have discussed this question specific to Europe in The implosion of contemporary capitalism
(Amin, 2013), chapter 4 βImplosion of the European Systemβ.
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The peoples of the peripheries of that system, polarising by nature, have a long ex-perience of that positive progressive nationalism which is anti-imperialist, rejects the global order imposed by the centres, and therefore is potentially anti-capitalist. I say only potentially because this nationalism may also inspire the illusion of a possible building of a national capitalist order able to catch up with the national capitalisms ruling the centres. Nationalism in the peripheries is progressive only at that condition, as long as it remains anti-imperialist, i.e. today conflicting with the global liberal order. Any other nationalism (which in this case is only a façade) which accepts the global liberal order is the instru-ment of local ruling classes aiming at participating in the exploitation of their peoples and eventually of other weaker partners, operating therefore as sub-imperialist powers.
The confusion between these two antonymic concepts of national sovereignty and therefore the rejection of any nationalism annihilates the possibility of moving out of the global liberal order. Unfortunately, the leftβin Europe and elsewhereβdoes often make such a confusionβ.
The second point concerns the segmentation of the working classes, in spite of the Β« simplification of the society connected with the advancement of capitalism, evocated in the Manifesto page 7 :
Β« Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinct feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other β Bourgeoisie and ProletariatΒ» (Marx, 1995, p.7).
This double movement - of the generalisation of the proletarian position and simul-taneously the segmentation of the world of workers βis today considerably more visible than it was in 1848, when it barely was appearing.
We have witnessed during the prolonged XXth century, up to our days a generalisa-tion without precedent of the proletarian condition. Today in centres almost totality of the population is reduced to the status of employees selling their working force. And in the peripheries the peasants are integrated more then ever before within commercial nets which have annihilated their status of independent producers to make them dominated subcontractors, reduced in fact to the status of sellers of their labor force.
This movement is associated with pauperization processes. Β« The worker falls into pauperization and impoverishment increases faster than population and wealth (Marx, 1995, p. 23). This pauperisation thesis, retaken and amplified in Capital, was the object of sarcastic critics of the vulgar economists. And still, at the level of the world capitalist system, the only level which gives the full sense to the analysis of the reality, this pauperi-sation is considerably more visible and real than Marx had imagined. However, and in parallel, the capitalist forces have succeeded to weaken the danger which generalised po-letarianisation represented by implementing systematic strategies aiming at segmenting the working classes on all levels, from national to international.
6.The section III of the Manifesto, entitled Β« Socialist and communist literature Β» could
appear to a contemporary reader to belong truly to the past. Marx and Engels offer us here commentaries concerning historical subjects and their intellectual production which
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belong to their time. Forgotten, these questions seem to day to be the subject matter for exclusively archivists of the past.
However I am struck by the persistent analogies with the movements and the dis-courses more recent, in fact contemporary. Marx denounces Β« reformists Β» of all furs, who had understood nothing of the logics of capitalist deployment. Have these disappeared from the scene? Marx denounced the lies of those who denounce the wrong doings of capitalism, but nevertheless, as the Manifesto says Β« in the political fight, they take com-pletely part in all violent measures against the working classΒ» (Marx, 1995, p. 39). Are the fascists of the XX th century and of today, the βpasseistβ allegedly religious movements (the Muslim Brothers, the fanatics of Hinduism and Buddhism) different ?
Marxβs criticisms of the competitors of Marxism, of their ideologies, his efforts to identify the social milieus of which they are the spokes persons, does not imply that for Marx, nor for us, authentic anti-capitalist movements should not be necessarily diversified in their sources of inspiration. I address the reader on this subject to some of my recent writings conceived from the perspective of the reconstruction of a new Internationale, as a condition for the efficacy of the popular struggles and visions of the future6.
7.I shall conclude with words which follow my reading of the Manifesto.The Manifesto is on one side the hymn to the glory of the capitalist modernity, of the
dynamism which it inspires, having no parallel during the long history of civilization. But it is at the same time the swan song of this system whose own movement is nothing more than to generate chaos, like Marx has always understood and reminded. The historical reason of capitalism is no other than having produced in a brief time all the conditions, material, political, ideological and moral which impose its overcoming.
I have always shared that point of view which I believe to be that of Marx, since the Manifesto to the first epoch of the Second Internationale lived by Engels. The analyses which I proposed, concern the long ripening of the capitalism β ten centuriesβ and the contributions of the different regions of the world to this maturation (China, the Islamic East, Italian cities, and finally Atlantic Europe), its short zenith (the XIX th century), final-ly its long decline which manifests itself through two long systemic crises (the first from 1890 to 1945, the second from the 1975 to our days). These analyses have the ambition to deepen that which was in Marx only an intuition (see Amin, 2013).
This vision of the place of capitalism in history was abandoned by the Β« reformist Β» currents within Marxism of the Second Internationale and then outside Marxism. It was substituted by a vision according to which capitalism will have accomplished its task only when it will have succeeded to homogenize the planet according to the model of its devel-oped centres. To this persisting vision of the globalised deployment of capitalism, which is simply unrealistic since capitalism is in its nature polarizing, we oppose the vision of the transformation of the world through revolutionary processes, instead of submission to the deadly vicissitudes of the decadence of the civilization.
6 See βUnitΓ© et diversitΓ© des mouvements populaires au socialismeβ (in Amin, 2014; see Amin, 2017a)
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Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½ 1
Π€ΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ (Π‘Π΅Π½Π΅Π³Π°Π»)Π‘Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π·Π° Π°Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΠΠ°Π΄ΡΠΈΠ΄ (Π¨ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°)
ΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ§ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ€ΠΠ‘Π’, 170 ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ(ΠΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ In Extenso)
Π‘Π°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊ: ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ· 1848. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈ-ΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ 1848. ΠΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π° Π΄Π° ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅.
ΠΡΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ: ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°; Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°-ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°; ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ; ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎ-ΡΠΈΡΠΈ; Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°.
1.ΠΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅
ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅. Π§ΠΈΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ 1848. ΠΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ. Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ° Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ³Π»Ρ, ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ½Π° Π±ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅? ΠΠ΅. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅, Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΈ-Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡ-ΠΏΠ°Π½ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ (ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠ½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅) ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ (ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ-ΡΠΊΠ΅). ΠΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ ΠΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ 1917. ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ Π²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ (Amin, 2017, p. 41)2.
ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π», ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈ-ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ 1 [email protected] Π£ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΡ, βΠ§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ KΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»β.
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Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅
ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ° Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ½ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΓ’ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ (Π° ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅), ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄-Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π΄Π°. ΠΠ· ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅, ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π½Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½Π΅ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π΅ βΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²-ΡΠ΅ΠΌβ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π·Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°. Π’Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°; ΠΎΠ½Π° Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π° ΡΠ²Π°-ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΡ-ΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ βΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°β ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° β ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ΅Π³Π° β Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ βΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅β (ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ βΠ²ΡΠ»Π³Π°ΡΠ½Ρβ) ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π°, Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅, Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±-Π½Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ° Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°? ΠΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π΅, ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΡ ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡ.
ΠΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ (Marx, 1995, p. 7):β[...] Π±ΠΎΡΠ±Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°,
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π΅.βΠΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΆΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²-
Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΎ-Π²Π΅: ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° (Amin, 1979, pp. 200β252, 254β255)3.
ΠΠ΄Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎ Π°Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅Ρ-ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°Ρ-Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° β ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅, ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π° β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΈΡ , ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·. Π ΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅
3 ΠΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ βΠ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°β.
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Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄, vol. LII (2018), nΠΎ. 2, ΡΡΡ. 430β452
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·Π°Π»Π°Π½ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ-ΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½; ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Ρ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΎΠ³Π°, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½, Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°.
ΠΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π ΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎ-Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ Π ΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°. ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡ-Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΎΠ³Π°, ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ°, Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π° Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π° ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΌΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°, ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρ Π ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ, Π΄Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ. Π’ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎ-ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½, Π±ΡΠ·ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎ-Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π° ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ³Π»Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π° Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ. Π’Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ-Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΡ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ βΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρβ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΈ-Π±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ°: Π²ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎ-Π°ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ. Π£ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. Π£ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²Π°, ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°. Π£ ΠΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈ, Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ±-Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ. Π‘ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π΅ Ρ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π²Π΅Π·Ρ ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ-ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΌ. Π¨ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠΎ, Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°.
Π‘Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΈ-ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ. Π’Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ-ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. Π€ΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π°ΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°-Π»Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π° Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°Π½. Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΡΠ°.
Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π· ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΈ
444
Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅
Π½Π°Π΄Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π»Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. Π’Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½. ΠΠ°Π΄Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π· ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΎΡ-Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ.
Π’ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π·Π±ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ. Π£ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π· ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°-ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅, ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Π°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅. ΠΠ° ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π·Π° ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π· βΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π» Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅β. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π²Π° Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅, ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°, ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ.
ΠΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎ βΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅β.
2.ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ², ΡΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°-
ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Ρ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΎ ΠΠ½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΡ, ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΠΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅. Π£ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅, Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ. Π£ΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅, ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ. Π’ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π° ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΎ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ. Π£ ΠΠ½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡ, ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ? ΠΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ· Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΡΡΠΊΠ΅. Π£ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ, ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ°, Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅? ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½Π° (1871) ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ βΠ½Π°Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅β ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅: ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ-ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅ Π±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Π΄Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π£ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅:
βΠΠ° ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΠΆΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡ-Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ XVII ΠΈ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠΊΠ° Ρ XVIII ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅, Π·Π°ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎ-Π°Π·ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅β (Marx, 1995, p. 54).
Π’ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ: ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ-ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΊΡΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠΊ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΌΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅-Π½ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄ Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π³Π°ΠΆΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°Π·ΡΠ»ΠΈΡ.
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ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅, Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ»Π΅, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄ βΡΠ»Π°Π±Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅β Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π²Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅-ΡΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈ, ΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ βΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈβ. Π’ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ: βΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π·Π°, Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½o Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΠΈβ.
ΠΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ° Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π·Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°; ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅, ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ. Π‘Π²Π΅ ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΊΡ.
3.ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ²-
Π»Π°Π΄Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π· ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.
ΠΠ½ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ:β ΠΡΡΠΏΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ
ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ [...] ΠΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π»Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°β (Marx, 1995, p. 11).
ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ, Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΠ΅. ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ:
β ΠΠ΄Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»Π° Π½Π° Π²Π»Π°ΡΡ, Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π½Π΅, ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅... β (Marx, 1995, p. 10).
Π: βΠΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π° [...] ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π½ Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²-
Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π²Π°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ-Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°...β (Marx, 1995, p. 13).
Π Π΅ΡΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΆΠ°Π»Π΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ½ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠ³ ΠΏΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΠ°, ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅? ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ° Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡ, ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°?
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Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅
ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.
ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡ Π³Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ° ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π³Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, βΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. Π’Π΅ Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ° Π½Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΌ βΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌβ. Π’ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ-Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ βΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π΅β ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ (Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ), ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π°.
Π£ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ βΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π΅β Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ½Π°-Π³Π° Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ.
Π£ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° βΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°β ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅: βΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π·ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡβ (Marx, 1995, p. 12).
ΠΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½: ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π±ΡΠΈ-ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ βΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈβ ΠΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ . Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅, Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄-Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ (ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³). ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ², Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ (ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅) ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ Π΅Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΡΠ΅-ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ½ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ»Ρ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°.
Π£ 1848. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅-Π½Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ. Π§ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½Π° (1871) Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈ. Π‘Π° ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΡΡ-Π³Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄Ρ Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π° Π΄Π° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Ρ. ΠΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°-ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅, 1914. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π°Π΄ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅. ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΡ, ΠΊΠ° Π ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ, 1917. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. Π‘Π²Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎ: Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ
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Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄, vol. LII (2018), nΠΎ. 2, ΡΡΡ. 430β452
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ.
Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρ ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π±ΡΡ-ΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ: βΠΠ°ΠΆΡΠ°, ΡΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΠΈΠ½Ρ!β. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π³ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ 1911. Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ° Π‘ΡΠ½ ΠΠ°Ρ Π‘Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π‘ΡΠ½ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ·Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ, Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π°, Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π½Π°. ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠΠ’ Π§Π°Π½Π³ ΠΠ°ΠΈ Π¨Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈ-Π»Π° ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Ρ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, Π·Π°ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ Π° Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π€Π΅Π±ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π° Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΠΈ-Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° 1911. ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎ-ΡΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ.
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° Π ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, βΡΠ»Π°Π±Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°β ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³Ρ ΡΠΎ-ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½Π΅. Π ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π½, Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠ³ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·Π΅ Π·Π° ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ βΠ½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡβ, ΠΎ βΠ½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΡβ, ΠΎ βΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠΈβ (Luxemburg, 2017, p. 10, 5, 9).
ΠΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Ρ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π° (Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅) ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ°. Π‘ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ-Π·Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ (Amin, 2017)4 ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π ΠΎΠ·Π΅ ΠΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΡΠ³. Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ.
4.Π Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ-
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Ρ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π±ΠΈ Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°ΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»Π° Π΄Π° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ βΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π΅β ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ· ΡΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³Π° βΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈβ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅-Π»Π°ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π²Π΅Ρ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°.4 Π§Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ βΠ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 1917. Π΄ΠΎ 2017β.
448
Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅
Π’Π°Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΡ: ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ βΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈβ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΎΠ³Π° Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ βΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π°β ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°-Π΄Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅; Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈ βΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅β. Π‘ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠ° Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ: Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΏΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡ (ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ Π»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ) ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°. Π’ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ .
Π’Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ. Π£ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ, ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ: βΠΠ° ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΏΡΡ, Π΄Π°ΠΊΠ»Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π²Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° [...] ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄Π° Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅β (Marx, 1995, p. 18).
ΠΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π΄Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅. Π‘ΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°-Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΎΠ΄Π»Π°Π·Π°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅. Π£ΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½aΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°ΡΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½Π΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅-Π³ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π° Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΡΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈ-ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.
5.ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΄ Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, Π½ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, Π° Π½ΠΈ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅; ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΡ βΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅β (Marx, 1995, str. 34). Π£ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡ βΡΠ°ΠΊΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°β, ΡΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°-ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π° βΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ, Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, Π±ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ°β (Marx, 1995, p. 34).
ΠΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ-ΡΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°ΡΠ΄Π΅: βΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π³ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎ-Π²Π΅, ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. β (Marx, 1995, p. 25).
ΠΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅ Π°Π²Π°Π½Π³Π°ΡΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ° Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ βΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅β. Π£ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ:βΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π΄ΡΡ-Π³ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° [...] ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΏΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ. β (Marx, 1995, p. 25).
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Π£ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°-Π»Π°, ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ. ΠΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π°-ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠΊΠ΅ Π±Π»Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π»Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅, Π΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅, Π°Π½Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅, Π±Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅. ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π° Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²Π° Π°Π½Π³Π°ΠΆΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°.
Π’Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ βΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅β. Π£ ΠΠ°-
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ: βΠ Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π΅. ΠΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ·Π΅-ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡ, Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ³Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅, Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°Π½, ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π° Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅β; βΠΠΎΡΠ±Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π±ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π°, Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊβ (Marx, 1995, p. 33).
Π£ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅; ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°-ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡΡ, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈ, Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, Π±ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΡΠ²Π΅ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ. ΠΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ. Π’ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π²Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π²Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π½ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ , Π²Π΅Ρ Π³Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅-Π΄Π° βΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌβ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠΎΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°.
Π£ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΡ ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΠΊΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ 1917, Π²Π΅ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅:
βΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π±Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ·Π±ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅-ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈ-ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΈ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Π°Ρ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π’ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ (Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΠ£, ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π½) Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎ-Π½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π° Π‘ΠΠ Π½ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅: ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π° Π‘ΠΠ, Π° Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π‘ΠΠ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½. Π’ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°
450
Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅
eΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅β (Amin, 2017, pp. 83β85)5.
ΠΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΌΡ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ»ΠΈ-Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ Π±ΠΈΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ² Π·Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ° ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π±ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΡΠ½Π° Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ. Π‘ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π½ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² Π·Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³ Π·Π° ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π΄Π° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ (ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ) Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°-ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΠΊΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π±ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅. Π’ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅) ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°. Π’Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅, ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π°. ΠΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈ-ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π±Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ, Π·Π°ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°-ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈ-ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»-Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ. Π‘Π²Π°ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°-Π΄Π°), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ· ΠΏΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°, Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅.
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ° Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π±Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΡΠ° β Ρ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΄Π΅ β ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ½Ρ.
ΠΡΡΠ³Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅, ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΡ βΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°-Π²ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡβ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ:
βΠΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ Π°, Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ Π° Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ: ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ Π°Π½ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅. ΠΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°, Ρ Π΄Π²Π΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΡ β Π½Π° Π±ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρβ (Marx, 1995, p. 7).
Π’ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° β Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ 1848, ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ.
Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ Π΄Π²Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π°, Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅-ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½Π° ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏ-5 ΠΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ Ρ ΠΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°
(Amin, 2013), ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ΅ 4.
451
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Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Ρ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ³ΠΎ-Π²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡ Π·Π±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π³Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³, Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ, Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½Π΅ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π΅.
Π’Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π·Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. βΠ Π°Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ, Π° ΠΏΠ°-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ.β (Marx, 1995, p. 23). Π’Π° ΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ·Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Ρ, Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΠ»Π³Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ° ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ-Π·ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΎ. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π°Π³Π΅ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅-Π»Π΅ ΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°-ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³, Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³.
6. Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ βΠ‘ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°-
ΡΡΡΠ°β, ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ-ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ Π½ΡΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΌ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π½Π°, ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π° Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅-ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡ, Ρ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠ° βΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅β ΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ° Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅? ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π»Π°ΠΆΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π·Π»Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ βΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π±ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΡΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅β (Marx, 1995, p. 39). ΠΠ° Π»ΠΈ ΡΡ ΡΠ°-ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈ, βΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈβ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ (ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°) Π±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ?
ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ, Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Π΄Π° Π·Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠΊ-ΡΠ°, Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π·Π° Π½Π°Ρ, Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΈ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ° ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ Π²Π΅Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ½-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π° Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ6.
7.ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅, Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ½Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎ-
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π»Π°Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°-
6 Π. βΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡβ (Ρ Amin, 2014; Π². Amin, 2017a)
452
Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡ, 170 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π°ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΡΠ°-Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²Π°ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΎ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅, Π·Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅.
Π£Π²Π΅ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ²Π΅ Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ Π΅ ΠΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅ΠΎ ΠΠ½Π³Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄-Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° β Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° β ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈ-ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ (ΠΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ°), ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ Π·Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ° (Π΄Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π²Π΅ΠΊ), ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ Π΄ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π²Π΅ Π΄ΡΠ³Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ-ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π΅ (ΠΏΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 1890. Π΄ΠΎ 1945, ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ 1975. Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π°). Π’Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠ±ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° (ΡΠΏ. Amin, 2013).
ΠΠ²Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΡ βΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅β ΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΡΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅, Π° Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ³Π°, ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. ΠΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ Π΄Π° Ρ ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. Π’ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎ-Π±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΎΠ· ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΌΡΡΠΎ-Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°.
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